No / Facial expressions have been studied looking for its diagnostic capabilities in mental health and clues for longevity, gender and other such personality traits. The use of facial expressions, especially the expression of smile, as a biometric has not been looked into great detail. However, research shows that a person can be identified from their behavioural traits including their emotional expressions. In this Chapter, we discuss a novel computational biometric model which can be derived from the smile expression. We discuss how the temporal components of a smile can be utilised to show that similarities in the smile exist for an individual and it can be enabled to create a tool which can be utilised as a biometric.

No / If the face is a window to the soul, then the smile is the light that reflects from the soul. The face conveys much information about a person, be it the identity, gender, feelings or even the thought process, e.g. [10, 13–15]. Since the smile is one of the most complex facial expressions, it is of no surprise that it contains much personality traits and other information about the individual.

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Option market data are quoted in terms of option prices and are fragmented into over 100 individual contract files per day for each symbol. Traders and quantitative analysts compare values of options in terms of implied volatilities. The current project refactors fragmented option price data into implied volatility files organized by stock symbols and expiration dates. Each resulting file comprises the temporal evolution of daily volatility smile curves for every day prior to expiration. Possible analysis enabled by the refactored data is demonstrated.

Yes / Understanding the detailed differences between posed and spontaneous smiles is an important topic with a range of applications such as in human-computer interaction, automatic facial emotion analysis and in awareness systems. During the past decade or so, there have been very promising solutions for accurate automatic recognition and detailed facial emotion analysis. To this end, many methods and techniques have been proposed for distinguishing between spontaneous and posed smiles. Our aim here is to go beyond the present state of the art in this field. Hence, in this work, we are concerned with understanding the exact distribution of a smile – both spontaneous and posed – across the face. To do this, we utilise a lightweight computational framework which we have developed to analyse the dynamics of human facial expressions. We utilise this framework to undertake a detailed study of the smile expression. Based on computing the optical flow across the face – especially across key parts of the face such as the mouth, the cheeks and around the eyes – we are able to accurately map the dynamic weight distribution of the smile expression. To validate our computational model, we utilise two publicly available datasets, namely the CK + dataset in which the subjects express posed smiles and the MUG dataset in which the subjects express genuine smiles. Our results not only confirm what already exists in the literature – i.e. that the spontaneous genuine smile is truly in the eyes – but it also gives further insight into the exact distribution of the smile across the face.

No / This chapter presents an application of computational smile analysis framework discussed earlier. Here we discuss how one could utilise a computational algorithm to distinguish between genuine and posed smiles. We utilise aspects of the computational framework discussed in Chap. 2 to process and analyse the smile expression looking for clues to determine the genuineness of it. Equally, we discuss how the exact distribution of a smile across the face, especially the distinction in the weight distribution between a genuine and a posed smile can be achieved.

