Energy consumption in the form of fuel or electricity is ubiquitous globally. Among energy types, electricity is crucial to human life in terms of cooking, warming and cooling of shelters, powering of electronic devices as well as commercial and industrial operations. Therefore, effective prediction of future electricity consumption cannot be underestimated. Notably, repeated imbalance is noticed between the demand and supply of electricity, and this is affected by different weather profiles such as temperature, wind speed, dew point, humidity and pressure of the electricity consumption locations. Effective planning is therefore needed to aid electricity distribution among consumers. Such effective planning is activated by the need to predict future electricity consumption within a short period and the effect of weather variables on the predictions. Although state-of-the-art techniques have been used for such predictions, they still require improvement for the purpose of reducing significant predictive errors when used for short-term load forecasting. This research develops and deploys a near-zero cooperative probabilistic scenario analysis and decision tree (PSA-DT) model to address the lacuna of significant predictive error faced by the state-of-the-art models and to analyse the effect of each weather profile on the cooperative model. The PSA-DT is a machine learning model based on a probabilistic technique in view of the uncertain nature of electricity consumption, complemented by a DT to reinforce the collaboration of the two techniques. Based on detailed experimental analytics on residential, commercial and industrial data loads, the PSA-DT model with weather profiles outperforms the state-of-the-art models in terms of accuracy to a minimal error rate. This implies that its deployment for electricity demand planning will be of great benefit to various smart-grid operators and homes. / School of Computing / M. Sc. (Computer Science)

The objective of the proposed research is to analyze automated residential energy management technology using primary energy source utilization. A residential energy management system (REMS) is an amalgamation of hardware and software that performs residential energy usage monitoring, planning, and control. Primary energy source utilization quantifies power system levels impacts on power generation cost, fuel utilization, and environmental air pollution; based on power system generating constraints and electric load. Automated residential energy management technology performance is quantified through a physically-based REMS simulation. This simulation includes individual appliance operation and accounts for consumer behavior by stochastically varying appliance usage and repeating multiple simulation iterations for each simulated scenario. The effect of the automated REMS under varying levels of control will be considered. Aggregate REMS power system impacts are quantified using primary energy source utilization. This analysis uses a probabilistic economic dispatch algorithm. The economic dispatch algorithm quantifies: fuel usage and subsequent environmental air pollution (EAP) generated; based on power system generating constraints and electric load (no transmission constraints are considered). The analysis will comprehensively explore multiple residential energy management options to achieve demand response. The physically-based REMS simulation will consider the following control options: programmable thermostat, direct load control, smart appliance scheduling, and smart appliance scheduling with a stationary battery. The ability to compare multiple automated residential energy management technology options on an equal basis will guide utility technology investment strategies.

The world faces the unprecedented challenge of the need change to a new energy era. The introduction of distributed renewable energy and storage together with transportation electrification and deployment of electric and hybrid vehicles, allows traditional consumers to not only consume, but also to produce, or store energy. The active participation of these so called "prosumers", and their interactions may have a significant impact on the operations of the emerging smart grid. However, how these capabilities should be integrated with the overall system operation is unclear. Intelligent energy management systems give users the insight they need to make informed decisions about energy consumption. Properly implemented, intelligent energy management systems can help cut energy use, spending, and emissions. This thesis aims to develop a consumer point of view, user-friendly, intelligent energy management system that enables vehicle drivers to plan their trips, manage their battery pack and under specific circumstances, inject electricity from their plug-in vehicles to power the grid, contributing to frequency regulation.

