The subject of submitted diploma thesis is complete structure of procedures necessary for the designing and subsequent production of forging dies for production of semi-finished connecting rods. The initial part deals with the design of forging die. Following part is consisted of materials used for production of this type of tools. Ensuing is proposal of tooling for machining of the die following with simulation of the milling processes.

The aim of this work is comparing three casting process simulation programs for porosity and microstructure prediction capabilities for die-casting. After confronting these results with experimentally measured data taken from real castings it could be said that simulation is pretty accurate for DAS microstructure prediction and hot-spot areas. Amount of measured porosity could not be compared with predicted values because specimens were not taken from the exact hot-spot areas.

Master’s thesis is focused on creating a suitable methodology for determining the parameters of the electronic control unit of the engine. Discusses how the measurement of input data into the methodology, the basic description of its functions and display the resulting values. It includes evaluation of applicability of the methodologies and the real parameters when compared with the parameters established on the basis of established methodology.

A simulação de eventos discretos é uma das mais poderosas ferramentas disponíveis para modelagem e análise de problemas. Freqüentemente ela é utilizada para o planejamento, projeto e controle de sistemas complexos em diversos segmentos; entre eles, a área de sistemas logísticos, que a tem aplicado extensivamente para analisar as capacidades logísticas, avaliar os impactos de mudanças nos processos produtivos, testar diferentes configurações na alocação de recursos limitados, determinar parâmetros das operações, validar novos projetos, entre outras aplicações. Esta popularização da simulação despertou o interesse das empresas especializadas no desenvolvimento de softwares, resultando em diversas opções com diferentes características e custos. Desta forma, identificou-se a necessidade de um método para seleção de softwares de simulação de eventos discretos voltados à resolução de problemas logísticos, pois os trabalhos disponíveis na Literatura abordam somente a escolha de softwares para fins genéricos. Para preencher essa lacuna, foi proposto um conjunto de critérios que endereçam as necessidades específicas do desenvolvimento de modelos voltados à análise de sistemas logísticos. Esses critérios formaram a base do método proposto, que incorporou as melhores características dos trabalhos identificados na Literatura. Sua primeira fase gerou uma lista com os softwares que suportaram os critérios definidos como essenciais por meio da aplicação de um método de atribuição de pesos e pontuação, cuja eficiência e simplicidade são amplamente reconhecidas; já a segunda fase, utilizou o método de análise hierárquica (AHP), recomendado para a tomada de decisão baseada em múltiplos critérios, por permitir a identificação e correção das inconsistências geradas pelo julgamento humano. Dois problemas testes também foram propostos para o desenvolvimento de aplicações em sistemas logísticos e condução de experimentos durante a segunda fase. Os softwares Arena, ProModel e @Risk, extensivamente utilizados para ensino e pesquisa na Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, foram avaliados durante a aplicação prática do método proposto. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a percepção, adquirida durante a segunda fase do método, de que os softwares Arena e ProModel apresentam características semelhantes, dada a discreta diferença em suas pontuações totais. Os diversos cenários desenvolvidos na análise de sensibilidade também ratificaram essa tendência. / The discrete event simulation is one of the most powerful tools available for modeling and problem analysis. Frequently it is used for planning, designing and controlling complex systems in several segments. The logistic system area has also applied it extensively to analyse the logistic capacities, evaluate the impacts of changes in the productive processes, test different configurations in the allocation of limited resources, determine operation parameters, validate new projects, among other applications. Thus, the growth of the simulation awoke the interest of the companies specialized in software development. This fact resulted in several options with different characteristics and costs. Because of this, it was identified the necessity of a selection method for discrete event simulation software dedicated to the resolution of logistic problems. The available works in Literature only approach the choice of softwares for generic purposes. To fill in this gap, a set of criteria that address the specific necessities of the development of models dedicated to the analysis of logistic systems was proposed. These criteria formed the base of the proposed method. It has incorporated the best characteristics of the works identified in Literature. Its first phase generated a list with softwares with widely recognized efficiency and simplicity that supported the essential criteria through the application of a scoring model. Its second phase used the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) which is recommended for the decision taking based on multiple criteria because it allows the identification and correction of the inconsistencies generated by the human judgment. Two test problems have also been proposed for the development of applications in logistic systems and performance of experiments during the second phase. Arena, ProModel and @Risk, extensively used for education and research in the Polytechnical School of the University of São Paulo, were evaluated during the practical application of the proposed method. The results confirmed the perception acquired during the second phase of the method that Arena and ProModel present similar characteristics. They presented a discrete difference in their total score. The several scenes developed in the sensitivity analysis also ratified this trend.

Les outils de simulation sont des moyens pour faciliter la mise en place d'une production sur les Machines Outil à Commande Numérique, ces outils sont devenus très courants dans l'industrie et, par conséquent, dans l'éducation. Plusieurs problèmes importants émergent, telles que des questions d’ordre pédagogique, des aspects liés à l’ergonomie des interfaces, le coût d'acquisition de l'équipement et d'adaptabilité des étudiants aux multitudes de logiciels de fabrication assistée par ordinateur, de ce fait le problème de la sélection du logiciel est soulevé dans l'éducation afin d'assurer une efficacité des processus d'enseignement et d'apprentissage des étudiants.Cette thèse est conduite dans l’objectif d’étudier une méthodologie pour sélectionner un logiciel de FAO qui pourrait être efficace en tant que support d’apprentissage de la FAO en premier cycle des universités techniques, des écoles d’ingénieurs et autres établissements similaires. Les facteurs déterminants l’efficacité des étudiants utilisant un logiciel dans leurs apprentissages de la FAO ont été déduits du cadre théorique de la thèse qui s’est basé sur la théorie de l’activité. Cette théorie prend en considération le contexte global de cette activité d’enseignement-apprentissage de la FAO à savoir l’étudiant, l’artefact, le professeur, l’établissement et la communauté des éditeurs de logiciels.Le traitement statistique des données recueillies à travers les réponses d’un échantillon de 50 étudiants ont été élaboré dans le but de confirmer nos hypothèses sur les principaux critères d'évaluation de logiciel de simulation en éducation. / Simulation tools as means to facilitate setting up a production have become very common in industry and, therefore, in education. Among several significant problems, like pedagogical issues, the cost of equipment acquisition and the adaptability of students to the multitude of Computer-Aided Manufacturing, it is raise in education the problem of selecting software in order to ensure maximum effectiveness of teaching process and students learning.This research study was designed to investigate a methodology to select CAM software that could be effective as a support of CAM learning in university, taking into account different features of CAM learning. We determine the student effectiveness in learning factors of CAM software and further, determine the relationship between the different main factors. The research was conducted using a questionnaire submitted to 50 students attending the second academic year of Mechanical Design and Production. The study provides results from empirical test of these relationships and provides criteria for evaluation simulation of software in education.

The manufacture of photovoltaic (PV) system components has a role to play in the industrialisation and poverty reduction strategies of developing countries. It has also been suggested that small scale local manufacture of balance of systems components has the potential to improve the maintenance, installation and use of the technology. However, PV is a complex technology and most developing countries have not been able to build the capabilities required to manufacture PV system components of an appropriate quality and price, either in the modern or small scale sectors. The factors that determine the success of PV manufacturers in developing countries are therefore of interest. Previous studies on learning in the PV industry have been focused on industry-wide concerns and have not explicitly addressed enterprise-level capability building or challenges specific to developing countries. In particular, there has been very little published about small scale PV manufacture. This thesis therefore aims to improve understanding of the factors that influence capability building, with a view to assisting decision making in relation to PV manufacture in developing countries. The aims of the study have been fulfilled by the development and assessment of a software simulation training tool for PV cell production line engineers, the development of an analysis framework, and application of it to several case study PV enterprises. Through the application of the framework to the case studies, it has been possible to assess the role of software simulations, the suitability of countries with different types of infrastructure for hosting PV manufacturing and the institutional arrangements or interventions that could be used to promote capability building for PV manufacturers in developing countries. While further case studies are required to make more than tentative conclusions, the framework developed and tested in this thesis may now be used as a tool to systematically and rapidly analyse the appropriateness of different types of PV manufacture in particular countries, to identify the weaknesses in their PV technological systems and therefore to suggest where resources should be invested and where appropriate institutional changes could be made. The simulation software has been demonstrated to be an effective capability building tool, thus providing one of the key elements required for successful manufacturing.

The manufacture of photovoltaic (PV) system components has a role to play in the industrialisation and poverty reduction strategies of developing countries. It has also been suggested that small scale local manufacture of balance of systems components has the potential to improve the maintenance, installation and use of the technology. However, PV is a complex technology and most developing countries have not been able to build the capabilities required to manufacture PV system components of an appropriate quality and price, either in the modern or small scale sectors. The factors that determine the success of PV manufacturers in developing countries are therefore of interest. Previous studies on learning in the PV industry have been focused on industry-wide concerns and have not explicitly addressed enterprise-level capability building or challenges specific to developing countries. In particular, there has been very little published about small scale PV manufacture. This thesis therefore aims to improve understanding of the factors that influence capability building, with a view to assisting decision making in relation to PV manufacture in developing countries. The aims of the study have been fulfilled by the development and assessment of a software simulation training tool for PV cell production line engineers, the development of an analysis framework, and application of it to several case study PV enterprises. Through the application of the framework to the case studies, it has been possible to assess the role of software simulations, the suitability of countries with different types of infrastructure for hosting PV manufacturing and the institutional arrangements or interventions that could be used to promote capability building for PV manufacturers in developing countries. While further case studies are required to make more than tentative conclusions, the framework developed and tested in this thesis may now be used as a tool to systematically and rapidly analyse the appropriateness of different types of PV manufacture in particular countries, to identify the weaknesses in their PV technological systems and therefore to suggest where resources should be invested and where appropriate institutional changes could be made. The simulation software has been demonstrated to be an effective capability building tool, thus providing one of the key elements required for successful manufacturing.

The manufacture of photovoltaic (PV) system components has a role to play in the industrialisation and poverty reduction strategies of developing countries. It has also been suggested that small scale local manufacture of balance of systems components has the potential to improve the maintenance, installation and use of the technology. However, PV is a complex technology and most developing countries have not been able to build the capabilities required to manufacture PV system components of an appropriate quality and price, either in the modern or small scale sectors. The factors that determine the success of PV manufacturers in developing countries are therefore of interest. Previous studies on learning in the PV industry have been focused on industry-wide concerns and have not explicitly addressed enterprise-level capability building or challenges specific to developing countries. In particular, there has been very little published about small scale PV manufacture. This thesis therefore aims to improve understanding of the factors that influence capability building, with a view to assisting decision making in relation to PV manufacture in developing countries. The aims of the study have been fulfilled by the development and assessment of a software simulation training tool for PV cell production line engineers, the development of an analysis framework, and application of it to several case study PV enterprises. Through the application of the framework to the case studies, it has been possible to assess the role of software simulations, the suitability of countries with different types of infrastructure for hosting PV manufacturing and the institutional arrangements or interventions that could be used to promote capability building for PV manufacturers in developing countries. While further case studies are required to make more than tentative conclusions, the framework developed and tested in this thesis may now be used as a tool to systematically and rapidly analyse the appropriateness of different types of PV manufacture in particular countries, to identify the weaknesses in their PV technological systems and therefore to suggest where resources should be invested and where appropriate institutional changes could be made. The simulation software has been demonstrated to be an effective capability building tool, thus providing one of the key elements required for successful manufacturing.

