We investigated the efficacy of standard (8-week nicotine, 16-week placebo) vs extended (24-week nicotine) patch therapy for smoking cessation, and the effect of slow nicotine metabolism, indicated by CYP2A6 reduced metabolizer (RM) genotype or low 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio (3HC/COT), on abstinence. RM versus normal genotype predicted lower 3HC/COT. Extended vs standard treatment produced higher abstinence at 24 weeks (32% vs 20%), but not at 52 weeks (both 14%). Low 3HC/COT and RM genotype predicted higher abstinence on extended versus standard treatment at 24 (47% vs 25%, 38% vs 17%) and 28 weeks (34% vs 19%, 23% vs 11%), while high 3HC/COT or normal genotype did not. Within extended treatment, low versus high 3HC/COT predicted higher abstinence at 8 (48% vs 29%), 24 (47% vs 25%), and 28 weeks (34% vs 16%), with similar trends for the genotype effect. Overall, extending nicotine treatment increased abstinence during therapy, particularly for slow metabolizers.

We investigated the efficacy of standard (8-week nicotine, 16-week placebo) vs extended (24-week nicotine) patch therapy for smoking cessation, and the effect of slow nicotine metabolism, indicated by CYP2A6 reduced metabolizer (RM) genotype or low 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine ratio (3HC/COT), on abstinence. RM versus normal genotype predicted lower 3HC/COT. Extended vs standard treatment produced higher abstinence at 24 weeks (32% vs 20%), but not at 52 weeks (both 14%). Low 3HC/COT and RM genotype predicted higher abstinence on extended versus standard treatment at 24 (47% vs 25%, 38% vs 17%) and 28 weeks (34% vs 19%, 23% vs 11%), while high 3HC/COT or normal genotype did not. Within extended treatment, low versus high 3HC/COT predicted higher abstinence at 8 (48% vs 29%), 24 (47% vs 25%), and 28 weeks (34% vs 16%), with similar trends for the genotype effect. Overall, extending nicotine treatment increased abstinence during therapy, particularly for slow metabolizers.

No description available.

The focus of the research study was to investigate the relationship of perceived benefits and perceived barriers to the health behaviors of exercise, nutritional eating practices, and elimination of smoking. Perceived barriers and benefits were measured by a tool developed by Sechrist , Walker, & Pender (1987).A randomized sample of 300 adults living in Indiana were surveyed. The adults were employed by Hooks-Super X, Inc. and were randomly selected from a population of 3200 adults employee.Variables of exercise, nutritional eating practices, and smoking behavior were examined to determine if a relationship existed between the variables and perceived barriers and benefits. Individual items measured the frequency of the variables.Three-way analysis of variance demonstrated that there was a relationship between exercise and perceived barriers and benefits. Chi Square Goodness of Fit demonstrated that age evidenced a significance relationship with exercise.The findings of the study revealed a relationship between the Health Promotion Model and exercise and perceived barriers and perceived benefits. / School of Nursing