As redes inteligentes ou smart grids surgiram como um dos principais agentes dentro da reestruturação que o sistema elétrico de potência vem sofrendo há alguns anos. Mais especificamente, essa evolução vem tomando destaque nas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. O surgimento de novos equipamentos, com tecnologia moderna, permite que o sistema seja monitorado em tempo real e manobrado de forma remota mediante as necessidades. Com o objetivo de otimizar cada vez mais as funcionalidades desses equipamentos, aplicando e promovendo sistemas capazes de funcionar de forma autônoma é que estudos vem desenvolvendo novas metodologias para atender as necessidades de recomposição das redes de distribuição diante à alguma anomalia. Um novo conceito que surgiu como vertente das redes inteligentes vem movendo o setor acadêmico e as concessionárias responsáveis pela distribuição de energia chamado reconfiguração de redes de distribuição, vem sendo tema de discussões e estudos sobre as melhores alternativas de implantação. Essa dissertação apresenta um modelo para utilização em sistemas baseado em reconfiguração, que identifique os melhores resultados para o conjunto quando é necessário fazer a transferência de carga de uma subestação de energia por perda em suas fontes de alimentação. O modelo leva em conta os principais índices de qualidade e continuidade de energia obtidos a partir de um método de busca exaustiva selecionando as melhores opções de manobras para reconfigurar os alimentadores mediante a uma anomalia no sistema de distribuição. O método multicritério PROMETHEE é utilizado para definir as melhores sequências de manobra na rede e consequentemente os melhores desempenhos para o sistema após o remanejamento das cargas. O modelo apresenta uma característica um pouco diferente dos que se encontra na literatura, pois não utiliza nenhum método de compensação para melhorar os índices de níveis de tensão e perdas de energia. A metodologia proposta foi avaliada e validade mediante a simulações em uma rede real pertencente a uma concessionária de energia elétrica e seus resultados apresentaram uma melhora significativa para o sistema de distribuição. / Smart grids have emerged as one of the key players in restructuring the electric power system has been suffering for some years. More specifically, this evolution has taken prominence in the electricity distribution networks. The emergence of new equipment with modern technology allows the system to be monitored in real time and operated remotely by the needs. In order to optimize more and more features of the equipment, applying and promoting systems that function autonomously is that research is developing new methodologies to meet the needs of restoration of distribution networks on the abnormality. A new concept that has emerged as component of smart grids has been moving the academic sector and the utilities responsible for distribution of energy called reconfiguration of distribution networks, has discussions and studies theme being on the best deployment of alternatives. This thesis presents a model for use in reconfiguring based systems, identifying the best results for the set when you need to load transfer of a loss of power substation in their power supplies. The model takes into account the main quality indicators and energy continuity obtained from an exhaustive search method selecting the best options maneuvers to reconfigure feeders by an anomaly in the distribution system. The multicriteria method PROMETHEE is used to define the best maneuver sequences on the network and therefore the best performance for the system after the relocation of cargo. The model presents a characteristic slightly different from that found in the literature, it does not use any compensation method for improving the rates of voltage levels and energy losses. The proposed methodology was evaluated and validity by simulations in a real network belonging to an electric utility and the results showed a significant improvement to the distribution system.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da utilização da comunicação de banda estreita via rede elétrica (Power Line Communication - PLC) em ambiente industrial. Para análise, utilizou-se um kit de desenvolvimento para aplicações baseadas em PLC de acordo com o padrão G3-PLC. Ensaios experimentais e resultados são apresentados para diferentes cenários que simulam diversas situações existentes em um ambiente industrial. Demonstra-se a influência da inserção de ruídos no canal PLC, através do acionamento de inversores e motores, afim de verificar a influência desses elementos no desempenho da comunicação PLC. Como base comparativa, utilizou-se a distância máxima de transmissão normalizada da rede ASInterface, muito difundida em ambientes industriais. Recomendações relativas à técnica de modulação e tamanho do pacote de dados são apresentadas. Como resultado final, conclui-se que o padrão de comunicação G3-PLC e sua técnica de modulação ROBO atendem os requisitos de comunicação industrial, principalmente para aplicações de monitoramento de variáveis industriais, onde o tempo não é crítico. / This work presents an analysis of the narrowband communication through the power line (PLC) in an industrial environment. For analysis, a development kit for PLCbased applications according to the G3-PLC standard was used. Experimental tests and results for different scenarios that simulate various situations existing in an industrial environment. An influence of the insertion of noise in the PLC channel is demonstrated by the drive of inverters and motors, in order to verify a nonperformance influence of the PLC communication. As a comparative basis, a maximum standard transmission distance of the AS-Interface network was used, very widespread in industrial environments. Recommendations regarding the modulation technique and the size of the data packet are presented. As a final result, it is concluded that the G3-PLC communication standard and its ROBO modulation technique meet the requirements of industrial communication, especially for industrial variable monitoring applications where time is not critical.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise da utilização da comunicação de banda estreita via rede elétrica (Power Line Communication - PLC) em ambiente industrial. Para análise, utilizou-se um kit de desenvolvimento para aplicações baseadas em PLC de acordo com o padrão G3-PLC. Ensaios experimentais e resultados são apresentados para diferentes cenários que simulam diversas situações existentes em um ambiente industrial. Demonstra-se a influência da inserção de ruídos no canal PLC, através do acionamento de inversores e motores, afim de verificar a influência desses elementos no desempenho da comunicação PLC. Como base comparativa, utilizou-se a distância máxima de transmissão normalizada da rede ASInterface, muito difundida em ambientes industriais. Recomendações relativas à técnica de modulação e tamanho do pacote de dados são apresentadas. Como resultado final, conclui-se que o padrão de comunicação G3-PLC e sua técnica de modulação ROBO atendem os requisitos de comunicação industrial, principalmente para aplicações de monitoramento de variáveis industriais, onde o tempo não é crítico. / This work presents an analysis of the narrowband communication through the power line (PLC) in an industrial environment. For analysis, a development kit for PLCbased applications according to the G3-PLC standard was used. Experimental tests and results for different scenarios that simulate various situations existing in an industrial environment. An influence of the insertion of noise in the PLC channel is demonstrated by the drive of inverters and motors, in order to verify a nonperformance influence of the PLC communication. As a comparative basis, a maximum standard transmission distance of the AS-Interface network was used, very widespread in industrial environments. Recommendations regarding the modulation technique and the size of the data packet are presented. As a final result, it is concluded that the G3-PLC communication standard and its ROBO modulation technique meet the requirements of industrial communication, especially for industrial variable monitoring applications where time is not critical.

