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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Prilog kinematičkoj sintezi mehanizama u sistemima oslanjanja motornih vozila / A contribution to the kinematical synthesis of motor vehicle suspension mechanisms

Poznanović Nenad 19 September 2016 (has links)
<p>U radu je razmatran problem projektovanja polužnih mehanizama koji se primenjuju u sistemima elastičnog oslanjanja drumskih vozila.<br />Polužni mehanizmi za vođenje točka imaju zadatak da ostvare pokretnu vezu točka sa nosećim strukturama vozila koja omogućava približno vertikalno relativno kretanje točka u odnosu na telo vozila i obezbeđuje prijem aktivnih i reaktivnih sila i momenata nastalih u interakciji točka sa podlogom.<br />Definisana je jednostavna, univerzalna metoda za optimalnu sintezu mehanizama u sistemima oslanjanja vozila, koja ne zahteva pripreme i prilagođavanje različitim specifičnim uslovima i zahtevima sinteze mehanizama u okvirima ove tematike. Osnovne karakteristike predloženog postupka su: tačnost i praktična primenljivost usvojenog metodološkog prilaza; jednostavnost i univerzalnost celokupnog postupka sinteze, osigurana usvajanjem algoritma diferencijalne evolucije kao optimizacione metode; robusnost metoda i odsustvo potrebe za pripremom i prilagođavanjem različitim postavkama problema sinteze; implementacijom postupka u okruženju opšteg matematičkog programa Mathcad omogućeno je da svi elementi proračuna (ulazni podaci, jednačine, komentari, skice, dijagramski prikazi i numerički rezultati) budu objedinjeni na jednom mestu.Primena razvijenog postupka sinteze demonstrirana je na karakterističnim problemima optimalne sinteze mehanizama za oslanjanje vozila. Problemi su postavljeni tako da je zadato kretanje nosača točka - generisano je mehanizmom poznate konfiguracije. U takvoj postavci problema, u kojoj se pouzdano zna da se zadato kretanje nosača točka može ostvariti, izvedeni su numerički eksperimenti sa višestrukim ponavljanjem postupka sinteze uz variranje početnih vrednosti nepoznatih konstrukcionih parametara slučajnim izborom iz širokih intervala. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je u svim slučajevima razvijeni postupak sinteze rezultovao mehanizmom koji ostvaruje zadato kretanje uz odstupanja znatno ispod praga fizičke značajnosti.</p> / <p>This paper is focused on the design of lever mechanisms used in systems for elastic vehicle suspension.<br />The lever mechanisms used for wheel guidance are tasked with accomplishing a mobile connection between the wheel and the support structure that allows the wheel a roughly vertical motion relative to the vehicle body and receives the active and reactive forces and torque originating from the interaction between the wheel and the ground.<br />A simple, universal method for the optimal synthesis of mechanisms used in vehicle support systems is defined, one that doesn&rsquo;t require extensive preparation or adjustments for specific conditions. The basic characteristics of the proposed method are: accuracy and practical applicability of the method; simplicity and universality of the whole synthesis process, insured by adopting the differential evolution algorythm for the optimization method; robustness of the method and the lack of need for preparation and adjustments to the different synthesis peoblems; by implementing the method in the universal mathematical program Mathcad, the calculation elements (input, equations, comments, sketches, diagrams and numerical resuts) are all presented and accessible in one place.<br />The application of the developed method is demonstrated on charachetirstic problems of the optimal synthesis of vehicle support mechanisms. The problems are set up so that the motion of the wheel support is known &ndash; it is generated by a mechanism with a known configuration. In this kind of setting, where one is sure the given motion of the wheel support can be accomplished, a series of numerical tests was performed with multiple repetitions of the synthesis method using different initial values of the unknown construction parameters randomly chosen from wide intervals. The results of these experiments have shown that for each set of initial values, the developed method resulted in a mechanism that accomplished the required motion with very slight deviations, too small to be of any practical importance.</p>
2

Sinteza novih steroidnih jedinjenja od potencijalnog biomedicinskog značaja / Synthesis of new steroidal compounds of potentialbiomedical importance

Nikolić Andrea 25 April 2014 (has links)
<p>Cilj ove doktorske disertacije je&nbsp; bila&nbsp; sinteza novih steroidnih&nbsp;16,17-seko-16,17a-dinitrila polazeći od&nbsp;dehidroepiandrosterona (1), odnosno&nbsp; estrona (14).&nbsp; U&nbsp;androstanskoj seriji&nbsp; su izvr&scaron;ene modifikacije&nbsp; 16,17-seko-16,17a-dinitrila&nbsp; 12&nbsp; u A i/ili B prstenu steroidnog jezgra, pri&nbsp;čemu novosintetizovana jedinjenja&nbsp; sadrže&nbsp; 4-en-3-on, 1,4-dien-3-on ili 1,4,6-trien-3-on sistem, kao i supstituente u&nbsp;položajima C-4, odnosno C-6&nbsp; (6-metilen, 6-keto i 6-oksimino).&nbsp; U&nbsp; radu&nbsp; je takođe&nbsp; proučavan&nbsp; uticaj odabranih&nbsp;novosintetizovanih jedinjenja na proliferaciju sedam ćelijskih&nbsp;linija humanih tumora, dok je kao kontrola služila jedna&nbsp;zdrava humana ćelijska linija.</p> / <p>Starting from dehydroepiandrosterone (1) or estrone (14)&nbsp;new steroidal 16,17-seco-16,17a-dinitriles&nbsp; were&nbsp;synthesized. Modification of 16,17-seco-16,17a-dinitrile&nbsp;12&nbsp; afforded&nbsp; androstane derivatives containing 4-en-3-on,&nbsp;1,4-dien-3-on or 1,4,6-trien-3-on system,&nbsp; with&nbsp; different&nbsp;substituents on position C-4 or C-6 (6-methylene, 6-keto i&nbsp;6-oximino).&nbsp; Antiproliferative activity&nbsp; of&nbsp; some&nbsp; newly&nbsp;synthesized&nbsp; compounds were examined&nbsp; against&nbsp; seven&nbsp;human tumor&nbsp; cell lines,&nbsp; while healthy cells&nbsp; served as&nbsp;control.</p>
3

Sinteza 2',3'- dideoksinukleozida / The Synthesis of 2´, 3' - Dideoxynucleozides

Ćetković Gordana 18 December 1998 (has links)
<p>U radu je ostvarena vi&scaron;efazna transformacija D-ksiloze u pogodno funkcionalizovane derivate koji su kuplovanjem sa siliranim timinom selektivno dali nukleozide sa beta-konfiguracijom na anomernom centru. Takođe, u cilju sinteze nukleozida L-serije, ispitana je mogućnost izomerizacije nekih derivata D-&scaron;ečera u odgovarajuće L-stereoizomere.</p> / <p>Muitistep transformation of D-xylose to suitabte functional derivatives were achieved. Coupling of these derivatives with silylated thymine gave the nucleosides with beta-configuration on anomeric centre. In order to synthesis nucleosides of L-series, the possibility for isomerization of some kinds D-sugar derivatives in corresponding L-stereisomeric compounds, were investigatet, too.</p>
4

