Les objectifs principaux de cette thèse sont d'identifier les défis et stratégies afin de mettre en œuvre des solutions de Résilience et de Smart Water Management au niveau des politiques et sur le terrain pour une gestion efficace de l'eau. Au cours de la prochaine décennie, plus de 4 milliard de personnes dans le monde vivront dans des zones de pénurie d'eau, et plus des deux tiers de la population mondiale seront confrontés à des conditions de stress hydrique. Cette pénurie d'eau future nécessite une action immédiate sur le développement des ressources, la réduction de la demande et une plus grande efficacité dans le traitement et la transmission. En outre, la gestion future des risques d'inondation nécessite des mesures immédiates dans les domaines de l'évaluation des risques, des systèmes de défense et d'atténuation, des systèmes de prévision et d'alerte, et des mesures institutionnelles et de gouvernance. Avec les impacts du changement climatique, les événements extrêmes seront plus fréquents et sévères. En conséquence, il est nécessaire d'adopter des stratégies alternatives plutôt qu’une approche traditionnelle « prédire et prévenir », qui se concentre principalement sur la réduction de la probabilité d'apparition de perturbations; ce type d'approche a souvent conduit à une construction extensive de digues de protection, à des protections contre les inondations et à d'autres solutions structurelles le long des rivières et des plaines inondables, créant un faux sentiment de sécurité qui augmente la vulnérabilité aux conséquences d'éventuelles inondations. La première moitié de la thèse explore diverses applications des stratégies de résilience aux inondations et les solutions disponibles qui sont et qui peuvent être mises en œuvre pour atténuer les impacts des inondations. L'efficacité des solutions de résilience aux inondations est également examinée, grâce à des simulations hydrologiques hydrauliques d'une étude de cas réelle en Corée du Sud. À partir de cette analyse, des conseils et des stratégies sont développées : la gestion intelligente de l'eau s’avère être un outil permettant la mise en œuvre de solutions de résilience aux inondations, et offrant d’importantes synergies avec les concepts de résilience aux inondations. La seconde moitié de la thèse explore le concept de Smart Water Management et examine les technologies nécessaires à sa mise en œuvre, ainsi que les défis et limites de ces technologies. Des études de cas sur des projets réussis de mise en œuvre de gestion intelligente de l’eau sont étudiées et utilisées pour valider l'orientation et les plans d'action pour la mise en œuvre de gestion intelligente de l’eau. De plus, un cadre de mise en œuvre du système d’eau intelligent pour une ville urbaine est proposé, comprenant le système de demande en eau et le système d'approvisionnement en eau, ainsi qu'un indicateur de détection de fuites pour le système d'approvisionnement en eau. Enfin, on examine l'importance des connexions intelligentes entre les différents domaines d'une ville intelligente avec le système d'eau intelligent et comment ces connexions se produisent dans le système d'eau intelligent. / The key aims of this thesis are to identify the challenges and strategies for implementing Flood Resilience and Smart Water Management (SWM) solutions at both the policy and field level to for efficient water management. In the next decade, more than 4 billion people worldwide will be living in areas of water scarcity and more than two thirds of the world’s population will face water-stressed conditions. This future water shortage requires immediate action on development of resources, reduction of demand and higher efficiency in treatment and transmission. In addition, future flood risk management requires immediate action in risk assessment, defence and alleviation systems, forecasting and warning systems and institutional and governance measures. And with the climate change impacts, extreme events will be more frequent and severe. As a result, there is a necessity to adopt alternative strategies rather than the traditional predict-and-prevent approach which mainly focuses on reducing the probability of occurrence of disturbances; where this type of approach often led to an extensive construction of protection dykes, flood defences and other structural solutions along river channels and floodplains, creating a false sense of safety, which increases the vulnerability to the consequences of possible floods. The first half of the thesis explores the various applications of flood resilience strategies and the available solutions that are and can be implemented to mitigate flood impacts. It also examines the effectiveness of flood resilience solutions through hydrological hydraulic simulations of a real case study in South Korea. From the analysis, recommendations and strategies are developed where it is found that Smart Water Management is an enabler for the implementation for Flood Resilience solutions and has great synergy with Flood Resilience concepts. The second half of the thesis explores the concept of Smart Water Management and discusses the technologies required for the implementation and their challenges and limitations. Successful case studies of smart water solution implementations are investigated and used to validate the direction and action plans for the implementation of smart water solutions. In addition, a framework for the implementation of Smart Water System for an urban city, which includes the water demand system and water supply system, as well as a leakage detection indicator for water supply system are proposed. Finally, it discusses the importance of smart city connections between the different domains of a smart city with the smart water system and how these connections occur within the smart water system.