Orientador: Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T18:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcantara_MarcioVenicioPilar_D.pdf: 32763443 bytes, checksum: de62ea1f9e48329f99dd1eb8b0ae1724 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A aplicação das tecnologias de Rede Inteligente (RI) no Setor de Energia Elétrica (SEE) vem sendo bastante discutida e estudada nos últimos dez anos, em especial no Brasil nos últimos cinco anos, havendo diversas iniciativas tanto por parte das empresas de energia elétrica, quanto por parte do governo e da academia, mas ainda permanece uma lacuna quanto ao entendimento da melhor forma de se integrar o consumidor final nessas perspectivas. Dessa forma, do ponto de vista de gerenciamento do consumo/geração de energia seria possível racionalizar de forma automatizada o uso da energia elétrica, e nesse contexto surgiria a possibilidade de se atender parte da demanda através da Conservação de Energia (CE). Esta tese apresenta um estudo do estado da arte acerca de RI no Brasil e no Mundo e sua aplicação na CE, elencando elementos sobre as novas tecnologias e as diversas formas de aplicação das mesmas para promoção da CE. O texto aponta a necessidade de que as iniciativas existentes no Brasil em termos de Leis, Regulações e Planejamento no âmbito da Eficiência Energética no SEE passe a levar em conta a aplicação de novas tecnologias de controle da carga e de microgeração e minigeração no seu planejamento, em especial que leve em consideração a possibilidade de penetração ampla de tecnologias de geração distribuída. É feita a avaliação da potencialidade da ferramenta de simulação GridLAB-D para simulação dos conceitos associados a RI e CE. Realiza-se uma análise do impacto na mudança do modelo regulatório atual de distribuição de energia elétrica, baseado em remuneração pelo aumento do consumo, para um modelo baseado em remuneração pelo aumento da CE, apontando caminhos para uma nova regulação / Abstract: Application of Smart Grid (SG) technologies in the Power Sector has been extensively studied and discussed in the last ten years, especially in Brazil in the last five years, with various initiatives both by electric utilities, as from government and academia. However, remains a gap in the understanding of how best to integrate the end consumer in these perspectives. Thus, from the standpoint of power management/power generation would be possible to automated rationalize the use of electricity, and in this context arise the possibility to meet part of the demand through the Energy Conservation (EC). This thesis presents a study on the state of the art of SG in Brazil and in the World and its application in EC, listing information about new technologies and different ways of applying them to promote the EC. The text points out the need for existing initiatives in Brazil in terms of Laws, Regulations and Planning under the Energy Efficiency in the Power Sector pass to take into account the application of new technologies for load control in its planning in particular taking into account the possibility of large penetration of distributed generation technologies. It is evaluated the capability of GridLAB-D simulation tool for simulation of the concepts associated with SG and EC. Carried out an impact analysis of the change in the current regulatory model for the distribution of electricity, based on compensation by increased consumption, to a model based on compensation by increased EC, indicating paths for new regulation / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Creative ways of utilising renewable energy sources in electricity generation especially in remote areas and particularly in countries depending on imported energy, while increasing energy security and reducing cost of such isolated off-grid systems, is becoming an urgently needed necessity for the effective strategic planning of Energy Systems. The aim of this research project was to design and implement a new decision support framework for the optimal design of hybrid micro grids considering different types of different technologies, where the design objective is to minimize the total cost of the hybrid micro grid while at the same time satisfying the required electric demand. Results of a comprehensive literature review, of existing analytical, decision support tools and literature on HPS, has identified the gaps and the necessary conceptual parts of an analytical decision support framework. As a result this research proposes and reports an Iterative Analytical Design Framework (IADF) and its implementation for the optimal design of an Off-grid renewable energy based hybrid smart micro-grid (OGREH-SμG) with intra and inter-grid (μG2μG & μG2G) synchronization capabilities and a novel storage technique. The modelling design and simulations were based on simulations conducted using HOMER Energy and MatLab/SIMULINK, Energy Planning and Design software platforms. The design, experimental proof of concept, verification and simulation of a new storage concept incorporating Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) fuel cell is also reported. The implementation of the smart components consisting Raspberry Pi that is devised and programmed for the semi-smart energy management framework (a novel control strategy, including synchronization capabilities) of the OGREH-SμG are also detailed and reported. The hybrid μG was designed and implemented as a case study for the Bayir/Jordan area. This research has provided an alternative decision support tool to solve Renewable Energy Integration for the optimal number, type and size of components to configure the hybrid μG. In addition this research has formulated and reported a linear cost function to mathematically verify computer based simulations and fine tune the solutions in the iterative framework and concluded that such solutions converge to a correct optimal approximation when considering the properties of the problem. As a result of this investigation it has been demonstrated that, the implemented and reported OGREH-SμG design incorporates wind and sun powered generation complemented with batteries, two fuel cell units and a diesel generator is a unique approach to Utilizing indigenous renewable energy with a capability of being able to synchronize with other μ-grids is the most effective and optimal way of electrifying developing countries with fewer resources in a sustainable way, with minimum impact on the environment while also achieving reductions in GHG. The dissertation concludes with suggested extensions to this work in the future.

