Longmen Shan Mountain Belt is a prominent orogeny along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Its current deformation has significant implications for the Cenozoic tectonics of the Tibetan plateau. The M=8 Wenchuan earthquake substantially ruptured the Longmen Shan mountain in 2008. Numerous tectonics and rheological implications are concluded by this event on crustal dynamics along the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Several high-resolution gravity surveys were conducted before and after the event to investigate the regional isostasy and crustal dynamics. From 2008 to 2011, four gravimetric surveys were carried out along two profiles across southern and northern Longmen Shan from the Sichuan Basin to the Songpan-Graze Terrane. The Bouguer gravity anomalies drop from -162 mGal to -431 mGal in the Aba Basin with a steep gradient of 0.84 mGal/km. There is a significant increase of crustal thickness from 40 km in the Sichuan to more than 60 km in the Tibetan plateau. Negative isostatic anomaly of -30 mGal over 150 km of the Songpan-Graze Terrane infers an over-compensation of excess crustal thickness up to 20 km. Hence, upward isostatic rebound is resulted and coupled with on-going crustal movement. Gravity values change significantly before and after the Wenchuan earthquake, ranging from -1.2 mGal to 0.7 mGal near the epicentral area. Significant thrust slip of 7.5m and normal slip of 4.5 m were simulated along the Beichuan fault and Wenchuan fault by an elastic dislocation theory. The co-existence of thrusting and normal faulting implies both compressional and extensional settings along Longmen Shan. The normal slip corroborates a large-scale crustal extension, lending support to a model with the inflation of lower crustal flow. The two-year post-seismic gravity variations were more than 0.1 mGal near the epicentral area. About 25% of them could be attributed to viscoelastic mantle relaxation. The dynamics topography along the eastern margin of the plateau is proposed to be a consequence of lower crustal flow squeezed by isostatic rebound and topographic load. The strong Yangtze Block is thought to obstruct the crustal flow horizontally and direct it to flow upward beneath Longmen Shan. The steep topography and seismicity along Longmen Shan are then resulted probably from the vertical stress induced in this upward flow. / published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Univ., Diss--Bonn, 2004.

Thesis (Ph. D)--University of Hawaii. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 188-204).

This thesis concerns the factors underlying the popularity of the cliff tomb, a local burial form in the Sichuan Basin in China in the Eastern Han dynasty (AD 25-220). The development of the cliff tomb was held in a complex set of connections to the development of the burial forms, and existed through links to many other contemporary burial forms, the brick chamber tomb, the stone chamber tomb, and the princely rock-cut tomb. These connections and links formed to a large extent through the incorporation of the Sichuan area into the empire which began in the fourth century BC. It was in this context, a series of factors contributed to the formation and popularity of the cliff tombs in Sichuan. The hilly topography and the soft sandstone, easy to cut, provided the natural condition for the development of the cliff tombs. The decision to make use of this natural condition was affected by many factors rooted in the social background. The inherent nature of the cliff tomb structure was fully explored, which was then followed by a series of corresponding innovations on the pictorial carvings and the burial objects. The meaning of a continuous family embedded in the cliff tomb structure was explored, as the construction of the tomb was the result of the continuous endeavours from many generations of the family, and the physical form of the cliff tomb was a metaphor for a prosperous family. Following this intention of the tomb occupants underlying the design of the cliff tomb structure, the pictorial carvings and the burial objects in the cliff tomb made adaptations to make the cliff tomb an embodiment of relations between different family members and different generations.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Brown University, 2008. / Vita. Advisor : Richard L. Davis. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 436-467).

The goal of this thesis is to provide a detailed description and analysis of vowel-consonant interaction in Mandarin. Vowel-consonant interactions in Mandarin have been described and analyzed in the literature, but there is little agreement on the exact nature of the interactions, and no acoustic studies have been done to confirm impressionistic transcriptions. The data and analysis in this thesis show that vowel-consonant interaction is extensive in both Northern and Southwestern Mandarin, but the nature and degree of the interactions varies based on vowel, context (onset vs. coda), and dialect. In this thesis, I provide an acoustic analysis and a theoretical account of vowel-consonant interactions in two different dialects of Mandarin that vary in their degree of interaction: the Northern dialect of eastern Hebei (similar to the Beijing dialect) and the Southwestern dialect of northeast Sichuan. The data analyzed was collected from native speakers of both dialects at Sichuan Normal University in Chengdu, and the analysis focuses on comparisons of the F1 and F2 of vowels in various onset and coda contexts. The theoretical account attempts to determine whether vowel-consonant interaction in Mandarin is best classified as a phonological process (e.g. assimilation) or a phonetic process (e.g. co-articulation). I explore possible analyses of the data under multiple theoretical frameworks, including serial rule-based phonology and Optimality Theory (OT), and compare the effectiveness of these analyses to a co-articulation account. Traditionally, sound change phenomena are assumed to be either phonological or phonetic in nature. However, a detailed examination of the data collected reveals an unexpectedly large variety of vowel-consonant interaction effects. The effects range from subtle coarticulatory adjustments that can only be detected instrumentally to large magnitude differences that can be represented by a change in phonological features. The results of this study show that vowel-consonant interaction in Mandarin is even more extensive than previously documented, and that the line between phonetic and phonological processes may be more arbitrary than we like to believe.

No description available.

Master of Science

Wu Kaihang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-117). / ABSTRACT / ACKNOWLEDGMENT / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background and Aims of Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Data Set --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Sichuan:An Introduction --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1 --- Overall Income Distribution in Rural China --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1a --- Income concepts --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1b --- Inequality and Polarization --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Sources of Inequality --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Equivalence Scales of Sichuan --- p.27 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Theoretical Framework --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2 --- Estimation of the Engel Model --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3 --- Equivalence Scales of Sichuan --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4 --- Comparison with other studies --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Income Distribution in Sichuan from 1985 to1990 --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1 --- Trend of inequality in Sichuan from 1985 to1990 --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1a --- Inequality indices --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1b --- Trend of inequality in Sichuan from 1985 to1990 --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- Trends of polarization in Sichuan from 1985 to1990 --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2a --- Polarization index --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2b --- Trends of polarization in Sichuan from 1985 to1990 --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3 --- Comparison of inequality with other studies --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4a --- Comparison of absolute inequality level --- p.68 / Chapter 4.4b --- Comparison of trend of inequality with other studies --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Contribution of Rural Industry to Inequality --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1 --- Factor Decomposition Rules of Inequality Indices --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2 --- Factor Contribution to Inequality --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2a --- Present Estimates of the Factor Contributions to Inequality --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2b --- Comparison of Factor Contribution to Inequality with Other Studies --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3 --- Breakdown of Factor Contributions to Inequality --- p.85 / Chapter 5.4 --- Contribution of Rural Industry to Inequality and Its Level of Development --- p.87 / Chapter 5.5 --- Household Non-agriculture Activities versus Wage Jobs --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.108 / REFERENCES --- p.112 / APPENDIXES --- p.118 / Appendix 1 The Data Set --- p.119 / Chapter A1.1 --- The Data Set --- p.119 / Chapter A1.2 --- Data Validation --- p.122 / Chapter A1.3 --- Adjustment of the Data Set --- p.123 / Appendix 2a Notations of the Equations in the Text --- p.130 / Appendix 2b Notations in the Text --- p.132 / Appendix 3 Gini Index and the Class of General Entropy Indices --- p.133

published_or_final_version / Earth Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy