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Cigarette taxation is a topic which economists have focused on for years. The purpose of the cigarette tax is to force individuals who engage in risky activities to pay for the negative externalities caused by said activities. In the case of cigarette smoking, the notion has been that society as a whole subsidizes the smoking related external expenses through programs such as Medicare, Medicaid and group life and health insurance. At the center of this debate is "Cigarette Taxation and the Social Consequences of Smoking" by W. Kip Viscusi. Viscusi's paper written in 1995 for the NBER publication Tax Policy and the Economy contains estimates of both the net external costs and benefits of smoking. This paper evaluates the confidence level of Viscusi's external cost and savings estimates and assesses the impact of error terms on his conclusions. By allowing the potential for error to factor into the cost estimates of external costs per pack, Viscusi's point estimate becomes questionable. / Master of Arts

Syfte: Att utvärdera vilken rökavvänjnings metod som är mest effektiv vid kronisk obstruktiv lungsjukdom. Det som undersöktes var de förbättringar i patientresultatet av de olika rökavvänjnings metoderna. Mål: Databassökning samt identifiering av relevant litteratur.Bedömning av kvaliteten på de inkluderade studierna ochsammanställning och sammanfattning av dokumentationen respektive resultat. Studie typer: Sammanställningar och systematiska sammanställningar. Källor: MEDLINE, CINAHL och Cochrane Bibliotek. Metoder: Litteratursökning utfördes, sammanställningarna bedömdes med AMSTAR 2 och PRISMA formulären. Informationen sammanställdes i tabell som sammanfattade resultaten. Resultat: 10 systematiska sammanställningar med medel till hög PRISMA och AMSTAR 2 poäng samlades med en variation av 370 – 13000 KOL-patienter. Dödlighet, sjuklighet och livskvalité visade positiva resultat, andel personer som slutade röka visade också signifikanta siffror.Slutsats: Det finns bevis av interventioner som har positiv effekt på KOL-patienter att sluta röka. Intensiv farmakoterapi rådgivning och motiverande samtal visade bästa resultat för en KOL-patient. / Purpose: To evaluate which smoking cessation method is most effective in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. What was investigated were the improvements in the patient result of different smoking cessation methods. Objective: Database search and identification of relevant literature.Assessment of quality of the included studiescompilation and summary of the documentation and the result. Studies: Reviews and systematic reviews. Sources: MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library. Methods: Literature search was performed, the reviews were assessed with AMSTAR 2 and PRISMA. The information was extracted in tables.Results: 10 systematic reviews with high PRISMA and AMSTAR 2 score were collected with a variety of 370-13000 COPD patients. Mortality, morbidity and quality of life showed positive results, the proportion of people who quit smoking also showed significant numbers. Conclusion: There is evidence of interventions that have a positive effect on COPD patients to quit smoking. Intensive pharmacotherapy counseling and motivational interviewing showed the best results for a COPD patient.

Este trabalho realiza uma reflexao das obras interativas Play Smoking/No Smoking e Collabore; e traca, a partir destas, algumas consideracoes acerca de duas possiveis maneiras de se contar estorias interativas nos meios audiovisuais contemporaneos. Play Smoking/No Smoking e um DVD interativo que destaca a forma de narrar atraves de bifurcacoes e ao mesmo tempo a partir de multiplas escolhas. O interator nesta obra pode optar entre seguir o caminho sugerido pela trama ou navegar em pequenos ou em grandes saltos narrativos. Ja Collabore (do latim trabalhar juntos) e um blu ray interativo que propoe ao interator uma narrativa a partir de pontos de vistas. O interator tem alguns recursos que lhe permite eleger a forma de ver a cena. A interface da obra garante a ele a liberdade de escolher enquadramentos, angulacoes, e por conseguinte, o deslocamento do ponto de vista. / This work makes a study of interactives projects Play Smoking/No Smoking and Collabore and bring some considerations about two possible ways to tell interactive stories in contemporary audiovisual media. Play Smoking/No Smoking is a DVD that highlights the interactive way of narrating through bifurcations and at the same time from multiple choices. In this work the interator can choose between to follow the path suggested by the plot or navigate in small or large jumps narrative. In other way Collabore (from the Latin \"working together) is an interactive blu ray which proposes to the interator from a narrative point of view. The interator has some resources that allows to choose how to view the scene. The interface of the work guarantees the freedom to choose frameworks, angles, and therefore, the displacement of the point of view.