Οι εφαρμογές πολυμέσων έχουν αποκτήσει τα τελευταία χρόνια μία αυξανόμενη ζήτηση από τους χρήστες γενικά του Διαδικτύου καθώς προσφέρουν νέες και ποικιλόμορφες δυνατότητες ανταλλαγής πληροφοριών εικόνας και ήχου. Όμως οι εφαρμογές αυτές υπόκεινται σε περιορισμούς που έχουν να κάνουν κυρίως με τη φύση τους και χαρακτηρίζονται από τις υψηλές απαιτήσεις σε ρυθμό μετάδοσης δεδομένων (bandwidth-consuming applications) και την ευαισθησία τους στις καθυστερήσεις που παρουσιάζονται κατά τη μετάδοση των πακέτων από τον αποστολέα στο παραλήπτη (delay-sensitive applications). Από την άλλη μεριά οι εφαρμογές αυτές φέρεται ότι είναι λιγότερο ευαίσθητες στις απώλειες των πακέτων (packet-loss tolerant applications). Το ζητούμενο όμως με τις εφαρμογές πολυμέσων, πέρα από το εύρος των υπηρεσιών τις οποίες προσφέρουν, είναι και η παρεχόμενη ποιότητα των υπηρεσιών (Quality of Service, QOS) στο τελικό χρήστη. Η ποιότητα αυτή των υπηρεσιών συνδέεται άμεσα με τα προαναφερόμενα χαρακτηριστικά των εφαρμογών πολυμέσων. Η μέχρι τώρα προσέγγιση από την ερευνητική κοινότητα αλλά και τις εταιρείες παροχής υπηρεσιών Διαδικτύου (Internet Service Providers), σε ότι αφορά την εξασφάλιση της ποιότητας υπηρεσιών, έχει εστιασθεί είτε στην επιμέρους βελτιστοποίηση της απόδοσης των πρωτοκόλλων μετάδοσης, είτε στην εγκατάσταση επιπλέον εξοπλισμού για τη δημιουργία δικτύων διανομής πολυμέσων (Content Distribution Networks, CDNs) που τοποθετούνται συνήθως κοντά στον τελικό χρήστη. Επιπρόσθετα η αυξανόμενη προσπάθεια της ερευνητικής κοινότητας με σκοπό την αύξηση της ποιότητας υπηρεσιών προσέφερε νέες καινοτόμες λύσεις με την μορφή των υπηρεσιών-αρχιτεκτονικών όπως οι Ολοκληρωμένες Υπηρεσίες (Integrated services, Intserv) και οι Διαφοροποιημένες Υπηρεσίες (Differentiated Services, Diffserv) οι οποίες φιλοδοξούν να προσφέρουν εγγυήσεις ποιότητας υπηρεσιών σε συγκεκριμένες ομάδες χρηστών. Όμως και οι δύο αυτές αρχιτεκτονικές δεν κατάφεραν μέχρι τώρα να αποτελέσουν μια ολοκληρωμένη λύση για τη παροχή εγγυήσεων ποιότητας υπηρεσιών στο χρήστη λόγω των μεγάλων δυσκολιών στην εφαρμογή τους που έχουν να κάνουν τόσο με χρηματοοικονομικά κριτήρια όσο και με τη ίδια τη δομή του Διαδικτύου. Έτσι βλέπουμε ότι παρόλη τη πρόοδο που έχει γίνει μέχρι σήμερα στη τεχνολογία των δικτύων η παροχή ποιότητας υπηρεσίας στο Διαδίκτυο από άκρο σε άκρο δεν είναι ακόμη στις μέρες μας εφικτή με αποτέλεσμα οι υπηρεσίες μετάδοσης πολυμέσων στο Διαδίκτυο – π.χ “youtube” – να επηρεάζονται σημαντικά από τις όποιες μεταβολές στη κατάσταση του δικτύου. Προς το σκοπό αυτό η ερευνητική κοινότητα έχει στραφεί στη μελέτη μηχανισμών οι οποίοι θα είναι να θέση να προσαρμόζουν το ρυθμό μετάδοσης της πολυμεσικής πληροφορίας, ανάλογα με τις εκάστοτε συνθήκες του δικτύου, έτσι ώστε να προσφέρουν τη μέγιστη δυνατή ποιότητα υπηρεσίας στο τελικό χρήστη. Η προσπάθεια αυτή μπορεί να κατηγοριοποιηθεί σε δύο μεγάλες κατηγορίες ανάλογα με το τρόπο δρομολόγησης της πολυμεσικής πληροφορίας, όπως παρακάτω: • Μηχανισμοί προσαρμογής για unicast μετάδοση: Σε αυτή τη περίπτωση οι μηχανισμοί προσαρμογής προσαρμόζουν το ρυθμό μετάδοσης της πληροφορίας από ένα σημείο (αποστολέας) προς ένα σημείο (παραλήπτης). • Μηχανισμοί προσαρμογής εκπομπής πολλαπλής διανομής (multicast): Στη περίπτωση αυτή οι μηχανισμοί προσαρμογής προσαρμόζουν το ρυθμό μετάδοσης της πληροφορίας που λαμβάνει χώρα από ένα σημείο (αποστολέας) προς πολλά σημεία (παραλήπτες). Σε ότι αφορά τη unicast μετάδοση την επικρατέστερη πρόταση αποτελεί ο μηχανισμός ελέγχου συμφόρησης με την ονομασία TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC) που έχει γίνει αποδεκτός ως διεθνές πρότυπο από τη Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Στη περιοχή της multicast εκπομπής ο μηχανισμός TCP-friendly Multicast Congestion Control (TFMCC) έχει γίνει επίσης αποδεκτός ως πειραματικό πρότυπο από την IETF. Παρόλα αυτά όμως εργαστηριακές μελέτες και πειράματα έχουν δείξει ότι τόσο ο μηχανισμός TFRC όσο και ο TFMCC δεν είναι και οι πλέον κατάλληλοι μηχανισμοί προσαρμογής για τη μετάδοση πολυμέσων. Τα κυριότερα προβλήματα αφορούν στη “φιλικότητα” των μηχανισμών αυτών προς το