Sinteza i antiproliferativna aktivnost novih D-homo i D-seko derivata androstana / Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of new D-homo and D-seco androstane derivatives

Savić Marina P. 19 March 2013 (has links)
<p>U prvom delu ove doktorske disertacije je izvr&scaron;ena<br />sinteza novih derivata androstana sa D-laktonskom<br />funkcijom ili D-seko derivata, sa modifikacijama u Ai/<br />ili B-prstenovima. U drugom delu je ispitana<br />antiproliferativna aktivnost odabranih<br />novosintetizovanih jedinjenja prema humanim<br />tumorskim ćelijskim linijama (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231,<br />PC-3, HeLa, HT-29, K562) kao i prema zdravim<br />ćelijama fetalnih fibroblasta pluća (MRC-5).</p> / <p>In first part of this work was achieved synthesis of&nbsp;some new androstane derivatives with D-lactone&nbsp;function and new D-seco derivatives with modification&nbsp;in A and/or B rings. In the second part the&nbsp;antiproliferative activity of selected newly synthesized&nbsp;compounds by human carcinoma cell lines (MCF-7,&nbsp;MDA-MB-231, PC-3, HeLa, HT-29, K562) and the&nbsp;healthy cells of fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 ) was&nbsp;examined.</p>
5

Sinteza i biološka aktivnost 17-supstituisanih androstanskih derivata / Synthesis and biological activity of 17-substituted androstane derivatives

Ajduković Jovana 08 October 2013 (has links)
<p>U prvom delu ove doktorske disertacije je izvr&scaron;ena sinteza&nbsp;novih 17&alpha;-pikolil i 17(E)-pikoliniliden androstanskih&nbsp;derivata, sa modifikacijama u A- i/ili B-prstenovima. U&nbsp;drugom delu rada je ispitana antiproliferativna aktivnost&nbsp;odabranih novosintetizovanih jedinjenja prema humanim&nbsp;tumorskim&nbsp; ćelijskim linijama (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231,&nbsp;PC-3, HeLa, HT-29 i A549) kao i prema zdravim ćelijama&nbsp;fetalnih fibroblasta pluća (MRC-5).</p> / <p>In the first part of this dissertation, the synthesis of new&nbsp;17&alpha;-picolyl and 17(E)-picolinylidene androstane&nbsp;derivatives with modifications in A and/or B rings, were&nbsp;presented. The second part of the work consisted on&nbsp;investigation of antiproliferative activity of selected newly&nbsp;synthesized compounds toward human carcinoma cell lines&nbsp;(MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, PC-3, HeLa, HT-29 and A549),&nbsp;as well as the healthy fetal lung fibroblasts (MRC-5).</p>
6

Razvoj matematičkog modela trajanja glasova u automatskoj sintezi govora na srpskom jeziku / The Development of Phone Duration Model in Speech Synthesis in theSerbian Language

Sovilj-Nikić Sandra 10 July 2014 (has links)
<p>U okviru ove disertacije razvijeno je više različitih modela trajanja glasova u srpskom jeziku primenom odgovarajućih metoda automatskog učenja. Izvršena je objektivna evaluacija razvijenih modela i njihovo međusobno poređenje na osnovu kvantitativnih pokazatelja kao što su RMSE(engl. root-mean-squared error), MAE (engl. mean absolute error) i CC (engl. correlation coefficient). Takođe je izvršeno poređenje modela za srpski jezik sa performansama modela razvijenih za druge jezike, pri čemu je uočeno da su performanse modela razvijenih u ovoj disertaciji uporedljive ili čak prevazilaze performanse modela koji su razvijeni za druge jezike.</p> / <p>In this dissertation several different phone duration models of the Serbain<br />language using appropriate machine learning algorithms were developed.<br />The objective evaluation of the models obtained and their mutual comparison<br />based on quantitative measures such as RMSE (root-mean-squared error),<br />MAE (mean absolute error) and CC (correlation coefficient) were performed.<br />The comparison of the models developed for the Serbian language with the<br />performances of the models developed for other languages is also carried<br />out. It was observed that the performances of the models developed in this<br />dissertation are comparable or even outperform the performances of the<br />models that have been developed for other languages.</p>
7

Sinteza i antitumorski potencijal C19-derivatizovanih steroidnih D-homo laktona / Synthesis and antitumor potential of C19-derivatized steroidal D-homo lactones

Kuzminac Ivana 28 September 2018 (has links)
<p>U&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; radu&nbsp; ostvarene&nbsp; su&nbsp; sinteze C19-derivatizovanih&nbsp; steroidnih&nbsp; D-homo laktona.&nbsp; Takođe,&nbsp; sintetisani&nbsp; su&nbsp; i&nbsp; 5,6-halogeni derivati,&nbsp; 5,6-supstituisani&nbsp; kiseonični&nbsp; derivati,<br />kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; 6,19-epoksi&nbsp; steroidi.&nbsp; Za&nbsp; sva&nbsp; sintetisana jedinjenja&nbsp; je&nbsp; utvrđen&nbsp; antitumorski&nbsp; potencijal ispitivanjem&nbsp; njihove&nbsp; oralne&nbsp; bioraspoloživosti, antiproliferativne&nbsp; aktivnosti&nbsp; na&nbsp; &scaron;est&nbsp; ćelijskih linija&nbsp; kancera,&nbsp; vezivanja&nbsp; za&nbsp; odabrane&nbsp; steroidne receptore&nbsp; i&nbsp; inhibitorne&nbsp; aktivnosti&nbsp; na&nbsp; enzim AKR1C3.</p> / <p>In&nbsp; this&nbsp; paper,&nbsp; a&nbsp; synthesis&nbsp; of&nbsp; C19-derivatized steroidal D-homo lactones has been conducted. 5,6-Halogen derivatives, 5,6-substituted oxygen derivatives&nbsp; and&nbsp; 6,19-epoxy&nbsp; steroids&nbsp; were&nbsp; also synthesized.&nbsp; Antitumor&nbsp; potential&nbsp; was determined&nbsp; for&nbsp; all&nbsp; synthesized&nbsp; compounds&nbsp; by examining&nbsp; their&nbsp; oral&nbsp; bioavailability, antiproliferative activity on six cancer cell lines, binding&nbsp; to&nbsp; selected&nbsp; steroid&nbsp; receptors&nbsp; and inhibitor activity on the AKR1C3 enzyme.</p>
8

