Introdução: A associação entre tuberculose (TB) e desnutrição é bem reconhecida: a TB pode levar à desnutrição e a desnutrição pode predispor à TB. Levando-se em consideração o risco de mortalidade devido à desnutrição em pacientes com TB e as inúmeras limitações dos estudos realizados até hoje, é necessário realizar uma avaliação nutricional mais completa e precoce com o objetivo de identificar os indivíduos em risco nutricional. Objetivos: Avaliar o estado nutricional dos pacientes hospitalizados com TB, coinfectados ou não pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Métodos: Estudo de prevalência com coleta de dados prospectiva. Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de TB. Foram utilizados os seguintes métodos para avaliação nutricional: índice de massa corporal (IMC), dobras cutâneas, bioimpedância, circunferência do braço (CB), circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), questionário de frequência alimentar, ferramenta de triagem de desnutrição (MST), avaliação subjetiva global (ASG) e dosagens de hemoglobina, transferrina, proteína C reativa, albumina e linfócitos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 92 pacientes no estudo. Considerando o IMC, 37% dos pacientes avaliados apresentavam critérios para risco nutricional. O percentual de gordura corporal foi baixo em 31,5% dos pacientes. Além disso, mais da metade dos indivíduos estudados apresentou critérios para desnutrição conforme a CB, CMB, dobra cutânea tricipital, ASG, MST ou parâmetros laboratoriais. Com relação aos nutrientes da dieta, em pacientes HIV positivos a ingestão de selênio foi significativamente menor do que nos pacientes HIV negativos. Também foram encontradas correlações positivas entre o IMC e a quantidade de zinco e magnésio da dieta. Conclusões: Identificamos uma prevalência elevada de desnutrição em pacientes com TB pulmonar internados em um hospital terciário, independente do método utilizado para avaliação do estado nutricional. / Introduction: The association between tuberculosis (TB) and malnutrition is well recognized: TB can lead to malnutrition and malnutrition can predispose to TB. Taking into account the risk of mortality due to malnutrition in patients with TB and the numerous limitations of the studies conducted to date, it is necessary to conduct a more thorough and early nutritional assessment in order to identify individuals at nutritional risk. Objectives: To assess the nutritional status of hospitalized patients with TB, co-infected or not by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods: Prevalence study with prospective data collection. Patients with confirmed diagnosis of TB. The following methods of nutritional assessment were used: body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance, arm circumference (AC), arm muscle circumference (AMC), food frequency questionnaire, malnutrition screening tool (MST), subjective global assessment (SGA) and serum levels of hemoglobin, transferrin, C-reactive protein, albumin and lymphocytes. Results: We included 92 patients in the study. Considering the BMI, 37% of the patients met the criteria for nutritional risk. The body fat percentage was low in 31.5% of patients. In addition, more than half of the subjects met criteria for malnutrition according to AC, AMC, triceps skinfold thickness, SGA, MST or laboratory parameters. Regarding the components of diet, selenium intake among HIV-positive patients was significantly lower than in HIV-negative patients. It was also found positive correlations between the BMI and the amount of dietary zinc and magnesium. Conclusions: We identified a high prevalence of malnutrition in patients with pulmonary TB admitted in a tertiary hospital, regardless of the method used to assess nutritional status.

Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre os níveis de leptina do leite materno maduro e os escores de dobras cutâneas aos três e seis meses de vida de crianças expostas a diferentes ambientes intrauterinos. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo observacional longitudinal, para o qual foram recrutados pares de mães e crianças residentes em Porto Alegre. Foram excluídas puérperas com teste positivo para HIV, doenças hipertensivas específicas da gravidez, hipertensão arterial sistêmica crônica ou gestacional, crianças gemelares, prematuras, com doenças congênitas ou necessidade de internação hospitalar. Os pares foram divididos, conforme a exposição ao ambiente intrauterino, em grupo Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Tabaco, Pequeno para Idade Gestacional (PIG) e Controle. As entrevistas foram realizadas um, três e seis meses após o parto, e foram coletados dados antropométricos da mãe e da criança, além de informações sobre a alimentação desta. Na entrevista de um mês de vida, foi coletada amostra de leite materno, analisada para quantificação da leptina. Quanto aos procedimentos estatísticos, foi considerado o nível de significância de 5%. Para comparação entre variáveis categóricas e contínuas, quando paramétricas, foi utilizado o teste ANOVA com post hoc de Tukey, e para variáveis não paramétricas, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post hoc de Dunn. Na comparação entre variáveis categóricas, foi utilizado o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher. Ao analisar variáveis contínuas, foi aplicada a correlação de Spearman. Resultados: Foram analisados os dados de 127 pares mãe-criança, sendo 18 no grupo DM, 34 no grupo Tabaco, 16 no grupo PIG e 59 no grupo Controle. A quantidade de leptina no leite materno não diferiu entre os grupos (p = 0,59). Houve correlação significativa positiva entre a quantidade de leptina do leite e o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) materno, a dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT) e a dobre cutânea subescapular (DCSE) maternas (p < 0,001). Sem considerar o tipo de alimentação, não houve correlação entre a leptina e as variáveis antropométricas da criança (p > 0,05). Dentre as crianças amamentadas exclusivamente aos três meses de vida, a leptina do leite materno correlacionou-se negativamente com o escore Z da DCT aos três meses (r = -0,447; p = 0,032) e seis meses (r = -0,499; p = 0,015), além do peso aos três (r = -0,408; p = 0,043) e seis meses de vida (r = -0,443; p= 0,034). Também houve correlação negativa com o ganho de peso do nascimento aos seis meses (r = -0,472; p = 0,023) e de um a três meses (r = -0,396; p = 0,050). Conclusão: A leptina, oferecida através do aleitamento materno exclusivo, atua na regulação do balanço energético corporal da criança, influenciando precocemente variáveis antropométricas. / Objective: Assess the association between mature breast milk leptin and skinfold thickness Z scores at 3 and 6 months of life of infant exposed to different intrauterine environments. Methods: This is a longitudinal study, for which mother and newborn pairs were recruited from 24-48 hours postpartum in three public hospitals in Porto Alegre city, Brazil. Exclusion criteria were mothers who test positive for HIV, with hypertensive disorders, newborn from twin gestation, preterm (gestational age <37 weeks), with malformations at birth, or requiring hospitalization. Pairs were divided as exposure to intrauterine environment in Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Tobacco, Small for Gestational Age (SGA) and Control group. Interviews occurred in postpartum, 1, 3 and 6 months of infant's life, where mother and infant anthropometric data were collected and information about infant’s complementary food was asked. The breast milk sample was collected in the 1 month interview. About statistical procedures, a significance level of 5% was considered. To compare categorical and continuous variables, was used the ANOVA test with Tukey post hoc, when parametric. For nonparametric variables, was used Kruskal -Wallis test with Dunn post hoc. When comparing categorical variables, was used the chi-square of Pearson or Fisher's exact test. To analyze continuous variables, the Spearman correlation was applied. Results: Data of 127 pairs were analyzed, 18 in DM group, 34 Tobacco, 16 SGA and 59 Control. Value of leptin in breast milk did not differ between groups (p = 0.59). There was a significant positive correlation between leptin milk and maternal anthropometric variables in the overall sample (p < 0.001) and between the groups (p< 0.05). Without considering infant's complementary feeding, there was no correlation between leptin and infant anthropometric variables (p > 0.05). However, among the infants exclusively breastfed at 3 months, leptin significantly negative correlated with Z score of triceps skinfold thickness at 3 (r = -0.447; p = 0.032) and 6 months (r = -0.499; p=0.015), infant weight at 3 (r = -0.408; p = 0.043) and 6 months (r = -0.443; p = 0.034), weight gain from birth to 6 months (r = -0.472; p = 0.023) and from 1 to 3 months (r = -0.396; p = 0.050) in the overall sample. Conclusion: Among the infants exclusively breastfed, leptin in mature milk acts in body energy balance and may impact early infant anthropometric variables.

Adiposity has been linked to impaired respiratory function in adults but whether the distribution of adipose tissue has a differential effect on pulmonary function is still uncertain. Moreover, in children, the relationship between adiposity and lung dysfunction is not clearly understood. A two-stage multivariate analysis was conducted using data from 5604 Canadians aged 6 to 79 years who participated in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). The associations of various anthropometric and skinfold measures with lung function were examined separately in adults and children. After adjustment of covariates, waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness showed the strongest inverse associations with FVC and FEV1 in men. In women, BMI and sum of five skinfolds had the largest impact on pulmonary function. FVC and FEV1 in boys were most affected by waist-to-hip ratio and triceps skinfold. In girls, adiposity was not linked to the lung function testing variables. Adiposity measures have differing effects on respiratory function depending on age and sex group.

Microvascular permeability is a pharmacologic indicator of tumor response to therapy, and it is expected that this biomarker will evolve into a clinical surrogate endpoint and be integrated into protocols for determining patient response to antiangiogenic or antivascular therapies. The goal of this research is to develop a method by which microvascular permeability (Ktrans) and vascular volume (vp) as measured by DCE-MRI were directly compared to the same parameters measured by intravital fluorescence microscopy in an MRI-compatible window chamber model. Dynamic contrast enhanced-MRI (DCE-MRI) is a non-invasive, clinically useful imaging approach that has been used extensively to measure active changes in tumor microvascular hemodynamics. However, uncertainties exist in DCE-MRI as it does not interrogate the contrast reagent (CR) itself, but the effect of the CR on tissue water relaxivity. Thus, direct comparison of DCE-MRI with a more quantitative measure would help better define the derived parameters. The combined imaging system was able to obtain both dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI data high spatio-termporal resolution fluorescence data following injection of fluorescent and gadolinium co-labeled albumin. This approach allowed for the cross-validation of vascular permeability data, in relation tumor growth, angiogenesis and response to therapy in both imaging systems.

Adiposity has been linked to impaired respiratory function in adults but whether the distribution of adipose tissue has a differential effect on pulmonary function is still uncertain. Moreover, in children, the relationship between adiposity and lung dysfunction is not clearly understood. A two-stage multivariate analysis was conducted using data from 5604 Canadians aged 6 to 79 years who participated in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS). The associations of various anthropometric and skinfold measures with lung function were examined separately in adults and children. After adjustment of covariates, waist circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness showed the strongest inverse associations with FVC and FEV1 in men. In women, BMI and sum of five skinfolds had the largest impact on pulmonary function. FVC and FEV1 in boys were most affected by waist-to-hip ratio and triceps skinfold. In girls, adiposity was not linked to the lung function testing variables. Adiposity measures have differing effects on respiratory function depending on age and sex group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences among the percent body fat (%BF) values of Turkish sedentary male and female university students measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), skinfold (SKF), ultrasound (US) and hand to hand bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Two hundred eight Turkish university students (one hundred four males and one hundred four females) aged between 18 to 26 years old participants participated in this study voluntarily. %BF assessment was performed by the SKF, US, BIA and DEXA methods. Differences among DEXA, SKF, US and BIA were examined by applying a series of paired-t test. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to developed regression equations to predict %BF from SKF and US measurements. Results demonstrated that there were significant differences between DEXA and SKF, US, and BIA measurements for males and females. The mean %BF derived from DEXA was significantly (p&lt / .001) greater than those of SKF, US and BIA for males and females. Multiple regression analyses showed that SKF and US measurement of subcutaneous fat at three-sites gave the best prediction to %BF for male and female separately. The multiple correlations using three sites simultaneously for men and women were r=0.92, SEE=2.4 and r=0.91, SEE=2.8 for SKF and r=0.93, SEE=2.3 and r=0.90, SEE=3.0 for US, respectively. In summary, with the new regression equation US appears to be a reliable, portable, and non-invasive tool which can be used by any field investigator on obese or thin individuals. Finally, new regression equations developed do not seem to be superior to those reported using calipers.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--Portland State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 29-30). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--Portland State University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 29-30).

CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT ADIPOSE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN- COMAPARATIVE STUDY ABSTRACT Head of the dissertation: Author: Prof. MUDr. Ivan Dylevský, DrSc. Mgr. Dominika Petrů Prague, 2014 Abstract The dissertation provides information about the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue in preschool-aged /5-6 years, n=141/ and younger school-aged children /8- 9 years, n=137/ in the Ústí region. In this review, we describe and evaluate the child's body with anthropometric parameters, skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis and selected sample /n=31/ with ultrasonography. We found an increased distribution of adipose tissue in older file with a concentration in the abdominal area and a higher reliability of skinfold than the BIA, considering the ultrasound examination. Key words: subcutaneous fat, skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis, ultrasonography