πρωτόκολλο Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) καθώς και στις απότομες διακυμάνσεις του ρυθμού μετάδοσης. Ιδιαίτερα οι απότομες διακυμάνσεις του ρυθμού μετάδοσης είναι ένα στοιχείο μη επιθυμητό από τις εφαρμογές πολυμέσων και ιδιαίτερα από τις εφαρμογές πολυμέσων πραγματικού χρόνου. Στη περιοχή των ασυρμάτων δικτύων τα προβλήματα τα οποία αντιμετωπίζονται κατά τη μετάδοση των πολυμέσων δεν έχουν τόσο άμεση σχέση με τη συμφόρηση του δικτύου (αυτή παρατηρείται κυρίως στα ενσύρματα δίκτυα), όσο με τις απώλειες των πακέτων που είναι ένα άμεσο αποτέλεσμα του μέσου διάδοσης. Η μέχρι τώρα προσέγγιση αφορά στην επιμέρους βελτιστοποίηση των διαφόρων πρωτοκόλλων των στρωμάτων του OSI έτσι ώστε να μειωθούν τα προβλήματα διάδοσης και να ελαχιστοποιηθούν οι απώλειες πακέτων και οι καθυστερήσεις από τον αποστολέα στο παραλήπτη. Κατά τα τελευταία χρόνια όμως κερδίζει όλο και περισσότερο έδαφος μια διαφορετική προσέγγιση η οποία έχει επικρατήσει να ονομάζεται διεθνώς ως “cross-layer optimization-adaptation”. Κατά τη προσέγγιση αυτή διαφαίνεται ότι θα μπορούσαμε να πετύχουμε τη βελτιστοποίηση της παρεχόμενης ποιότητας στις εφαρμογές πολυμέσων μέσω κάποιων μηχανισμών προσαρμογής, που θα εμπλέκουν περισσότερα του ενός εκ των στρωμάτων του OSI στις τρέχουσες συνθήκες του δικτύου. Η μεθοδολογία, οι προκλήσεις, οι περιορισμοί καθώς και οι εφαρμογές της διαστρωματικής (cross layer) προσαρμογής αποτελούν ένα ανοικτό ερευνητικό πεδίο το οποίο βρίσκεται αυτή τη στιγμή σε εξέλιξη. Σκοπός της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής είναι καταρχήν η μελέτη των υπαρχόντων μηχανισμών ελέγχου συμφόρησης που αφορούν τα ενσύρματα δίκτυα μη εγγυημένης ποιότητας, όπως το Διαδίκτυο. Προς τη κατεύθυνση αυτή αξιολογούνται αρχικά οι υπάρχοντες μηχανισμοί ελέγχου συμφόρησης και διαπιστώνονται τα κυριότερα προβλήματα τα οποία σχετίζονται με τη ποιότητα υπηρεσιών. Η αξιολόγηση γίνεται με βάση τα κριτήρια που αφορούν τόσο στη φιλικότητα των μηχανισμών αυτών προς το TCP όσο και στα κριτήρια που αφορούν τη ποιότητα υπηρεσιών των εφαρμογών πολυμέσων. Η αξιολόγηση αυτή μας οδηγεί στο σχεδιασμό νέων πρωτοκόλλων τα οποία υπόσχονται υψηλότερη φιλικότητα προς το TCP και καλύτερη ποιότητα υπηρεσιών. Ένα σημαντικό στοιχείο που διαφοροποιεί τα πρωτόκολλα αυτά από τις άλλες προσεγγίσεις είναι η ομαλή (smooth) συμπεριφορά κατά την οποία ελαχιστοποιούνται οι απότομες μεταβολές του ρυθμού μετάδοσης, που είναι μη επιθυμητές από τις εφαρμογές πολυμέσων, διατηρώντας παράλληλα ένα υψηλό ρυθμό απόκρισης στις απότομες μεταβολές των συνθηκών του δικτύου. Ένα δεύτερο σημαντικό στοιχείο της εργασίας αυτής είναι οι προσθήκες στις βιβλιοθήκες του προσομοιωτή ns-2 οι οποίες είναι ήδη αντικείμενο εκμετάλλευσης από άλλους ερευνητές. Για το σκοπό αυτό τα νέα πρωτόκολλα καθορίζονται πλήρως και ενσωματώνονται στις βιβλιοθήκες του προσομοιωτή ns-2 έτσι ώστε να είναι διαθέσιμα στην ερευνητική κοινότητα ως μέρος του προσομοιωτή, για περαιτέρω μελέτη και αξιολόγηση. Επεκτείνονται παράλληλα υπάρχοντα ερευνητικά εργαλεία προσομοιώσεων τα οποία επιτρέπουν την ανάλυση και την αξιολόγηση υπαρχόντων και μελλοντικών μηχανισμών προσαρμογής με βάση κριτήρια ποιότητας που αφορούν ειδικά τις εφαρμογές πολυμέσων, πλέον των “κλασσικών” κριτηρίων που σχετίζονται με μετρικά δικτύων. Σε ότι αφορά στα ασύρματα δίκτυα μελετάται η διαστρωματική προσαρμογή και εάν και κατά πόσο είναι δυνατό να επιτευχθεί η αύξηση της ποιότητας της παρεχόμενης υπηρεσίας μέσα από την εφαρμογή μια τέτοιας σχεδίασης. Μελετώνται οι διάφοροι τρόποι και μεθοδολογίες σχεδίασης μιας διαστρωματικής προσαρμογής και προτείνεται ένα νέο πλαίσιο με το οποίο είναι δυνατό να αυξήσουμε τη ποιότητα υπηρεσίας σε υβριδικά δίκτυα, που αποτελούνται τόσο από ενσύρματους όσο και από ασύρματους χρήστες. / Multimedia applications have gained in recent years an increasing demand from Internet users as they offer new opportunities and diverse multimedia services. These applications, however, are subject to restrictions which mainly have to do with its nature and are characterized by high requirements of the transmission rates (bandwidth-consuming applications) and their sensitivity