Izolovanje, strukturna karakterizacija i biološka aktivnost naftnih kiselina iz Vojvođanske nafte / Isolatin, structural characterization and biological activity of naphthenic acids from Vojvodina oil

Grbović Ljubica 04 December 2009 (has links)
<p>Grupno-strukturna analiza naftnih kiselina izolovanih iz srednjih uljnih&nbsp;komercijalnih frakcija vojvođanske nafte &bdquo;Velebit&rdquo; rađena je analizom IR-,&nbsp;<sup>1</sup>H- i&nbsp;<sup>13</sup>C NMR- i ESI-MS spektara niske rezolucije. Određeno je &scaron;est klasa&nbsp;karboksilnih kiselina op&scaron;te molekulske formule C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-Z</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. To su karboksilne&nbsp;kiseline u opsegu masa 240-466 sa 15-31 C atoma u molekulu koje su&nbsp;grupisane u pet cikloalkil Z-serija: monociklična- (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 14.72%),&nbsp;biciklična- (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 34.63%), triciklična- (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-6</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 25.03%), tetraciklična- (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-8</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 10.04%), pentaciklična klasa karboksilnih kiselina (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-10</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 4.99%) i jedna alkanska klasa kiselina sa alkil grupama otvorenog niza (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 10.57%).</p><p>Razdvajanjem na bazi različite kiselosti i njihove rastvorljivosti u vodi na&nbsp;određenim pH vrednostima u rasponu od pH 2-10 dobijeno je devet užih&nbsp;frakcija kiselina. Ekstrakcijom sa etrom u vodi nerastvornih kiselina u rasponu&nbsp;od po jedne pH jedinice dobijena je sledeća distribucija masa: 9.57% (pH 10),&nbsp;12.69% (pH 9), 5.91% (pH 8), 4.85% (pH 7), 2.44% (pH 6), 11.71% (pH 5),&nbsp;23.94% (pH 4), 16.76% (pH 3) i 10.12% (pH 2). Razdvajanjem kiselina na bazi&nbsp;njihove kiselosti oko 50% mase kiselina ekstrahovano je od pH 2-4, znači u&nbsp;grupi jačih kiselina. Masenom spektrometrijom niske rezolucije ESI-MS na&nbsp;pH 4 vidi se da su u sme&scaron;i kiselina skoncentrisane kiseline sa vi&scaron;e prstenova u&nbsp;alkilnom delu sa maksimumom na tricikličnim kiselinama (36.50%), dok su&nbsp;pojedinačno najzastupljenije tetraciklične strukture kiselina C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>32</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(4.43%) i&nbsp;C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(4.56%). Na pH 8 biciklične- i triciklične strukture su zastupljene&nbsp;ukupno sa 65.02% sa maksimalno zastupljenim kiselinama sa 20-26 C atoma&nbsp;u molekulu, a izdvajaju se C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>38</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (5.26%)&nbsp;biciklične- i C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>42</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(7.01%)&nbsp;triciklične strukure, a od tetracikličnih struktura kiselina izdvaja se C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>40</sub>O<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>(4.77%). Na pH 10 najzastupljenije izolovane kiseline su aciklične, odnosno&nbsp;masne kiseline zastupljene sa 25.28%, a najdominantnije su strukture&nbsp;C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>42</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (4.83%), dok su ostale klase kiselina ujednačene po svom masenom&nbsp;udelu u odnosu na sastav u ukupnoj polaznoj sme&scaron;i kiselina.&nbsp;Drugi deo rada obuvata derivatizaciju izolovanih prirodnih naftnih kiselina.&nbsp;Sintetizovani su funkcionalni kiseonični metil-, etil-, n-butil-,&nbsp; terc-butil- i&nbsp;benzil-derivati naftnih kiselina kao i funkcionalni azotni derivati: amidi i anilidi&nbsp;naftnih kiselina. Sinteze navedenih estara rađene su klasičnim postupcima i&nbsp;modifikovanom metodom esterifikacije u kiselo-katalizovanim uslovima&nbsp;upotrebom mikrotalasa kao ko-katalizatora, &scaron;to je imalo za cilj skraćenje&nbsp;reakciong vremena i pobolj&scaron;anje ekolo&scaron;kih sintetskih uslova.<br />Modifikacijom sinteze metilnaftenata MT-zagrevanjem 48 puta je skraćeno&nbsp;vreme trajanja sinteze, prinosi ni promenom reakcionih parametara (vreme,&nbsp;snaga MT) nisu bitno promenjeni. Strukturnom analizom ESI-MS spektra&nbsp;polaznih kiselina i metilnaftenata dobijenih metilovanjem naftnih kiselina&nbsp;utvrđeno je da je odnos klasa u dobroj podudarnosti. Prinos estara u ovoj&nbsp;sintezi je 95.47%. Esterifikacija naftnih kiselina etil alkoholom rađena je u&nbsp;uslovima kisele katalize uz konvencionalno zagrevanje (91.76%), a&nbsp;modifikacijom metode MT-zagrevanjem (150 W) reakciono vreme je skaćeno&nbsp;96 puta (92.19%). Esterifikacija naftnih kiselina n-butil alkoholom rađena je uz&nbsp;sumpornu kiselinu kao katalizator i uz konvencionalno zagrevanje (94.24%), a&nbsp;u uslovima MT-zagrevanja (150 W) 72 puta je skraćeno reakciono vreme&nbsp;(61.15%). Sinteza terc-butilnaftenata rađena je prevođenjem naftnih kiselina u&nbsp;hloride a zatim reakcijom sa terc-butil alkoholom nastaju terc-butilnaftenati&nbsp;(80.17%). Modifikovanom metodom klasične reakcije esterifikacije naftnih&nbsp;kiselina terc-butil alkoholom katalizovanom sumpornom kiselinom u uslovima&nbsp;MT-zagrevanja (150 W) ostvaren je prinos od 85.49% a vreme trajanja reakcije&nbsp;je 5 minuta. Sinteza benzilnaftenata rađena je prevođenjem naftnih kiselina u&nbsp;hloride a zatim reakcijom sa benzil alkoholom nastaju benzilnaftenati&nbsp;(84.43%), a modifikovanom metodom klasične kiselo-katalizovane&nbsp;esterifikacije naftnih kiselina benzil alkoholom u uslovima MT-zagrevanja&nbsp;(150 W) ostvaren je prinos od 85.49% uz reakciono vreme od 5 minuta.&nbsp;Sinteza amida naftnih kiselina rađena je iz hlorida reakcijom sa amonijakom.&nbsp;Prinos čistih amida je 65.74%, a reakcija amidacije sa amonijakom trajala je&nbsp;15 minuta. Strukturnom analizom ESI-MS spektra amida naftnih kiselina&nbsp;utvrđen je grupno-strukturni sastav amida. Među strukturama amida naftenskih&nbsp;kiselina takođe su dominantne biciklične- i triciklične strukture, kao i u sme&scaron;i&nbsp;slobodnih kiselina. Sinteza anilida naftnih kiselina rađena je iz hlorida reakcijom sa anilinom. Prinos čistih anilida je 96.48%, a reakcija amidacije anilinom trajala je 30 minuta. Strukturnom analizom ESI-MS spektra anilida naftnih kiselina utvrđen je grupno-strukturni sastav proizvoda, anilida. Među strukturama anilida naftenskih kiselina takođe su dominantne biciklične- i triciklične strukture kao i u sme&scaron;i slobodnih kiselina.</p><p>U trećem delu ovog rada ispitivana je biolo&scaron;ka aktivnost naftnih kiselina&nbsp;auksinskog i giberelinskog tipa, njihov uticaj na ožiljavanje reznica,&nbsp;ukorenjivanje bočnih grana i mikroizdanaka biljaka, na aktivnost biljnih&nbsp;hormona, kao i na usvajanje metalnih jona kod biljaka.&nbsp;</p><p>Aktivnost naftenskih kiselina utvrđena je pomoću tri in vitro&nbsp; biolo&scaron;ka testa.&nbsp;&bdquo;Koleoptil test&rdquo;, rađen je na dva supstrata, odnosno na semenu ozime p&scaron;enice&nbsp;novosadske sorte Partizankai jare p&scaron;enice takođe novosadske sorte Venera.&nbsp;Referentna aktivnost u testu rađena je sa -naftilsirćetnom 3-indolsirćetnom&nbsp;kiselinom. U oba testa ustanovljen je približno isti odnos aktivnosti rastvora&nbsp;naftenskih kiselina i aktivnosti standardnih biljnih hormona. &bdquo;Test inhibicije&nbsp;klijanja&rdquo; semena rađen je sa semenom crne slačice, Brasscia nigra. Najveći&nbsp;uticaj naftenskih kiselina na inhibiciju klijanja postignut je u rasponu&nbsp;koncentracija kiselina od 10<sup>-7</sup>&nbsp;-10<sup>-8&nbsp;</sup>mol/L (0.05-0.01 mg/L). Testovi za &scaron;est užih&nbsp;frakcija dobijenih iz sme&scaron;e ukupnih kiselina razdvajanjem na bazi različite&nbsp;rastvorljivosti pri različitim pH vrednostima pokazuju istu aktivnost kao&nbsp;3-indolsirćetna kiselina (0.5 mg/L), a da je frakcija izdvojena iz vodenog&nbsp;rastvora na pH 7 takođe aktivna ali u poređenju sa 3-indolsirćetnom kiselinom&nbsp;to je 10 puta niža aktivnost. Hormonska aktivnost giberelenskog tipa ispitivanih&nbsp;kalijumovih soli naftenskih kiselina utvrđena je &bdquo;Endosperm testom&rdquo;, u kojem je&nbsp;određivana aktivnost amilaze spektrofotometrijskim praćenjem povećanja&nbsp;koncentracije redukujućih &scaron;ećera u endospermu semena tretiranog ječma i&nbsp;poređena sa aktivno&scaron;ću rastvora giberelinske kiseline (GA3). Rezultati ovih&nbsp;testova pokazuju da delovanjem vodenih rastvora užih frakcija naftenskih&nbsp;kiselina u koncentraciji 1.0 mg/L (3.5 x 10<sup>-6 </sup>mol/L)frakcija izolovana pri pH 8&nbsp;ima aktivnost koja je približno u opsegu aktivnosti giberelina koncentracije&nbsp;10<sup>-2</sup>-10<sup>-3&nbsp;</sup>mg/L.&nbsp;</p><p>Natrijum-naftenati u koncentraciji od 10<sup>-6&nbsp;</sup><br />do 10<sup>-8&nbsp;</sup>mol/L stimuli&scaron;u formiranje&nbsp;adventivnih korenova kod reznica suncokreta pa je broj korenova po biljci 40&nbsp;puta veći kod biljaka koje su bile potopljene u rastvor natrijum-naftenata u&nbsp;odnosu na one koje su bile potopljene u vodu, a sličan efekat utvrđen je i pri&nbsp;tretiranju bočnih grana suncokreta.&nbsp;</p><p>Ožiljavanje drvenastih biljaka rađeno je na reznicama bele topole (Populus&nbsp;alba) i reznicama američke crne topole (Populus deltoides). Uočen je jasan&nbsp;inhibitomi efekat na rast korenčića i izbojka u vodenom medijumu sa 10<sup>-4&nbsp;</sup>mol/L&nbsp;naftenskih kiselina, dok je tretman od 24 časa doprineo većem broju korenčića&nbsp;na donjih 5 cm reznice, kao i ukupnog broja korenčića nego kod kontrole.&nbsp;</p><p>U testu ukorenjivanja mikroizdanaka kod hrizantema najveći broj korenova&nbsp;dobijen je nakon tretmana sa rastvorom koji sadrži 10 &micro;mol/L ukupnih naftenata&nbsp;i tretmanom sa 50 &micro;mol/Lfrakcijom kiselina izolovanom pri pH 7. Oba rezultata&nbsp;su na nivou aktivnosti 3-indolbuterne kiseline koncentracije 10 &micro;mol/L&scaron;to znači&nbsp;da u ovom slučaju frakcionacija nije neophodna.&nbsp;</p><p>Efekti natrijum-naftenata na ukorenjivanje praćeni su merenjem nivoa totalnih&nbsp;peroksidaza i amilaze, &nbsp;kao i sadržaja redukujućih &scaron;ećera i ukupnih proteina u&nbsp;bazalnim delovima reznica bagrema(Rozaszin-AC).&nbsp; Nakon 1; 3 i 6 dana&nbsp;reznice su uzete za biohemijske analize. U svakom slučaju, aktivnosti&nbsp;IAA-oksidaze i amilaze su se povećavale do trećeg dana, &nbsp;a zatim smanjuje.&nbsp;Efekat je bio jače izražen posle tročasovnog tretmana sa natrijum-naftenatima&nbsp;u poređenju sa &scaron;estočasovnim tretmanom i kontrolom. Sadržaj rastvornih&nbsp;proteina je bio povećan jedan dan posle tretmana, smanjen trećeg i ponovo povećan &scaron;estog dana, osim za &scaron;estočasovni tretman natrijum-naftenatima, kada je efekat bio sasvim suprotan.</p><p>Test uticaja naftnih kiselina na nivo kadmijuma u biljkama pokazuje fiziolo&scaron;ko delovanje naftnih kiselina na snižavanje nivoa te&scaron;kih metala u biljci, u ovom slučaju kadmijuma. Ispitivan je efekat niske koncentracije natrijum-naftenata (10<sup>-7&nbsp;</sup>mol/L) na ukupan sadržaj Cd u pojedinim frakcijama interćelijskog prostora kao i unutar ćelija, kao i na neke fiziolo&scaron;ke i biohemijske parametre kod mladih biljaka soje koje su uzgajane u prisustvu kadmijum-hlorida koncentracije 1 mmol/L. Prisustvo naftenata smanjuje sadržaj ukupnog kadmijuma kako u korenu tako i u stablu i listovima u proseku za oko 40% i ublažava &scaron;tetne efekte kadmijuma na aktivnost nitrat-reduktaze kao i na sadržaje fotosintetskih pigmenata.</p><p>Tretman biljaka niskim koncentracijama natrijum-naftenata utiče na&nbsp;akumulaciju nekih esencijalnih elemenata kod mladih biljaka soje. Prisustvo&nbsp;naftenata (10<sup>-7 &nbsp;</sup>mol/L) značajno povećava sadržaj Mn, Fe, Zn i Ni u korenu, ali&nbsp;u stabljici i listovima samo sadržaj Fe i Mn. U korenu, sadržaj Mn je četiri puta&nbsp;veći a sadržaji Fe, Zn i Ni su povećani 17%, 60% i 68%, respektivno.&nbsp;</p><p>Ispitivanja na celeru i mrkvi su potvrdila da uticaj naftenata na mineralnu&nbsp;ishranu zavisi od primenjenog elementa i da je način preuzimanja određenih&nbsp;jona različit, &scaron;to ima za posledicu ili povećanje ili smanjenje sadržaja pojedinih&nbsp;jona u nekim delovima biljaka. Mlade biljke celera i mrkve, gajene u hranljivom&nbsp;medijumu, tretirane su natrijumovim solima naftenskih kiselina (10<sup>-7&nbsp;</sup>mol/L)&nbsp;folijarno ili prisustvom u hranljivom medijumu. Jedino je tretman putem&nbsp;prisustva naftenata u hranljivom medijumu smanjio svežu masu korena i&nbsp;nadzemnog dela oko 20% kod obe biljke.Oba tretmana uticala su na sadržaj&nbsp;Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg i Ca kod biljaka celera i Fe, Mn, Zn i Na kod biljaka mrkve.&nbsp;Kod biljaka celera do&scaron;lo je do smanjenja sadržaja navedenih nutrienata dok je&nbsp;u korenu biljaka mrkve do&scaron;lo do povećanja sadržaja Fe za 45%, Mn za 70% i&nbsp;Zn za 37%. Kod ovih biljaka prisustvo naftenata u hranljivom medijumu dovelo&nbsp;do smanjenja mase korenova i nadzemnih delova, &scaron;to je potpuno suprotno od&nbsp;rezultata dobijenih kod biljaka soje.&nbsp; Folijarnim tretmanom je značajno<br />povećana masa nadzemnog samo kod celera.</p> / <p>Group-structural analysis of naphthenic acids isolated from middle&nbsp;commercial fractions of Vojvodina oil &bdquo;Velebit&rdquo; was performed with the&nbsp;analysis of IR-,<br /><sup>1</sup>H- and&nbsp;<sup>13</sup>C NMR- and ESI-MS low resolution spectrums.