Intermittent water supply is a major challenge in informal settlements (slums) in Nairobi, Kenya. Smart water man- agement is an emerging technology that uses sensory net- works for continuous monitoring of water infrastructure to detect anomalies and inform effective distribution of wa- ter resources. This thesis investigates how visualization of data collected from the water network can support the lo- cal water utility in the Nairobi slums in improving water distribution, including maintenance and development. An explorative qualitative study, including interviews with util- ity staff members and field observations informed the devel- opment of three conceptual prototypes to propose how the collected data could be incorporated in the water utility’s practices. The design of the prototypes lead to a discussion on how smart water management can be adapted to the specific challenges of the context. The thesis concludes by suggesting that a successful implementation of smart water management, besides supporting efforts directly related to the slum areas, must also address the problems of inefficient and inequitable water allocation concerning the whole city of Nairobi. ­­ / Oregelbunden vattenförsörjning är en stor utmaning i informella bosättningar (slumområden), i Nairobi, Kenya. Smart water management är ett ny tekniskt område som använder sensornätverk för kontinuerlig övervakning av vatteninfrastrukturer för att upptäcka avvikelser, som t.ex. läckage, och informera effektiv distribution av vattenresurser. Denna studie undersöker hur visualisering av data som samlats från vattennätet kan stödja det lokala vattenbolaget i Nairobi i arbetet med att förbättra vattendistributionen, inklusive underhåll och utbyggnad. En explorativ kvalitativ förstudie baserad på intervjuer med anställda på vattenbolaget och fältobservationer användes som underlag för en designprocess av interaktiva datavisualiseringar. I designprocessen skapades tre konceptuella prototyper som exemplifierar hur den insamlade datan skulle kunna inkorporeras i vattenbolagets praxis. Utformningen av prototyperna ledde till en diskussion om hur smart water management kan anpassas till de särskilda förutsättningarna i Nairobis informella bosättningar.  En lyckad implementation av smart water management måste, förutom att stödja de insatser direkt relaterade till de informella bosättningarna, också adressera problematiken gällande ineffektiv och ojämlik fördelningen av vattenresurser i hela staden Nairobi.

The innovation of electrical utilities in creating smart electrical grids has superseded that of water utilities in analogous efforts. While many water utilities are now using smart water technologies, they lack the virtual command center that allows for two-way communication for more effective forecasting, load balancing, preventive methods, emergency and master planning, and level of service delivery while ensuring environmental justice and enhancing the responsible use of resources. In this dissertation, I propose the idea of the Integrated Water Distribution System (IWDS) to overcome this challenge. IWDS coordinates management of water supply and demand in a way that benefits both the water utility and the customer. IWDS also allows for greater control over monitoring, operation and maintenance, security, asset management, artificial intelligence, and delivery of water in order to maximize economic, environmental, and social welfare. To provide a way forward for IWDS and bring water services onto a technological level equal to that of other infrastructure systems, I call for greater coordination and integration of smart water technology and data, including environmental justice evaluations, and improved customer engagement. As a demand side management (DSM) tool and smart water technology component of IWDS, smart irrigation controllers (SICs) have the potential to ensure water utilities are resilient to growth and can manage peak day demands. SICs, which interface with soil moisture, evapotranspiration, or weather sensors, have been promoted as a demand-side management tool for this purpose. I review the body of research on residential smart irrigation controllers and their effectiveness. I find that smart irrigation controllers consistently reduce water demand by 15% among general users and more than 40% among indulgent users. A hydraulic model simulation using EPANET demonstrates the effectiveness of residential SICs in shifting and shaving peak demands associated with outdoor irrigation. The pressurized irrigation system for Highland, Utah, USA, is modeled with irrigation demands on a baseline scenario compared to an intervention scenario. By employing the intervention, the water system experiences many positive impacts. Without the peak shifting and shaving adjustments, costly additional capital facility improvements would be needed to maintain the same level of service. The model indicates that the SICs, if providing a 30% conservation effect (intervention scenario with SIC conservation), would shave the peak demand allowing for greater optimization and efficiency. This is the first hydraulic model analysis to demonstrate the DSM effectiveness of SICs.