to delays in the transmission of packets by the consignor to consignee (delay-sensitive applications). On the other hand, allegedly these applications are less sensitive to packet losses (packet-loss tolerant applications). The issue, however, with multimedia applications, except for the scope of the services which offer, is the Quality of Services (QoS) that is offered to the end user. This quality of services is directly linked to the above characteristics of multimedia applications. The approach so far by the research community and also the Internet Service Providers (ISPs), as regards ensuring the quality of service, has focused either to individually optimizing the efficiency of transmission protocols, or in the installation of additional equipment (servers) for the establishment of distribution networks (Content Distribution Networks, CDNS) which are normally positioned close to the final user. In addition, the growing effort of the research community with a view to increasing the quality of service offered new innovative solutions in the form of services-architectures like the Integrated Services (Intserv) and Differentiated Services (Diffserv ) which aspire to offer guarantees of quality of services in specific user groups. But these two architectures failed until now to become the solution for the provision of guarantees of quality of services to the end user due to difficulties in applying them which have to do with financial criteria and the structure of the Internet itself. Therefore, we can see that despite the progress made so far in networks technology the provision of QoS across the Internet is not still feasible with the result that multimedia services via the Internet (for example “YouTube”) are significantly affected by the changes of the network conditions. To this course, the research community has directed to the study of mechanisms which will be able to adjust the transmission rate of multimedia data, according to the conditions of the network, so as to offer the best possible quality of service to the end user. This effort could be classified into two broad categories, according to the way the multimedia information is routed, as follows: • Adaptation mechanisms for unicast transmission: In this case the adaptation mechanisms regulate the transmission rate between the sender and the receiver in a unicast connection. • Adaptation mechanisms for multicast transmission: In this case the adaptation mechanisms regulate the transmission rate between the sender and a group of receivers. Regarding the unicast transmission the predominant proposal is the congestion control mechanism that is termed as the “TCP-friendly Rate Control (TFRC) and has been accepted as an international standard by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). In the area of multicast transmission the TCP-friendly Multicast Congestion Control (TFMCC) has also become acceptable as an experimental standard from IETF. Nevertheless, laboratory studies and experiments have shown that both TFRC and TFMCC are not the most suitable adaptation mechanisms for multimedia transmission. The main problems have to do with its friendliness towards the Transmission Connection Protocol (TCP) and the sudden fluctuations in the transmission. rate. These sharp variations of the transmission rates are an attribute non desirable by multimedia applications and particularly by real-time applications. In the area of wireless networks the problems with the transmission of multimedia data are not directly linked to the congestion of the network (this mainly occurs in wired networks) as the packet losses are a direct result of the free space propagation. The approach so far has aimed at the individual optimization of the various protocols of the OSI model so as to reduce the transmission problems and minimize packet losses and the delays from the sender to the end user. In recent years, however, a different approach which has prevailed to be termed internationally as “cross-layer optimization-adaptation” has earned more and more space. Under this approach we could be able to