&nbsp;Six classes of carboxylic acids of the general molecular formula C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-Z</sub>O<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>were determined. These are carboxylic acids with mass range of 240-466&nbsp;with 15-31 C atoms in molecule which are grouped in five cycloalkyl&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12px;">Z-series: monocyclic- (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 14.72%), bicyclic- (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 34.63%),&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">tricyclic- (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-6</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 25.03%), tetracyclic- (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-8</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, &nbsp;10.04%), pentacyclic&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">class of carboxylic acids (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n-10</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 4.99%) and one alyphatic class of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">acids with open chain alkyl groups (C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, 10.57%).</span></p><p>By fractioning on the basis of different levels of acidity and their solubility in&nbsp;water with pH values ranging from pH 2-10 nine subfractions of acids were&nbsp;obtained. By extraction with ether in water undissolved acids in the range of&nbsp;one pH unit the following distribution of mass was performed: 9.57%&nbsp;(pH 10), 12.69% (pH 9), 5.91% (pH 8), 4.85% (pH 7), 2.44% (pH 6), 11.71%&nbsp;(pH 5), 23.94% (pH 4), 16.76% (pH 3) and 10.12% (pH 2). By fractioning&nbsp;acids on the basis of their acidity about 50% of acid &nbsp;mass was extracted at&nbsp;pH 2-4, i.e., in the group of stronger acids. Low resolution mass&nbsp;spectrometry ESI-MS shows that at pH 4 acids with more rings in the alkyl&nbsp;<br />section were concentrated in the mixture with maximum at tricyclic acids&nbsp;(36.50%), while individually tetracyclic acid structures C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>32</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (4.43%) and&nbsp;C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>(4.56%) were most prominent. At pH 8 bicyclic- and tricyclic&nbsp;structures are represented &nbsp;together by 65.02% with acids with 20-26 C&nbsp;atoms in molecule being represented the most, and C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>38</sub>O<sub>2</sub>&nbsp; (5.26%)&nbsp;bicyclic- and C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>42</sub>O<sub>2</sub>(7.01%) tricyclic structures stand &nbsp;out, while with&nbsp;tertacyclic acid structures C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>40</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (4.77%) stands out. At pH 10 most&nbsp;represented isolated acids are acyclic, i.e., fatty acids which are&nbsp;represented by 25.28%, with the most dominant C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>42</sub>O<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>structures&nbsp;(4.83%), while the other classes &nbsp;of acids are well balanced in their mass&nbsp;share in relation to the composition of the overall initial acid mixture.</p><p>The second part of this work deals with derivatization of the isolated natural&nbsp;naphthenic acids. Functional oxygen methyl-, ethyl-, n-butyl-, tert-butyl and&nbsp;benzyl-derivatives of naphthenic acids as well as functional nitrogen&nbsp;derivatives: amides and anilides of naphthenic acids were synthesized. The&nbsp;syntheses of the above mentioned esters were performed by conventional&nbsp;methods and by a modified method of esterification in acid-catalyzed&nbsp;conditions using microwaves as a co-catalyst with the aim of shortening the&nbsp;reaction time and improving the ecological synthetic conditions.&nbsp;</p><p>By modification of methyl naphthenates synthesis using MT-heating the&nbsp;time period for synthesis is reduced 48 times and the yield does not&nbsp;significantly change even after the reaction parameters (time, MT power)&nbsp;have been altered. Using structural analysis of ESI-MS spectrum of initial&nbsp;carboxylic acids and the methyl naphthenates obtained through methylation&nbsp;of naphthenic acids it was establishedthat the class ratio shows great&nbsp;compatibility. The esters yield in this synthesis is 95.47%. The esterification&nbsp;of naphthenic acids with ethyl alcohol done under the conditions of acid&nbsp;catalysis with conventional heating (91.76%), and with the modified method&nbsp;MT-heating (150 W) the reaction time is reduced 96 times (92.19%). The&nbsp;esterification of naphthenic acids with n-butyl alcohol was performed using&nbsp;sulphuric acid as a catalyst with conventional heating (94.24%), and under&nbsp;MT-heating conditions (150 W) reaction time was 72 times&nbsp; shorter&nbsp;(61.15%). The synthesis of&nbsp; tert-butyl naphthenates was performed by&nbsp;conversion of naphthenic acids into chlorides, followed by the reaction with&nbsp;tert-butyl alcohol which resulted in tert-butyl naphthenates (80.17%). By the&nbsp;modified method of conventional reaction of esterification of naphthenic&nbsp;acids using tert-butyl alcohol catalysed with sulphuric acid in MT-heating&nbsp;conditions (150 W) the yield was 85.49% and reaction time was 5 minutes.&nbsp;The synthesis of benzyl naphthenates was performed by conversion of&nbsp;naphthenic acids into chlorides, followed by a reaction with benzyl alcohol&nbsp;which produces benzyl naphthenates (84.43%), whereas the modified&nbsp;method of conventional acid-catalysed esterification of naphthenic acids&nbsp;using benzyl alcohol under MT-heating (150 W) conditions the yield was&nbsp;85.49% with the reaction time of 5 minutes.&nbsp;</p><p>The synthesis of naphthenic acid amides was done from chlorides by&nbsp;reaction with ammonia. The yield of pure amides was 65.74%, and the&nbsp;reaction of amidation with ammonia lasted for 15 minutes. The structural&nbsp;analysis of ESI-MS spectrum of naphthenic acid amides determined the&nbsp;group-structural composition of amides. With the structures of amides of&nbsp;naphthenic acids bicyclic- and tricyclic structures are also dominant, as in&nbsp;the mixture of free acids. The synthesis of naphthenic acid anilides were&nbsp;performed from chloride by reacting with aniline. The yield of pure anilides&nbsp;<br />was 96.48%, and the reaction of amidatation lasted for 30 minutes. The&nbsp;structural analysis of ESI-MS spectrum of naphthenic acid anilides&nbsp;determined the group-structural composition of anilide products. With the&nbsp;structures of anilides of naphthenic &nbsp;acids bicyclic- and tricyclic structures&nbsp;are also dominant, as in the mixture of free acids.</p><p>The third part of this work tests the biological activity of naphthenic acids of&nbsp;auxine and gibberellinic type, their influence on the rooting of cuttings,&nbsp;lateral branches and microshoots of plants, on the activity of plant&nbsp;hormones as well as on the metal ions uptake by plants.