M.Com. (Informatics) / Critical Infrastructure is the term used to describe assets that are of utmost importance, or in other words, essential in the functioning of an environment. Societies depend on their critical infrastructure in order to maintain and continuously improve on their population’s standard of living. The creation of more self-sustainable methods of energy consumption and generation drives towards the creation of a better and more efficient evolution of the power grid critical infrastructure, named the smart grid. The introduction of the smart grid brought in a paradigm shift towards the practices used to manage the generation and distribution of electric power. The introduction of highly capable information systems to intrinsically work with current power grid technologies provided the ability to enhance economic and environmental efficiency of power systems. Although providing a wide variety of benefits, such information systems also created new points of vulnerabilities, which if exploited, place the smart grid at risk of disruptions. In order to address the security issues that occur at the application and data exchange level of smart grid information systems, the dissertation proposed the use of a security model to protect the smart grid. The Multi-Agent Smart Grid Security (MA-SGS) model is based on the use of multiple autonomous intelligent software agents which attempt to create operational stability and efficiency in the smart grid...

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la gestion décentralisée des données récoltées par les réseaux de capteurs dans le contexte des réseaux électriques intelligents (smart grids). Nous proposons une architecture décentralisée basée sur les systèmes multi-agents pour la gestion des données et de l’énergie dans un smart grid. En particulier, nos travaux traitent de la gestion des données des réseaux de capteurs dans le réseau de distribution d’un smart grid et ont pour objectif de lever deux verrous essentiels : (1) l'identification et la détection de défaillances et de changements nécessitant une prise de décision et la mise en œuvre des actions correspondantes ; (2) la gestion des grandes quantités de données qui seront récoltées suite à la prolifération des capteurs et des compteurs communicants. La gestion de ces informations peut faire appel à plusieurs méthodes, dont l'agrégation des paquets de données sur laquelle nous nous focalisons dans cette thèse. Nous proposons d’agréger (PriBaCC) et/ou de corréler (CoDA) le contenu de ces paquets de données de manière décentralisée. Ainsi, le traitement de ces données s'effectuera plus rapidement, ce qui aboutira à une prise de décision rapide et efficace concernant la gestion de l'énergie. La validation par simulation de nos contributions a montré que celles-ci répondent aux enjeux identifiés, notamment en réduisant le volume des données à gérer et le délai de communication des données prioritaires / This thesis focuses on the decentralized management of data collected by wireless sensor networks which are deployed in a smart grid, i.e. the evolved new generation electricity network. It proposes a decentralized architecture based on multi-agent systems for both data and energy management in the smart grid. In particular, our works deal with data management of sensor networks which are deployed in the distribution electric subsystem of a smart grid. They aim at answering two key challenges: (1) detection and identification of failure and disturbances requiring swift reporting and appropriate reactions; (2) efficient management of the growing volume of data caused by the proliferation of sensors and other sensing entities such as smart meters. The management of this data can call upon several methods, including the aggregation of data packets on which we focus in this thesis. To this end, we propose to aggregate (PriBaCC) and/or to correlate (CoDA) the contents of these data packets in a decentralized manner. Data processing will thus be done faster, consequently leading to rapid and efficient decision-making concerning energy management. The validation of our contributions by means of simulation has shown that they meet the identified challenges. It has also put forward their enhancements with respect to other existing approaches, particularly in terms of reducing data volume as well as transmission delay of high priority data