As esthetic improvement continues to be a primary goal of orthodontic patients and practitioners, it is important to understand the soft tissue movements that occur during the transition from rest to smile. Advances in technology allow capture of 3-dimesional photographs. The purpose of this study was to quantify the soft tissue changes that occur upon smiling and to compare changes between males and females using 3-dimensional photography. Fifty-four participants had resting and smiling photographs taken with the 3dMDface camera system. The two images were registered on stable facial surfaces, landmarks were placed, and measurements were recorded. Three-dimensional changes occurred in the following regions of the face in both males and females: eyes, ears, nose and lips. Intercommissure width of the lips was shown to increase more in females than males, but males showed increased mobility in landmarks at the base of the nose.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_cdt_dr_arafo.pdf: 455464 bytes, checksum: f9a0c24fab757213c35c142c02f24e89 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a atratividade do sorriso em função do enquadramento fotográfico, da diferença regional, das variações das normas de beleza e do nível de conhecimento dos avaliadores. Três indivíduos do gênero feminino foram selecionados. Um desses indivíduos fez parte do grupo teste e os outros dois, do grupo distrativo. O sorriso da fotografia facial do indivíduo do grupo teste, foi modificado digitalmente para criar fotografias que apresentassem os seguintes sorrisos: (1) ideal controle (I), (2) com desvio de linha média (LM), (3) com presença de diastema (D), (4) com linha do sorriso reversa (LSR), (5) com angulação do plano oclusal (PO), (6) com dente escurecido (E), (7) com desvio dos longos eixos dos incisivos laterais (LD), (8) com comprimento do incisivo central aumentado (IG) e (9) com presença de buracos negros (BN). Essas fotografias foram obtidas em enquadramento bucal e facial. Outras duas seqüência de 9 fotografias com sorrisos manipulados, cada uma proveniente de um dos indivíduos do grupo distrativo, foram obtidas. Participaram como avaliadores: 100 leigos da cidade de Teresina, 100 leigos da cidade de Araraquara e 47 dentistas (17 clínicos-gerais,16 especialistas em Dentística e 14 especialistas em Ortodontia). As quatro seqüências de fotografias foram mostradas em uma mesma sessão, uma seqüência por vez para cada avaliador. Foi pedido que os avaliadores organizassem as fotografias, de cada seqüência, da menos atraente para a mais atraente e, em seguida, atribuísse uma nota individual de 0,0 a 10,0 para cada uma delas. Para análise dos resultados foram empregadas análises de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Tuckey, com o nível de significância de 1%. Não se verificaram diferenças entre as avaliações colhidas dos sorrisos de enquadramento bucal e facial. Não foi constatada diferença estatisticamente significante... / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect that photographic framing, variations from beauty norms, and regional differences and differing levels of dental experience among the evaluators had on the perceived attractiveness of a smile. Three females were selected. One of them was used as a test smile and the other two as a distracting group. The smile in a facial photograph of the test group individual was digitally manipulated to create the following outcomes: (1) ideal control (I), (2) with midline deviation (ML), (3) with diastema (D), (4) with reverse smile arc (RSA), (5) with inclination of the occlusal plane (OP), (6) with a darkened tooth (DT), (7) with axial inclination of the lateral incisors (AI), (8) with increased length of the central incisor (IL) and (9) with black holes (BH). Mouth and facial framings of the photos were made, from both the test group and distracting group. The evaluators were: 100 laymen from Teresina city,100 laymen from Araraquara city and 47 dentists (17 general practitioners, 16 restorative dentistry specialists and 14 orthodontic specialists). The four sequences of photographs were shown in a single session, one sequence at a time to each evaluator. The evaluators were asked to organize the photographs, of each sequence, in ascending order of attractiveness, and to mark them individually from 0 to 10. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tuckey’s test (p<0.01). No statistical difference was found between the facial and mouth framings. Nor was any statistical difference found between laymen from different regions. The difference of dental experience between laymen and dentists and between different dental specialists, did not affect the judgment of the smiles. As for the esthetic variations, it was found that the smiles I, OP, AI and ML received the highest marks; the smiles IL, DT and D got medium marks,...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-02-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_cdt_me_arafo.pdf: 1007694 bytes, checksum: 511e67ee8c6a6729c9bf1567a84a4cd0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente estudo se propôs a avaliar o grau de percepção da atratividade do sorriso em função dos seguintes fatores: variações das normas de beleza, conhecimento dos avaliadores e enquadramento fotográfico. Alterações digitais foram realizadas nos sorrisos de fotografias faciais de dois indivíduos de sexos distintos, a fim de enquadrá-las nas normas estéticas estabelecidas pela literatura. Após as alterações, as fotografias foram cortadas em âmbito bucal para que os sorrisos também fossem avaliados neste enquadramento. Para cada enquadramento foram criados 11 sorrisos: uma do sorriso ideal controle (I) (sorriso ideal segundo normas consideradas) e 10 variações individuais de cada uma das normas consideradas a saber: 1) Desvio de linha média- 2mm (LM2) e 3 mm (LM3); 2) Linha do sorriso- linha do sorriso reta (LSR) e linha do sorriso reversa (LSRV); 3) Angulação incisivos laterais- 10º para mesial (A10m) e 10º para distal (A10d); 4) Diastema: 0.5mm e 1mm e 5) Proporção dental- proporção de Alber e proporção de Platão, totalizando 44 fotografias. Estas foram avaliadas individualmente por 4 examinadores, 2 especialistas em dentística e 2 leigos, utilizando a escala visual analógica (VAS), em duas sessões de análise. Puderam ser observadas diferenças entre avaliações feitas por dentistas e leigos. Para algumas fotografias a atratividade do sorriso se modificou quando avaliado este nos diferentes enquadramentos. Foi observado que o sorriso ideal controle, de ambos sexos e âmbitos de avaliações, mostrou maior atratividade que os sorrisos com variações nas normas estéticas. Os sorrisos que continham grandes diastemas e linha do sorriso reta ou invertida obtiveram maior prejuízo da atratividade do sorriso. As três proporções matemáticas (Alber, Platão e Proporção Áurea) determinaram elevados níveis de atratividade... . / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the perception degree of the smile attractiveness due to the following factors: variations of beauty patterns, knowledge of the examiners and photographic framing. Digital alterations were made in facial photographs of 2 individuals of both sexes in order to fit them into the esthetical patterns established by the literature. After the alterations, the photographs focused the mouth so as the smiles could also be evaluated in this framing. For each framing, eleven smiles were created: one of the control ideal smile (I) (ideal smile according to the patterns considered) and 10 individual variations of each one of the patterns considered, as follows: 1) midline deviation - 2mm (LM2) and 3 mm (LM3); 2) Smile line - straight smile line (LSR) and inverted smile line (LSRV); 3) Lateral incisors angulation - 10º towards mesial (A10m) and 10º towards distal (A10d); 4) Diastema: 0.5mm and 1mm and 5) Dental proportion - Alber's proportion and Plato's proportion, totaling 44 photographs, which were individually evaluated by 4 examiners, 2 specialists in operative dentistry and 2 laypeople, using the analogical visual scale (VAS), in 2 sessions of analysis. Differences could be observed between the evaluations made by dentists and laypeople. The smile attractiveness has changed for some photographs when they were evaluated in the different framing alterations. It was possible to observe that the control ideal smile of both sexes and different evaluation ambits showed a more intense attractiveness than the smiles with variations of the esthetical patterns. Large diastemas and also straight or inverted smile lines were the conditions which strongly harmed the smile attractiveness. The three mathematical proportions (Alber's, Plato's and The Golden Proportion) determined high levels of... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