&nbsp;</p><p>The activity of naphthenic acids was determined using three in vitro&nbsp;biological tests. &bdquo;Koleoptil test&rdquo;, was done on two substrates, namely the&nbsp;seed of winter wheat of the Partizankasort and the spring wheat of the&nbsp;Venerasort. The referential activity in the test was performed with&nbsp;&alpha;-naphthylacetic- and 3-indolacetic acid. Both tests showed approximately&nbsp;the same ratio of activity of naphthenic acid solutions and standard plant&nbsp;hormones. &bdquo;Germination Inhibition Test&rdquo; of the seed was performed using&nbsp;<br />Brasscia nigraseed. The greatest influence of naphthenic acids to&nbsp;germination inhibition was achieved in the acid concentration ranging from&nbsp;10<sup>-7</sup>-10<sup>-8&nbsp;</sup>mol/L (0.05-0.01 mg/L). The tests for six narrow fractions obtained&nbsp;from the overall mixture of acids through fractioning on the basis of different&nbsp;solubility at different pH values show the same activity as 3-indolacetic acid&nbsp;(0.5 mg/L), with the fraction isolated from the aqueous solution at pH 7 also&nbsp;active but in comparison to 3-indolacetic acid this activity was 10 times&nbsp;lower. Hormone activity of gibberellinic type of the potassium salts of&nbsp;naphthenic acids was determined using &ldquo;Endosperm Test&rdquo; where amylase&nbsp;<br />activity was determined by spectrophotometric measuring of the increase of&nbsp;the concentration of reducing sugars in endosperm in the treated barley&nbsp;seed which was then compared to the activity of the gibberellic acid solution&nbsp;(GA3).&nbsp; The results of these tests indicate that the activity of aqueous&nbsp;solutions of narrow fractions of naphthenic acids in the concentration of&nbsp;1.0 mg/L (3.5 x 10<sup>-6&nbsp;</sup>mol/L)the fraction isolated &nbsp;at pH 8 has the activity&nbsp;which is approximately within the range of activities of gibberellin of the&nbsp;concentration of 10<sup>-2</sup>-10<sup>-3&nbsp;</sup>mg/L.&nbsp;</p><p>Sodium salts of naphthenic acids in concentrations of 10<sup>-6&nbsp;</sup>do 10<sup>-8&nbsp;</sup>mol/L&nbsp;stimulated formation of adventitious roots in&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12px;">sunflower cuttings even by a&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">factor of 40 compared with control, the effect being also observed lateral&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">branches of interspecies sunflower hybrids. The obtained results suggest&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">the possibility of using naphthenic acids as a means for rooting of plant&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">cuttings.</span></p><p>Rooting of hardwood plants was investigated on the cuttings of white poplar&nbsp;(Populus alba) and black poplar (Populus deltoides). The distinct inhibitory&nbsp;effect on the root and shoot growth in water culture was detected in the&nbsp;concentration of naphtenic acids 10<sup>-4&nbsp;</sup>mol/L, but 24-hour treatment raised&nbsp;the number roots on undermost 5 cm of the cutting, as well as the total&nbsp;number of roots, comparing to the control.</p><p>In the test of rooting microshoots ofchrysanthemum the highest number of&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12px;">roots was achieved after the treatment with solution containing 10 &micro;mol/L of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">total napthenates, as &nbsp;well as after the treatment with fraction of naphthenic&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">acids which was isolated at pH &nbsp;7 in concentration of 50 &micro;mol/L. Both results&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">are on the level of activity of 3-ndolbutyric acid in concentration of 10 &micro;mol/L&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">which suggests that in this case ractionation is not necessary.</span></p><p>The effects of sodium naphthenates on rooting were investigated by&nbsp;measuring the level of total peroxidases and amylase, along with the&nbsp;contents of reducing sugars and total proteins in basal parts of cuttings of&nbsp;black locust (Rozaszin-AC). After 1; 3 and 6 days cuttings were taken for&nbsp;biochemical analysis. In all cases, the activities of IAA-oxidase and amylase&nbsp;increased to the third day and showed a decrease afterwards. The effect&nbsp;was more pronounced after the three-hour treatment with sodium&nbsp;naphthenates, compared to the six-hour treatment and control. The content&nbsp;of soluble proteins increased one dayafter the treatment and decreased to&nbsp;the third and again increased to the sixth day, an exception being the&nbsp;six-hour treatment with sodium naphthenate, when the effect was&nbsp;completely opposite.</p><p>The test of naphthenic acids influence on the level of cadmium in plants&nbsp;showed physiological activity of naphthenic acids on the decrease of the&nbsp;level of heavy metals, &nbsp;in this case cadmium, in the plant. The effect of low&nbsp;concentrations (10<sup>-7&nbsp;</sup>mol/L) of sodium naphthenate on total content of Cd in&nbsp;the intercellular space and inside cells, as &nbsp;well as on some physiological&nbsp;and biochemical parameters of young soybean plants grown in the&nbsp;presence of 1 mmol/L solution of cadmium chloride was investigated.&nbsp;Presence of naphthenate reduced in average by 40 % content of total and&nbsp;intracellular Cd in root, stem and leaves and alleviated the harmful effect of&nbsp;<br />Cd on activity of nitrate reductase and content of photosynthetic pigments.</p><p>Treatment of soybean plants with low concentrations of sodium&nbsp;naphthenate influenced the accumulation ofsome essential elements by the&nbsp;young plants. The presence of naphthenates (10<sup>-7&nbsp;</sup>mol/L) significantly&nbsp;increased content of Mn, Fe, Zn and Ni in root, but in stem and leaves&nbsp;increased only contents of Fe and Mn. Inroot, the content of Mn increased&nbsp;four times while contents of Fe, Zn and Ni increased by 17%, &nbsp;60% and 68%&nbsp;respectively compared to the control.</p><p>Investigations on celery and carrot&nbsp; confirmed that the influence of&nbsp;naphthenates on mineral nutrition depends on the applied element and that&nbsp;the way of uptake of certain ions is different, which results in either increase&nbsp;or decrease of the contents of some ions in certain parts of plants. Young&nbsp;plants of celery and carrot, were grown in the nutrient medium and treated&nbsp;with sodium salts of naphthenic acids (10<sup>-7&nbsp;</sup>mol/L) over the leaves or with its&nbsp;presence in the nutrient medium. Only the treatment based on the &nbsp;presence&nbsp;of naphthenates in the nutrient medium resulted in the decrease of the fresh&nbsp;mass of root and aboveground part by about 20% for both plants. Both&nbsp;treatments had influence on the content of Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg and Ca in the&nbsp;plants of celery and Fe, Mn, Zn and Na in the plants of carrots. In the plants&nbsp;of celery the content of the mentioned nutrients was decreased, while in the&nbsp;root of plants of carrot &nbsp;the content was increased, Fe by 45%, Mn by 70%&nbsp;and Zn by 37%. With these plants &nbsp;the presence of naphthenates in the&nbsp;nutrient medium caused the reducing roots and aboveground parts, which is&nbsp;completely opposite from the results obtained with soybean plants. The&nbsp;treatment by leaves significantly increased the mass of aboveground part&nbsp;only with celery.</p>
9

Dizajn, sinteza i antiproliferativna aktivnost prirodnih citotoksičnih laktona i analoga / Design, synthesis and antiproliferative activity ofnatural cytotoxic lactones and analogues

Srećo Zelenović Bojana 28 February 2013 (has links)
<p>Ostvarene su vi&scaron;efazne sinteze prirodnih citotoksičnih laktona (+)-murikatacina (<strong>1</strong>),<br />(&ndash;)-murikatacina (ent-<strong>1</strong>) i (+)-goniofufurona (<strong>2</strong>), kao i njihovih novih analoga (<strong>3a</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>4</strong>,<br /><strong>5</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>6</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>7</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>8</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>9</strong>,&nbsp; ent-<strong>7&nbsp;</strong>i ent-<strong>9</strong>), polazeći iz&nbsp; D-ksiloze ili iz&nbsp; D-glukoze. Ispitana je&nbsp; in vitro<br />citotoksična aktivnost sintetizovanih prirodnih proizvoda i analoga prema<br />odabranim humanim tumorskim ćelijskim linijama (K562, HL-60, Jurkat, Raji, HT-29,&nbsp;MDA-MB 231 i HeLa), kao i prema ćelijama fetalnih fibroblasta pluća (MRC-5).</p> / <p>Multiphase synthesis of natural cytotoxic lactones&nbsp; (+)-muricatacin (<strong>1</strong>),<br />(&ndash;)-muricatacin (ent-<strong>1</strong>) and (+)-goniofufurone (<strong>2</strong>), as well as synthesis of their<br />analogues (<strong>3a</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>4</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>5</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>6</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>7</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>8</strong>,&nbsp; <strong>9</strong>,&nbsp; ent-<strong>7</strong>and&nbsp; ent-<strong>9</strong>) was achived from&nbsp; D-xylose or<br />D-glucose as starting compounds. In vitro cytotoxic&nbsp; activity of synthetized natural<br />products and analogues against selected human tumour cell lines (K562, HL-60,<br />Jurkat, Raji, HT-29, MDA-MB 231 and HeLa) and against cells of natural foetal lung&nbsp;fibroblasts (MRC-5) was examined.</p>
10

Dizajniranje, fizičko-hemijska karakterizacija, toksičnost i primena nove klase funkcionalizovanih jonskih tečnosti / Design, physico-chemical characterisation, toxicity and application of newly class of functionalized ionic liquids

Aleksandar Tot 03 July 2019 (has links)
<p>U&nbsp; ovoj&nbsp; doktorskoj&nbsp; disertaciji&nbsp; sintetisane&nbsp; su&nbsp; dve&nbsp; različite&nbsp; klase jonskih&nbsp; tečnosti,&nbsp; na&nbsp; bazi&nbsp; imidazolijuma&nbsp; i&nbsp; holinijuma,&nbsp; sa&nbsp; ciljem snižavanja&nbsp; toksičnosti.&nbsp; Imidazolijumove&nbsp; jonske&nbsp; tečnosti&nbsp; su funkcionalizovane&nbsp; hidroksilnom&nbsp; i&nbsp; etarskom&nbsp; grupom&nbsp; u&nbsp; bočnom lancu. Uspe&scaron;nost sinteza jonskih tečnosti potvrđena je&nbsp; snimanjem IC&nbsp; i&nbsp; NMR&nbsp; spektara.&nbsp; Izmerene&nbsp; su&nbsp; gustine,&nbsp; viskoznosti&nbsp; i provodljivosti&nbsp; čistih&nbsp; imidazolijumovih&nbsp; i&nbsp; holinijumskih&nbsp; jonskih tečnosti.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; eksperimentalnih&nbsp; rezultata,potpomognutim&nbsp; računarskim&nbsp; simulacijama&nbsp; diskutovana&nbsp; je strukturna organizacija između katjona i anjona. Utvrđeno je da prisustvo&nbsp; hidroksilne&nbsp; grupe&nbsp; u&nbsp; bočnom&nbsp; lancu&nbsp; imidazolovog katjona,&nbsp; značajno&nbsp; utiče&nbsp; na&nbsp; lokaciju&nbsp; anjona&nbsp; i&nbsp; samim&nbsp; tim&nbsp; na makroskopska&nbsp; svojstva.&nbsp; U&nbsp; nastavku&nbsp; su&nbsp; izmerene&nbsp; gustine&nbsp; i viskoznosti&nbsp; vodenih&nbsp; rastvora&nbsp; sa&nbsp; ciljem&nbsp; dobijanja&nbsp; informacija&nbsp; o uticaju&nbsp; dodatka&nbsp; holinijumskih&nbsp; i&nbsp; imidazolijumovih&nbsp; jonskih tečnosti&nbsp; na&nbsp; strukturu&nbsp; vode.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; B&nbsp; koeficijenta&nbsp; iz<br />viskoznosti,&nbsp; ekspanzibilnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; rezultata&nbsp; simulacija&nbsp; molekulske dinamike,&nbsp; utvrđeno&nbsp; je&nbsp; da&nbsp; sve&nbsp; jonske&nbsp; tečnosti&nbsp; imaju&nbsp; structure making&nbsp; osobine.&nbsp; Takođe,&nbsp; na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; izračunatih&nbsp; specifičnih molarnih zapremina i doking analize na receptoru za gorak ukus,<br />ustanovljeno je da vodeni rastvori holinijumskih jonskih tečnosti imaju gorak ukus.<br />Toksičnost funkcionalizovanih imidazolijumovih jonskih tečnosti ispitana je na&nbsp; nekoliko biljnih vrsta&nbsp; (p&scaron;enica, ječam i krastavac), kao i na larvama&nbsp; <em>A.&nbsp; salina</em>&nbsp; i ćelijskoj liniji MRC-5. Potvrđeno jeda&nbsp; uvođenje&nbsp; hidroksilne&nbsp; grupe&nbsp; u&nbsp; alkil&nbsp; niz&nbsp; najvi&scaron;e&nbsp; se&nbsp; redukuju<br />toksičnosti&nbsp; imidazolijumovih&nbsp; jonskih&nbsp; tečnosti,&nbsp; dok&nbsp; je&nbsp; uticaj etarske&nbsp; grupe&nbsp; na&nbsp; smanjenje&nbsp; toksičnosti&nbsp; značajno&nbsp; manji. Ispitivanje&nbsp; citotoksičnosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; antibakterijske&nbsp; aktivnosti&nbsp; ukazalo&nbsp; je da holinijumske jonske tečnosti se mogu smatrati netoksičnima, i<br />pokazuju&nbsp; beningnije&nbsp; dejstvo&nbsp; u&nbsp; poređenju&nbsp; sa&nbsp; njihovim&nbsp; polaznim komponentama&nbsp; (askorbinska&nbsp; kiselina,&nbsp; biotin&nbsp; i&nbsp; nikotinska kiselina).</p> / <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> 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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-para-margin-top:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}</style><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal">In&nbsp; this&nbsp; doctoral&nbsp; thesis,&nbsp; ionic&nbsp; liquids&nbsp; based&nbsp; on&nbsp; imidazolium&nbsp; and cholinium cation were synthesized, in order to obtain new class of ILs with reduced toxicity. Imidazolium based ionic liquids were functionalized&nbsp; with hydroxyl and ether&nbsp; group in &nbsp; order to reduce their&nbsp; lipophilicity.&nbsp; All&nbsp; newly&nbsp; synthesized&nbsp; compounds&nbsp; were&nbsp; confirmed&nbsp; by&nbsp; measuring&nbsp; IR&nbsp; and&nbsp; NMR&nbsp; spectra.&nbsp; For&nbsp; pure&nbsp; ionic&nbsp; liquids, density, conductivity and viscosity were measured. Based on&nbsp; the&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; experimental&nbsp; results&nbsp; supported&nbsp; with&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; molecular simulations, it was concluded that presence of oxygen in&nbsp; alkyl&nbsp; side&nbsp; chain&nbsp; of&nbsp; imidazolium&nbsp; ionic&nbsp; liquids&nbsp; significantly contribute to position of anion. Further,&nbsp; density&nbsp; and&nbsp; viscosity&nbsp; of&nbsp; diluted&nbsp; aqueous&nbsp; ILs&nbsp; solutions were&nbsp; measured&nbsp; with&nbsp; a&nbsp; purpose&nbsp; to&nbsp; investigate&nbsp; their&nbsp; influence&nbsp; on water&nbsp; structure.&nbsp; Based&nbsp; on&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; values&nbsp; for&nbsp; viscosicty&nbsp; B coefficient,&nbsp; expansibility&nbsp; and&nbsp; from&nbsp; MD&nbsp; simulations,&nbsp; all&nbsp; ionic&nbsp; liquids&nbsp; express&nbsp; structure&nbsp; making&nbsp; tendency.&nbsp; From&nbsp; calculated specific&nbsp; apparent&nbsp; molar&nbsp; volumes&nbsp; for&nbsp; cholinium&nbsp; ionic&nbsp; liquids&nbsp; it was noted bitter taste.&nbsp; The&nbsp; toxicity&nbsp; of&nbsp; functionalized&nbsp; imidazolium&nbsp; ionic&nbsp; liquids&nbsp; was investigated&nbsp; on&nbsp; different&nbsp; plant&nbsp; species&nbsp; (wheat ,&nbsp; barley&nbsp; and cucumber),&nbsp; on&nbsp; larvae&nbsp; of&nbsp;<em><span style="font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi"> A.&nbsp; salina</span></em>&nbsp; and&nbsp; cell&nbsp; line&nbsp; MRC-5.&nbsp; From<br />obtained&nbsp; results&nbsp; it&nbsp; was&nbsp; concluded&nbsp; that&nbsp; introduction&nbsp; of&nbsp; hydroxyl group in alkyl side chain reduce toxicity significantly more than&nbsp; ether&nbsp; group.&nbsp; Experiments&nbsp; on&nbsp; cytotoxicicity&nbsp; and&nbsp; antibacterial effects&nbsp; allowed&nbsp; to&nbsp; conclude&nbsp; that&nbsp; those&nbsp; newly&nbsp; synthesized cholinium ionic liquids can be considered as non-toxic.</p>

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