Les glissements de terrains sous-marins, même de petite taille, représentent un risque majeur d’érosion littorale et de submersion marine lorsqu’ils sont déclenchés à proximité des côtes. Ce fut le cas à Nice (France) avec l’effondrement en mer d’une partie de la plateforme aéroportuaire, suivit d’un tsunami du fait d’un glissement sous-marin en octobre 1979. Du fait que la pente continentale niçoise soit abrupte, à proximité des côtes et soumise à une activité sismique modérée, elle constitue un véritable laboratoire naturel pour l’étude des glissements sous-marins de petite échelle. Ce travail repose sur une approche multidisciplinaire permettant une étude globale des processus de glissement dans la zone proximale. Il intègre des données issues de la géophysique marine, de la sédimentologie de la géotechnique et une phase préliminaire de modélisation numérique. Pour la première fois, la morphologie ainsi que l’architecture des dépôts du delta du Var ont été investigués à partir de données de très haute résolution. Elles ont permis d’identifier la signature de nombreux processus gravitaires de petite taille en surface (morphologie / taille / répartition spatiale) ainsi que leur imbrication en profondeur. Dans le cas du glissement de 1979, des éléments encore inconnus ont été identifiés tels que : 1) ses cicatrices Est et Ouest ; 2) des blocs et paquets glissés non évacués ; 3) la surface de glissement en profondeur ; 4) l’estimation d’un volume total déplacé différent du volume de sédiments évacués. Les carottes sédimentaires ont ensuite permis de discuter de la répartition en zone proximale des dépôts/érosion et de l’enregistrement de paléoglissement à partir de l’état de surconsolidation des dépôts. L’activité des glissements a été estimée dans le temps. Les plus grands glissements (V > 106 m3) ont des fréquences estimées ~50 ans, les glissements de taille moyenne (105 < V < 106 m3) autour de 3 à 25 ans, et les nombreux petits glissements (V < 105 m3) tous les 1-2 mois à 5 ans au cours des périodes actives des 50 dernières années. Ces glissements sont enregistrés dès la zone proximale à des fréquences de 3-7 ans au cours des périodes de plus forte activité depuis 400 ans. L’évolution de la morphologie suit des cycles successifs de déclenchement/quiescence/rechargement. À l’échelle de temps humaine deux cycles s’étendent de 1967-1999 et de 1999-2011 ; les ruptures se regroupent en cluster de 5-10 ans. À l’échelle pluriséculaire, les clusters de turbidites durent 20-40 ans et les périodes de quiescence ~100 ans. Enfin, cette étude apporte de nouvelles contraintes à propos des facteurs déclenchants ou préconditionnants agissant sur le delta du Var. L’état de stabilité de la zone semble être fortement préconditionné par la complexité de la topographie, l’état de consolidation des sédiments et l’importance des apports sédimentaires du Var. L’architecture des dépôts semble principalement contraindre la profondeur des instabilités. Parmi les forçages externes connus sur la zone, nous avons cartographié l’extension de la zone riche en gaz ainsi que des panaches de fluides dans la colonne d’eau. Notre analyse montre que l’amplitude des précipitations, des crues et du niveau de la nappe alluviale seraient trop faibles au cours des 50 dernières années pour agir en tant que facteur déclenchant de manière isolée. Afin de déstabiliser les pentes, ces forçages semblent devoir être couplés entre eux ou associés à l’action de séismes. Les analyses des bases de données en lien avec l’activité des glissements ainsi que les tests numériques permettent de suggérer que la sismicité régionale et que les séismes historiques sont soit 1) de magnitude trop faible, soit 2) à de trop grandes distances des zones de déclenchement, pour générer des PGA assez fort (0,2 g) et avoir individuellement un impact sur les pentes du Delta. / Small submarine landslides, when triggered near the coast represent a major coastal hazard due to erosion of the coastline and marine submersion. In October 1979, a submarine landslide generated a part of the airport platform of Nice (France) to collapse at sea and provoked a tsunami. Because the continental slope off this region is abrupt, close to the coast and subject to moderate seismic activity it is a natural laboratory to study small-scale submarine mass movements processes. This work is based on a multidisciplinary approach allowing a global study of landslide processes in the source area. It integrates data from marine geophysics, sedimentology, geotechnics and numerical modelling. For the first time morphology and architecture of the Var delta deposits are investigated using very high resolution data. It allows identification of numerous small-size gravitational processes signatures as well as their embedding at depth. In the case of the 1979 landslide previously unknown features are identified: 1) eastern and western scars, 2) in-situ blocks and lateral spreading’s traces, 3) in-depth sliding surface, 4) estimation of a total displaced volume, which is different from the evacuated sediment volume. The sedimentary cores are then used to discuss the proximal distribution of deposits, erosion and paleo-landslides records from the deposits overconsolidation. The landslide activity has been estimated over time in terms of return frequencies. The largest landslides (>106 m3) have return frequencies nearing 50 years; the medium-size landslides (105 > V > 106 m3) between 3 and 25 years; and the numerous small landslides (<105 m3) every 1-2 months to 5 years during the most active periods in the last 50 years. Landslides deposits recorded in the source area show return frequencies of 3-7 years during periods of greater activity over the last 400 years. The morphology’s evolution follows successive cycles of sliding/quiescence/reloading. In recent times, two main cycles can be observed (from 1967 to 1999 and from 1999 to 2011) during which triggering are clustered in 5-10 years. On a longer time scale, the turbidites clusters span 20-40 years and quiescence periods ~100 years. Finally, this study brings new constraints on preconditioning and triggering factors acting on the Var delta. The