Orientador: Osmir Batista de Oliveira Júnior / Banca: José Roberto Cury Saad / Banca: Dirceu Barnabé Raveli / Banca: Adriana Márcia Belloti / Banca: Leonardo Buso / Resumo: O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a atratividade do sorriso em função do enquadramento fotográfico, da diferença regional, das variações das normas de beleza e do nível de conhecimento dos avaliadores. Três indivíduos do gênero feminino foram selecionados. Um desses indivíduos fez parte do grupo teste e os outros dois, do grupo distrativo. O sorriso da fotografia facial do indivíduo do grupo teste, foi modificado digitalmente para criar fotografias que apresentassem os seguintes sorrisos: (1) ideal controle (I), (2) com desvio de linha média (LM), (3) com presença de diastema (D), (4) com linha do sorriso reversa (LSR), (5) com angulação do plano oclusal (PO), (6) com dente escurecido (E), (7) com desvio dos longos eixos dos incisivos laterais (LD), (8) com comprimento do incisivo central aumentado (IG) e (9) com presença de buracos negros (BN). Essas fotografias foram obtidas em enquadramento bucal e facial. Outras duas seqüência de 9 fotografias com sorrisos manipulados, cada uma proveniente de um dos indivíduos do grupo distrativo, foram obtidas. Participaram como avaliadores: 100 leigos da cidade de Teresina, 100 leigos da cidade de Araraquara e 47 dentistas (17 clínicos-gerais,16 especialistas em Dentística e 14 especialistas em Ortodontia). As quatro seqüências de fotografias foram mostradas em uma mesma sessão, uma seqüência por vez para cada avaliador. Foi pedido que os avaliadores organizassem as fotografias, de cada seqüência, da menos atraente para a mais atraente e, em seguida, atribuísse uma nota individual de 0,0 a 10,0 para cada uma delas. Para análise dos resultados foram empregadas análises de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Tuckey, com o nível de significância de 1%. Não se verificaram diferenças entre as avaliações colhidas dos sorrisos de enquadramento bucal e facial. Não foi constatada diferença estatisticamente significante...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect that photographic framing, variations from beauty norms, and regional differences and differing levels of dental experience among the evaluators had on the perceived attractiveness of a smile. Three females were selected. One of them was used as a test smile and the other two as a distracting group. The smile in a facial photograph of the test group individual was digitally manipulated to create the following outcomes: (1) ideal control (I), (2) with midline deviation (ML), (3) with diastema (D), (4) with reverse smile arc (RSA), (5) with inclination of the occlusal plane (OP), (6) with a darkened tooth (DT), (7) with axial inclination of the lateral incisors (AI), (8) with increased length of the central incisor (IL) and (9) with black holes (BH). Mouth and facial framings of the photos were made, from both the test group and distracting group. The evaluators were: 100 laymen from Teresina city,100 laymen from Araraquara city and 47 dentists (17 general practitioners, 16 restorative dentistry specialists and 14 orthodontic specialists). The four sequences of photographs were shown in a single session, one sequence at a time to each evaluator. The evaluators were asked to organize the photographs, of each sequence, in ascending order of attractiveness, and to mark them individually from 0 to 10. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tuckey's test (p<0.01). No statistical difference was found between the facial and mouth framings. Nor was any statistical difference found between laymen from different regions. The difference of dental experience between laymen and dentists and between different dental specialists, did not affect the judgment of the smiles. As for the esthetic variations, it was found that the smiles I, OP, AI and ML received the highest marks; the smiles IL, DT and D got medium marks,...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor