Les technologies de l'informatique et de la robotique sont en perpétuelle évolution. S'appuyant sur cette évolution technologique, les systèmes d’aide à l’opérateur restent un domaine de recherche d’actualité. Le principal défi des systèmes de la future génération est d'être "intelligents", sensibles au contexte dans un environnement complexe et imprévisible. Cette thèse entre dans ce cadre et traite de la compréhension dynamique du contexte par un robot évoluant dans un tel environnement. En particulier, elle s'intéresse à la question suivante: comment rendre un robot capable de réagir face aux situations de blocage, imprévues dans son plan d’action initial, pour accomplir l’objectif fixé par l’opérateur ? Dans la littérature, ce problème a été soulevé et résolu en partie en programmant dans le système robotique, certaines des fonctions rendant le robot plus autonome. Cependant, l'intégration de ces fonctions dans un même cadre est manquante et plusieurs recherches dans ce sens sont en cours. Dans nos travaux nous proposons un système supportant une approche complète et générique, qui assure à un robot la capacité d’être conscient de la situation de blocage dans laquelle il se trouve et de comprendre et faire face aux situations de blocage rencontrées. Notre approche, nommée Robot Situation AWareness (RSAW) est inspirée de la notion de Situation Awareness (SA) qui a fait ses preuves dans de nombreux domaines notamment dans l’aviation. Nos principales contributions dans RSAW portent sur la conception d’un cadre sémantique intégrant la capacité de compréhension, fondé sur une représentation des connaissances générique, donnant la possibilité d’appliquer des techniques de raisonnement empruntées aux sciences cognitives. L’intégration de RSAW dans un système robotique a également été étudiée, conçue et mise en œuvre dans un système à couches. Ce système d'expérimentation est le robot SAM (Smart Autonomous Majordomo) doté du système AVISO et développé par le CEA-LIST. Les résultats des expérimentations élaborées dans le cadre des travaux menés dans cette thèse sont concluants et prometteurs / Computer technology and robotics are in perpetual evolution. Based on this technological evolution, the operator support systems remain a topical domain of research. The main challenge for the next generation of systems is to be "intelligent", aware of the context in a complex and unpredictable environment. This thesis is into this framework and addresses the dynamic understanding of the context by a robot evolving in such an environment. In particular, the work is interested in the question: How to make a robot able to react to blocked situations unplanned in its initial action plan to achieve the goal set by the operator?In the literature, this issue was raised and resolved in part by programming in robotic system, some of the features making a robot more autonomous. However, the integration of these functions in one framework is missing and more research in this direction is underway. In our work we propose a system supporting a complete and generic approach that ensures a robot the ability to be aware of the blocking situation in which it is found, to understand and deal with deadlock situations encountered. Our approach, called Robot Situation Awareness (RSAW) is inspired by the notion of Situation Awareness (SA), which has been proven in many areas especially in aviation. Our main contributions in RSAW involve the design of a semantic framework integrating the understanding capacity, based on a generic representation of knowledge and giving the possibility to apply reasoning techniques borrowed from cognitive science. Integrating RSAW in a robotic system has also been studied, designed and implemented in a layer system. This experimental system is the robot SAM (Smart Autonomous Majordomo) with the AVISO system developed by CEA-LIST. The conducted experiments allowed testing of the deductive reasoning in resolving a blocked situation and confirmed the need to resort to analogical reasoning. Another wave of experimentation has taken place to prove the effectiveness of our choices. The results of experiments developed as part of the work in this thesis are successful and promising

Etre membre d'un réseau offre à l'entreprise un lieu, un espace d'échanges et de progression. C'est un moyen de valoriser ses savoir-faire et se différencier de ses concurrents. Une collaboration efficace mise en place entre les entreprises est avant tout fondée sur la confiance mutuelle. Selon les termes contractualisés du partenariat, les bénéfices voire les risques peuvent alors être partagés aboutissant à une relation gagnant-gagnant. Si au contraire les parties prenantes n'ont pas pris toute la mesure des conséquences de ces collaborations, elles peuvent se trouver dans des situations peu confortables mettant en danger la survie même des plus dépendantes d'entre elles. L'analyse du déséquilibre et des pouvoirs relatifs des partenaires au sein d'un réseau est une clé méthodologique pertinente pour comprendre le comportement de chaque membre et son influence sur le fonctionnement global. Un acteur puissant peut imposer des conditions défavorables à ses fournisseurs ou clients. Si une entreprise sur-estime ou sous-estime son pouvoir, elle pourrait affecter sa capacité de négociation avec le fournisseur ou le client. Dans ce contexte, la contribution majeure visée par nos travaux est l'élaboration d'une étude fondamentale mais surtout pratique sur le concept du pouvoir. Ainsi, nous proposons un cadre d'analyse et une boîte à outils permettant à une entreprise de comprendre le réseau d'influences l'englobant afin de réduire au maximum les impacts négatifs d'un déséquilibre des pouvoirs. Nous mettons au point une méthode d'analyse situationnelle conçue pour aider les gestionnaires à analyser les situations de collaboration lesquelles les acteurs seront impliqués, et à prédire leurs stratégies et tactiques plausibles. Nous proposons également une étude pour évaluer et comparer le pouvoir relatif entre deux acteurs sur la base de la dépendance. Une validation de nos résultats sur pouvoir a été réalisée via des interviews dans quatre entreprises du secteur higt tech au Maroc. Les résultats de nos recherches permettent d'apporter une contribution à la connaissance des enjeux théoriques et empiriques du Pouvoir / Being a menber of a network offers the company a place, s space for exchange and progression. This is a way to develop its expertise and distinguish it from other competitors. Effective collaboration established betqeen companies is primarily based on mutual trust. under the terms of the partnership contracted, benefits or risks can therefore be shared, which results in a xin-win relationship. on the contrary, unless the stakeholders have taken into account the powerful effects of these collaborations, thez may find themselves in uncomfortable situation. The analysis of the imbalance of powers of the partners in a network is a pertinent methodological key to understanding the behavior of each member and its influence on the global functioning of network. A powerful actor may impose unfavorable contions to its suppliers, or even customers Il a company overestimates or underestimates its power, il could affact its ability to negotiate with the supplier or the customer. In this context, our xork intends mainly to contribute to the development of a basic study of power. We propose an anlysis framework allowing a company to understand the power in order to reduce the negative impact of power imbalance. Additionally, we develop a situational analysis method with a vezwq to assisting managers in collaborative situations to predict their plausible strategies and tactics. We also provide a method to evaluate the relative power between two actors on the basis of dependency. Validation of our results research on power comes from interviews conductef in four high tech sector companies in Morocco. Thus, the results of our research aim to contribute to the understanding of the theoretical and empirical issues of power.