stability of the area seems to be strongly conditioned by the complexity of the topography, the sediments consolidation and the quantity of sediments brought by the Var river. The deposits architecture mainly constrains the depth of the instabilities. Among the external drivers known in the area the extension of the gas-rich zone as well as fluids plumes in the water column have been considered and mapped. Looking at other external drivers, the analysis shows that the magnitude of rainfall and floods, and the alluvial water level would be too low over the past 50 years to act as an isolated triggering factor. In order to destabilize slopes, these external drivers need to be tackled together or associated to earthquakes. Relationships between databases analyses, landslides activity and numerical tests suggest that regional seismicity and historical earthquakes are either too small or too distant from the source areas to generate sufficient peak ground acceleration (0.2 g) and to have an individual impact on the delta slopes.

Com a intensificação da geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos, as autoridades, pesquisadores e sociedade têm voltado seus esforços para enfrentar as dificuldades de manejo e disposição final adequada desses resíduos. Neste sentido, é coerente afirmar que os resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) fazem parte dessa problemática, pois geralmente representam a maioria dos resíduos sólidos gerados no meio urbano. A ausência de políticas públicas em relação à gestão e gerenciamento desses resíduos tem provocado diversos impactos como, por exemplo, o surgimento de vários depósitos clandestinos nas áreas mais afastadas do perímetro urbano e gastos por parte da administração pública com modelos de gestão corretiva. Entretanto, esse modelo corretivo tem se demonstrado obsoleto e ineficaz para minimizar os impactos negativos gerados pela deposição irregular de RCD. Diante desses fatos, foi criada a Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002, que instituiu que os municípios devem prover políticas públicas voltadas a evitar o descarte dos RCD em locais irregulares e que contemplem a minimização dos impactos causados ao meio ambiente e saúde humana. Assim, com intuito de contribuir nesta área de conhecimento a presente pesquisa teve por finalidade estudar a situação do sistema de gerenciamento integrado de RCD do município de São Carlos-SP, após a regulamentação da Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento da situação atual do gerenciamento dos RCD no município, por meio de quatro etapas de estudo - contextualização dos indicadores básicos locais; caracterização quantitativa; caracterização qualitativa e por fim análise das áreas de descarte clandestino e áreas de implantação de pontos de captação para pequenos volumes de RCD. Com base nos resultados obtidos neste estudo, foi possível verificar que o município de São Carlos possui um Plano Integrado de Gerenciamento de RCD, em consonância com a Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002. Porém pode-se constatar que o respectivo município não possui implantada uma rede de captação que contemple os pequenos volumes, assim este sofre com o aumento de áreas de descarte clandestino, as quais causam diversos impactos ao meio ambiente e saúde pública local. Entretanto, medidas adotadas neste novo sistema também demonstraram fatores positivos como a redução de descartes em aterros e geração de emprego e renda. Por fim, esta pesquisa implementou uma metodologia de caracterização dos RCD por análise de imagens, a qual se demonstrou eficiente na caracterização de amostras que apresentavam peças com grandes volumes como, por exemplo, vigas, pilares e placas de concreto. / With the increased generation of urban solid wastes, the authorities, researchers and society have turned their efforts to tackle the difficulties of handling and final disposal of such wastes. In this sense, it is consistent to say that the construction and demolition wastes (C&D) are part of this problem, because they generally represent the majority of solid waste generated in urban areas. The absence of public politics regarding the management of such waste have caused many impacts, for example, illegal discharges dumping sites in areas furthest from the urban perimeter and spending by the government with corrective models. However, this corrective model has proven obsolete and ineffective to minimize the negative impacts caused by the irregular disposal of C&D wastes. Given these facts, the resolution nº 307/2002 of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) for the C&D wastes was created, which established that municipalities must provide public politics that aim at preventing the disposal of C&D wastes at irregular areas and reduce impacts to the environment and human health. Therefore, to contribute to this area of knowledge this research studied the situation of the integrated management system of C&D wastes from São Carlos-SP, after the implementation of resolution nº 307. For this, a survey was done of the current situation of management of C&D wastes in the city through four stages - local contextualization of basic indicators, quantitative characterization, qualitative characterization and finally analysis of areas of irregular discharge and areas of implantation of points for small volumes of C&D wastes. Based on the results of this study, we observed that the municipality of São Carlos has an Integrated Waste Management of C&D wastes, according to resolution nº 307. However, it was found that the municipality has not established a system of small volumes, so it suffers with increasing areas of irregular disposal, which causes many impacts to the environment and local public health. However, measures taken in this new system also demonstrated positive factors such as the reduction of discards in landfills and the generation of employment and income. Finally, this study implemented a methodology to characterize the C&D by image analysis, which has demonstrated effectiveness in the characterization of samples with high volume parts such as beams, pillars and slabs of concrete.

Com a intensificação da geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos, as autoridades, pesquisadores e sociedade têm voltado seus esforços para enfrentar as dificuldades de manejo e disposição final adequada desses resíduos. Neste sentido, é coerente afirmar que os resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) fazem parte dessa problemática, pois geralmente representam a maioria dos resíduos sólidos gerados no meio urbano. A ausência de políticas públicas em relação à gestão e gerenciamento desses resíduos tem provocado diversos impactos como, por exemplo, o surgimento de vários depósitos clandestinos nas áreas mais afastadas do perímetro urbano e gastos por parte da administração pública com modelos de gestão corretiva. Entretanto, esse modelo corretivo tem se demonstrado obsoleto e ineficaz para minimizar os impactos negativos gerados pela deposição irregular de RCD. Diante desses fatos, foi criada a Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002, que instituiu que os municípios devem prover políticas públicas voltadas a evitar o descarte dos RCD em locais irregulares e que contemplem a minimização dos impactos causados ao meio ambiente e saúde humana. Assim, com intuito de contribuir nesta área de conhecimento a presente pesquisa teve por finalidade estudar a situação do sistema de gerenciamento integrado de RCD do município de São Carlos-SP, após a regulamentação da Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento da situação atual do gerenciamento dos RCD no município, por meio de quatro etapas de estudo - contextualização dos indicadores básicos locais; caracterização quantitativa; caracterização qualitativa e por fim análise das áreas de descarte clandestino e áreas de implantação de pontos de captação para pequenos volumes de RCD. Com base nos resultados obtidos neste estudo, foi possível verificar que o município de São Carlos possui um Plano Integrado de Gerenciamento de RCD, em consonância com a Resolução CONAMA nº 307/2002. Porém pode-se constatar que o respectivo município não possui implantada uma rede de captação que contemple os pequenos volumes, assim este sofre com o aumento de áreas de descarte clandestino, as quais causam diversos impactos ao meio ambiente e saúde pública local. Entretanto, medidas adotadas neste novo sistema também demonstraram fatores positivos como a redução de descartes em aterros e geração de emprego e renda. Por fim, esta pesquisa implementou uma metodologia de caracterização dos RCD por análise de imagens, a qual se demonstrou eficiente na caracterização de amostras que apresentavam peças com grandes volumes como, por exemplo, vigas, pilares e placas de concreto. / With the increased generation of urban solid wastes, the authorities, researchers and society have turned their efforts to tackle the difficulties of handling and final disposal of such wastes. In this sense, it is consistent to say that the construction and demolition wastes (C&D) are part of this problem, because they generally represent the majority of solid waste generated in urban areas. The absence of public politics regarding the management of such waste have caused many impacts, for example, illegal discharges dumping sites in areas furthest from the urban perimeter and spending by the government with corrective models. However, this corrective model has proven obsolete and ineffective to minimize the negative impacts caused by the irregular disposal of C&D wastes. Given these facts, the resolution nº 307/2002 of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA) for the C&D wastes was created, which established that municipalities must provide public politics that aim at preventing the disposal of C&D wastes at irregular areas and reduce impacts to the environment and human health. Therefore, to contribute to this area of knowledge this research studied the situation of the integrated management system of C&D wastes from São Carlos-SP, after the implementation of resolution nº 307. For this, a survey was done of the current situation of management of C&D wastes in the city through four stages - local contextualization of basic indicators, quantitative characterization, qualitative characterization and finally analysis of areas of irregular discharge and areas of implantation of points for small volumes of C&D wastes. Based on the results of this study, we observed that the municipality of São Carlos has an Integrated Waste Management of C&D wastes, according to resolution nº 307. However, it was found that the municipality has not established a system of small volumes, so it suffers with increasing areas of irregular disposal, which causes many impacts to the environment and local public health. However, measures taken in this new system also demonstrated positive factors such as the reduction of discards in landfills and the generation of employment and income. Finally, this study implemented a methodology to characterize the C&D by image analysis, which has demonstrated effectiveness in the characterization of samples with high volume parts such as beams, pillars and slabs of concrete.