succeed the optimization of the service, regarding the quality of multimedia applications, by means of some adaptation mechanisms which will involve more than one of the OSI layers to current network conditions. The methodology, the challenges, the restrictions and the applications of cross layer adaptation constitute an open research area which is currently in progress. The aim of this dissertation is firs the study of the existing congestion control mechanisms which mainly concern best-effort wired networks, such as the Internet. In this direction we evaluate the existing congestion/flow control mechanisms and record the main problems related to the quality of service. The performance evaluation is based on criteria relating both to TCP-friendliness and the quality of service of multimedia applications. This performance evaluation leads us to the design of new protocols which promise greater TCP-friendliness and better quality of service. An important element that distinguishes these protocols of the other approaches is the “smooth” behavior by which we minimize the high oscillations of the transmission rate, which are not desirable by multimedia applications, while maintaining a high response to sudden changes of network conditions. A second important element of this dissertation is the additions we have made to the libraries of the ns-2 simulator which are already exploited by other researchers. For this purpose the new protocols are fully defined and incorporated into the ns-2 libraries so as to be available to the research community as part of the simulator, for further studies and evaluation. At the same time we expand existing research tools in order to enable the analysis and evaluation of existing and future mechanisms based on quality criteria specific to multimedia applications, along with network-centric criteria. Regarding the wireless networks we study the cross layer adaptation and how it is possible to achieve the increase in the quality of service by implementing such a design. We study the various ways and design methodologies of a cross layer adaptation and propose a new framework with which it is possible to increase the quality of service in hybrid networks consisting of both by wired and wireless users.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems (RMSs) have the ability to reconfigure hardware and control resources at all of the functional and organizational levels. This allows for quick adjustment of production capacity and functionality in response to sudden changes in market or in regulatory requirements. This study evaluates the characteristics and operation of automated reconfigurable assembly lines using discrete event simulation. The assembly line uses a conveyor system which transports pallets to various machines to perform the assembly process. Different conveyor configurations are developed for the same assembly process using Simio simulation software. A part family consisting of five variants are assembled on the same assembly line with a large variation in the production quantities for each product. This requires the assembly system to be able to quickly adjust its functionality and capacity. Multi-objective optimization is performed on the models through the use of a Pareto exhaustive search experiment. The two contradicting objectives used are the throughput rate of the system and the average work in progress, with the aim of maximizing the former and minimizing the latter. From the Pareto exhaustive search experiment, a Pareto front is constructed showing which configuration is preferred under certain operation conditions. However it is concluded that the Pareto front can be tailored to fit the specific needs of the decision maker, depending on what the decision maker is willing to pay. An experiment that evaluates the effect of changing the conveyor speed is performed. It is established that under certain operating conditions, increasing the conveyor speed higher than the ceiling value will not improve the performance of the system. A production scenario was also developed which include different order sizes for each of the five parts of the part family. The configurations have to alter their capacities based on the order sizes to test which system performs the best under these operating conditions. For this experiment, the ramp-up time was of interest but the best system was chosen based on the combination of throughput rate and the average work in progress. From the results of the different experiments, it is recommended to first determine the maximum capacity and the operating logic before choosing one of the configurations. Once this is decided, the information gathered from the experiments can then be tailored for the decision maker to establish the best operating conditions for the chosen con guration. The developed simulation models are used as a Decision Support System for future research on the topic. It is recommended for future research to focus on using Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) instead of a conveyor system as transportation method. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Herkonfigureerbare Vervaardigingstelsels (HVSs) het die vermoee om alle hardeware en beheer hulpbronne, op alle funksionele en organisatoriese vlakke te herkonfigureer. Dit maak dit moontlik vir vinnige verstellings aan produksie kapasiteit en funksionaliteit, indien daar 'n skielike verandering in die mark of wetgewing is. Hierdie studie evalueer die karakteristieke en werking van outomatiese herkon gureerbare monteerlyne met behulp van diskrete gebeurtenis simulasie. Die monteerlyne gebruik vervoerbande om pallette na verskeie masjiene te vervoer, sodat die parte aanmekaar gesit kan word. Simio simulasie sagteware is gebruik om verskillende vervoerband kon gurasies vir dieselfde monteringsproses te ontwikkel. 'n Part familie van vyf variante word op dieselfde monteerlyn aanmekaargesit. Daar is 'n groot variasie in die produksie hoeveelhede van elk van die vyf variante, dus moet die monteerlyne vinnig die kapasiteit en funksionaliteit kan aanpas. Multi-doelwitoptimering is toegepas op die modelle deur 'n Pareto alomvattende soek eksperiment uit te voer. Die twee teenstrydige doelwitte wat gebruik is, is die deurset tempo van die stelsel asook die gemiddelde werk-in-proses. Die doel is om die deurset tempo te maksimeer en terselfde tyd die gemiddelde werk-in-proses te minimeer. Die Pareto alomvattende soek eksperiment word verder gebruik om 'n Pareto front te skep wat uitwys watter vervoerband kon gurasies verkies word onder sekere bedryfstoestande. Die Pareto front kan egter aangepas word om die spesi eke behoeftes van die besluitnemer te pas. 'n Eksperiment is uitgevoer om die uitwerking van die vervoerbandspoed op die stelsel te toets. Resultate het getoon dat onder sekere bedryfstoestande die werkverrigting van die stelsel nie verbeter indien die spoed 'n maksimum grenswaarde oorskry nie. 'n Eksperiment wat 'n produksie scenario voorstel is ontwikkel waarin die vraag na die vyf part variante gevarieer word. Die vervoerband konfigurasies moet dan die kapasiteit aanpas gebaseer op die vraag na die parte. Die doel van die eksperiment is om te toets watter kon gurasie die beste vaar onder hierdie bedryfstoestande. Die tyd wat dit neem vir die stelsel om weer op dreef te kom na 'n verandering in kapasiteit is ondersoek in hierdie eksperiment, maar die beste stelsel is nog steeds gekies gebaseer op die kombinasie van deurset tempo en die gemiddelde werk-in-proses. Gegewe die resultate van die verskillende eksperimente, word dit voorgestel dat die besluitnemer eers die maksimum kapasiteit en die bedryfstoestande vasstel, voordat 'n vervoerband kon gurasie gekies word. Sodra dit besluit is, kan die inligting wat tydens die eksperimente ingesamel is, aangepas word om die beste bedryfstoestande vir die kon gurasie wat gekies is, vas te stel. Die simulasie modelle wat ontwikkel is word gebruik as 'n besluitnemingsondersteuningstelsel vir toekomstige navorsing oor die onderwerp. Dit word voorgestel dat toekomstige navorsing die moontlikheid van geoutomatiseerde begeleide voertuie (GBV), in plaas van vervoerbande as vervoermiddel, ondersoek.