Dans la formation du baccalauréat STD2A, il n’est pas question d’enseigner à des élèves la profession de designer, contrairement aux formations supérieures, mais de les préparer à intégrer ces formations. Son objectif est de donner plus des éléments de compréhension des démarches de conception qu’une compétence professionnelle de designer. La finalité de ce travail est de regarder comment l’activité de conception est enseignée au lycée. Le cadre théorique interroge les articulations entre activité, instrument, milieu, tâche et compétences et activité de conception. Le cadre de l’étude a été circonscrit à l’épreuve certificative « Projet en Design et AA » . La méthodologie s’appuie (1) sur une analyse a priori de la tâche prescrite par l’institution et redéfinie par des enseignants travaillant dans trois lycées différents, et (2) sur une analyse de l’activité d’un échantillon de leurs élèves. Les activités sont regardées à travers des entretiens menés avec les enseignants sur le dispositif qu’ils conçoivent, à travers des entretiens menés avec les élèves sur les tâches qu’ils ont réellement effectuées, et à travers les signes produits par les uns et les autres. Les résultats montrent d’une part, que l’activité d’apprentissage est instrumentée plus par les représentations différentes que les enseignants ont de la situation de référence prescrite que par leur représentation d’un état prescrit de compétence de conception. D’autre part, bien que l’activité de l’élève soit motivée par l’obtention du baccalauréat et non par la conception d’artefacts, il élabore des instruments sémiotiques et matériels propres à l’activité des étudiants qui apprennent à devenir designers. / The secondary school leaving certificate in Science and Technology: Design and Applied Arts prepares pupils to integrate postsecondary design programmes.The purpose of this study was to investigate how design activity is taught in secondary school. In an attempt to highlight the impact of the environment on the learning activity, the theoretical framework questions the relationship between activity, instrument, environment, task and skills, design activity.The study favoured an exploratory analysis based on the observation of real situations in an unambiguous and operational way. The scope of the study was limited to the certification exam “Project in D and AA”. The research design was empirical and based on (1) a priori analysis of the task prescribed by the institution and redefined by teachers belonging to three different high schools, and (2) an analysis of the activity of a sample of their pupils. Observation tools were based on the abstention from direct observation. The activities were viewed: through interviews conducted with teachers; through interviews conducted with pupils on the tasks they have actually accomplished; through the signs produced by teachers and pupils. The results show that the learning activity is instrumented to a greater extent by the different representations teachers have of the prescribed reference situation than by their representation of a prescribed state of design skills. In addition, although the pupil’s activity was motivated by the obtention of a school leaving certificate and not by the design of artefacts, the pupil develops semiotic and material instruments specific to the activity of students who train to become designers.

Les recherches sur le développement des conceptions en physique mettent l'accent soit sur des processus intraindividuels, soit sur des processus situés dans les situations collectives. En revanche, les situations individuelles et leur intérêt dans la construction des idées restent mal définies. Une expérimentation pré-/post-test a permis de suivre 106 enfants de 10 ans qui prédisent, justifient et expliquent de manière générale le phénomène de flottaison des objets. L'entraînement leur propose d'utiliser des objets et des outils pour élaborer à trois reprises une explication du phénomène, sans feedback de l'adulte. Quatre conditions expérimentales sont comparées. Dans deux conditions, les enfants travaillent par trois fois soit individuellement, soit en dyade. Deux autres conditions articulent des situations solitaires et dyadique : dans une condition, ils s'entraînent en individuel puis en dyade puis en individuel ; dans une autre, ils s'entraînent en dyade puis en individuel puis en dyade. Les évolutions cognitives diffèrent selon les conditions. Le fait de travailler régulièrement en dyade favorise l'enrichissement des justifications particulières. Le fait de faire travailler les enfants ensemble enrichirait le répertoire argumentatif pour décrire la réaction des objets. L'entraînement individuel-dyadique-individuel favorise de meilleures prédictions. Cette articulation spécifique des situations amènerait une restructuration plus profonde des connaissances. Il y a donc des articulations de situations plus favorables selon les performances attendues. L'analyse des conduites pendant l'entraînement et les études de cas révèlent l'importance des contradictions rencontrées, dues à la fois à l'hétérogénéité des objets, aux interactions entre pairs et à la présence d'outils. Des pistes de recherche et d'application sont enfin proposées.

This volume reexamines the long-standing controversy about consistency in personality from a social psychological perspective. Barabara Krahé reconsiders the concept of consistency in terms of the systematic coherence of situation cognition and behaviour across situations. In the first part of the volume she undertakes an examination of recent social psychological models of situation cognition for their ability to clarify the principles underlying the perception of situational similarities. She then advances an individual-centred methedology in which nomothetic hypotheses about cross-situational coherence are tested on the basis of idiogrphic measurement of situation cognition and behaviour. In the second part of the volume, a series of empirical studies is reported which apply the individual-centred framework to the analysis of cross-situational coherence in the domain of anxiety-provoking situations. These studies are distinctive in that they extend over several months and use free-response data; they are based on idiographic sampling; and they employ explicit theoretical models to capture the central features of situation perception. The results demonstrate the benefits of integrating idiographic and nomothetic research strategies and exploiting the advantages of both perspectives.

The most common form of female cancer in Sweden is breast cancer and the primary choice of treatment is surgery. Removing a woman's breasts is not just removing a body part but is also strongly linked to the emotional life. This has psychosocial consequences and the reactions will be different depending on how people perceive health and illness. Factors that matter are both personal experiences and cultural factors such as religion, family, and the own standards and values. It is important that a nurse is aware of cultural factors that may influence the perception of care. The aim of this study was to describe whether, and if so how, the health-related psychosocial situation after breast cancer differ between women of different cultural backgrounds. An additional aim was to discuss what the nurse should focus on during and after breast cancer treatment with respect to these differences. The method was a literature study of 12 scientific articles that were analyzed and put together in different themes. The results show that psychological stress is not rare after breast cancer treatment and various factors that influenced this proved to be altered appearance, decreased intimacy, inadequate social support and sense of hopelessness. Women from western countries stated that the altered appearance gave the greatest psychological stress while women from eastern countries had depressive symptoms as a result of inadequate social support and deficiencies in close relationships. The conclusion was that there are both many similarities and many differences among different cultures in terms of the psychosocial situation after breast cancer treatment. To provide an adequate patient care a nurse should have knowledge about these cultural differences, but still treat each patient as an individual and not as a representative of a specific culture.

Much of the everyday work of teachers in pre-schools, schools and youth centers is based on experience. This study is a qualitative interview study intended to make visible the experiences of pre-school teachers in situations when children are considered to be in need of special support. I have looked at pre-school teachers’ descriptions of the kinds of situations in which a child is estimated to be in need of special support, what teachers look for in a child to identify it as a child in need of special support in a specific situation, and how the teachers define special support.   Both this study and previous research show that children’s estimated need of support depends on the situation and context the child is in. The pre-school teachers in this study identify common situations where children are estimated to be in need of special support, namely: in interaction with others, in structured situations, during changes of activities and during free play. The study found that the pre-school teachers saw all children as requiring more or less support during certain periods of time. They didn’t identify a particular, generalizable group of “special needs” children that requires special support more frequently. The pre-school teachers in this study struggled to define special support, stating that the definition depends on the individual that is in need of support and the situation in which support is seen to be necessary. Two of three informants in this study said that if special support needs a definition, they consider it to be support from outside the pre-school, such as provision of competencies the pre-school teachers do not possess, or reorganization. / Många delar av lärarnas dagliga arbete och agerande på förskola, skola och fritidshem grundar sig i erfarenhet. Denna studie är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med syfte att göra förskollärares erfarenheter av situationer där barn bedöms vara i behov av särskilt stöd mer synliga. Jag har studerat förskollärares erfarenheter av vilka situationer barn bedöms vara i behov av särskilt stöd, vilka barn som är i behov av särskilt stöd i en specifik situation och på vilket sätt definierar förskollärarna vad som är särskilt stöd.   Både denna studie och tidigare forskning visar att barns bedömda behov av stöd beror på situationen och sammanhanget barnet är i. Förskollärarna i denna studie menar att vanliga situationer där barn bedöms vara i behov av någon form av stöd är i samspelet med andra, i strukturerade situationer, i skiftet mellan aktiviteter och i den fria leken. I studien framkommer att förskollärarna anser att barn kan vara i mer eller mindre behov av någon form av stöd under en längre eller kortare tid och de kan inte säga att det är någon generaliserbar grupp barn som oftare bedöms vara i behov av särskilt stöd. Det var svårt för förskollärarna i denna studie att definiera särskilt stöd, de menar att det beror på vilken individ som är i behov av stödet och i vilken situation stödet bedöms behövas. Två av tre informanter i denna studie uttrycker att om det särskilda stödet måste definieras handlar det om stöd utifrån i form av kompetens förskollärarna inte har, omorganisation eller liknande.

Purpose: The study aims to analyze how companies can learn from past communications in critical situations and during corporate crisis, and see how they use this knowledge in the management of subsequent critical situations and corporate crisis. Furthermore, the media is analyzed to see how the newspaper industry chooses to reflect an organization and its actions, and also to see if the pressure through articles in the newspapers has an impact on the extent of the situation. Method: A qualitative case study of Sweden’s largest food company, ICA Sverige AB, where knowledgeable people in media management within the company are interviewed using semi-structured interviews, with support of quantitative methods by a collection of articles from the news press. Theories: Concepts, theories and models in crisis management and communication has been applied to relevant data. These comprise Knowledge Management, a communication template in crisis management, The Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) and the model Content of crisis communication. Empiric: Based on the quantitative data consisting of articles from four Swedish news sources: Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet and Expressen, a semi-structured interview guide was created and carried out with the person within ICA who possesses knowledge of the subject area. Conclusion: ICA has during the priod studied exhibited to have used the concept of Knowledge Management in the development of their routines regarding product recalls at product defects. The relationships between ICA and the media have shown improvements, which has resulted in ICA percieve the media coverage as balanced, true and fair.

Vi hade en föreställning om att det ibland kan vara svårt att som ledare i en arbetsgrupp skapa tillit samt effektivitet. Detta fångade vårt intresse och gjorde att vi närmare ville studera två arbetsledare och deras respektive arbetsgrupper gällande effektivitet, tillit samt ledarskap. Vårt syfte med undersökningen var att undersöka vilka ledarskapsfaktorer som kan inverka för att stärka tilliten och effektiviteten i en arbetsgrupp. För att besvara syftet med undersökningen togs följande problemformulering fram: Vilka ledarskapsfaktorer kan stärka tilliten och effektiviteten i en arbetsgrupp? Utifrån uppsatsens syfte och problemformulering genomfördes två kvalitativa intervjuer med de två utvalda arbetsledarna, samt att en kvantitativ enkätundersökning genomfördes i de två arbetsledarnas respektive arbetsgrupper. Vårt resultat visar i huvudsak att det är anpassning efter situation och kontext, förmågan att frångå personliga intressen och istället se till det kollektiva intresset, flexibilitet och uppmärksamhet på arbetsgruppens behov och önskemål, samt stöd genom tillgänglighet som är de ledarskapsfaktorer som kan stärka tilliten och effektiviteten i en arbetsgrupp. / We had a notion that it sometimes can be difficult as the leader of a group to create trust and effectiveness. Our purpose of this study was to examine the leadership factors that may affect to strengthen trust and effectiveness in a group. To answer the purpose of the study the following question were presented:  What leadership factors can enhance trust and effectiveness in a work group? Based on the purpose of the study two qualitative interviews with the two designated supervisors were conducted and also a quantitative survey was conducted in the two work groups. Our results show mainly that it is adapting to the situation and context, the ability to waive personal interests and instead ensure the collective interest, flexibility and attention on the needs and wishes of the work group, and also support through the availability of which is the leadership factors that can enhance trust and effectiveness in a work group.

This essay is a selective review of Nordic literature with the aim to explore contemporary conceptions of male-on-female rape, to increase the understanding of how these can construct “a real rape”. To achieve this two questions were formulated: What circumstances can cause an incident not to be defined as rape? What circumstances can cause an incident to be defined as rape? Searches in international and Swedish databases led to initial selection of peer-review journal articles and dissertations that were reviewed against set criteria. These criteria were met by 8 studies, that were assigned codes, from which comprehensive categories were developed. The categories were analysed using Yvonne Hirdman’s concepts gender, separation and male superiority. The analysis shows that circumstances connected to the overall categories Situation, Victim and Offender construct “a real rape”. The circumstances are Relation, Alcohol, Saying no and how it is done, The woman’s sexuality, Resistance, How the woman feels afterwards, Physical violence, and Ordinary, normal and good men. It seems easier to define an incident as rape when these circumstances occur the “right” way. In conclusion, rape is constructed as a rather narrow concept which could make it difficult for women to name experiences as rape.