Women smokers with heart disease (HD) are at increased risk for negative health effects. At the time of invasive cardiovascular (CV) interventions is a critical opportunity to make lifestyle changes to reduce future CV interventions. The purposes of this study guided by the Health Belief Model were to determine which factors predict smoking cessation (SC) in women following an invasive CV procedure and to explore assistance received with SC. A correlational, prospective design was used. Data were collected from women smokers at the time of an invasive CV intervention and three months later. Instruments measured commitment to stop smoking, perceived threat of HD and future interventions, cessation self efficacy, barriers to SC, benefits of SC, cues to action, and motivation. Analyses included Chi-square, t-tests, and multiple, hierarchical, and logistic regression. On average women (N = 76) were middle-aged (M = 55.9 ± 8.0 yrs), smoked M = 15.3 ± 9.8 daily cigarettes and smoked for M = 33.6 ± 10.2 years. At baseline, fewer perceived barriers to SC, high cessation self-efficacy, and being more autonomously motivated to quit smoking explained 67 % of variance in commitment to stop smoking, F (6, 67) = 19.37, p < .001. At 3 months, only 8 (n = 54) women had quit smoking. Women smoked fewer daily cigarettes (M = 10.6 ± SD = 8.5) at 3 months compared to time of procedure (M = 15.3 ± 9.8), t(51) = 3.43, p < .01. Higher baseline cessation self-efficacy and lower HD threat were predictors of SC at three months, X2 (4, N=54) = 18.67, p = .001. At the three month follow up, the most common barrier to SC was anxiety (24%) and cigarette cravings (24%). While women were highly committed and confident they could quit, they reported receiving little help from their health care provider (HCP) other than simple advice to quit smoking. Most women undergoing an invasive CV procedure were unable to quit smoking even with a high desire to do so. Referrals for assistance from HCP to decrease anxiety and nicotine dependence and to address ongoing challenges to SC are needed.

The State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System is an interactive web-based application and data tool providing up-to-date state-level information related to tobacco use. Indicators in STATE present data related to current and former tobacco use, smoking cessation, funding, tobacco-related health costs, and tobacco control policies. The STATE System also serves as a primary data source for many objectives in Healthy People 2020’s Tobacco Use chapter. Currently, there is no common thread between access to information pertaining to Healthy People 2020 objectives and STATE System data. For this reason, a comprehensive evaluation was conducted of the STATE System’s individual reports and static web-content as it relates to Healthy People 2020 objectives. Implications for research and evaluation are intended to educate the Office on Smoking and Health’s staff & colleagues in the states, networks, and territories on identifiable, cross-promotional opportunities that highlight both state and national data.

As shisha smoking is increasing globally, the need for a critical action to control shisha smoking consumption becomes crucial. Despite the success of cigarette warning labels in increasing smokers' awareness of the negative health effects of smoking and in motivating smokers to quit, nothing is known about the potential impact health warning labels may have on shisha users. The current study investigated the perception of effectiveness of text-only versus graphic warning among shisha smokers. This study sought to examine the impact of viewing health warning labels on perceived susceptibility and severity of shisha smoking health hazards, on motivating intentions to quit, and on changing the pattern of shisha smoking. Eligible participants first completed an online baseline questionnaire, and were then randomly assigned to one of three conditions:a control condition, in which they viewed nutrition labels (n=100) , or one of two experimental groups in which they viewed Text- only warning labels (n=117), or they viewed Graphic warning labels (n=125). In each of these three conditions, participants viewed six health warning labels and rated them using likert scale questions immediately following each label. Two weeks later, participants were invited to complete an online follow-up questionnaire. The findings indicate that Graphic tobacco warnings grab participants' attention and elicit unfavourable emotional reactions. Although there was a relatively little impact of viewing health warnings on subsequent shisha use, Graphic warnings significantly improved some of the participants' health knowledge .In addition, Graphic warnings significantly increased smokers' beliefs that shisha is harmful to health and dangerous to non-smokers. Patterns of the findings revealed that quit intentions were relatively higher among those who viewed Graphic warning labels. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the effect of health warnings on shisha smokers. Overall, findings provide modest support for the efficcacy of shisha warnings on establised users. Findings imply that packaging and labelling policies for shisha and shisha products require additional development. Further examination of specific themes and contents of health warnings directed specifically to shisha smokers in different cultural settings will be critical to ensure the relevance of health warnings in distinct cultural settings.

Aim: To examine director’s experiences of the process to implement smoke-free working hours and also their need of support to make it feasible in the municipality of Östhammar. Method: A qualitative interview study with a descriptive design was used. Semi-structured interviews were made with six directors who were selected from different levels, localities and administrations in the municipality of Östhammar. A qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Many positive aspects were pointed out regarding the implementation of smoke-free working hours. The aspects of time and the support which had been offered to the smokers stood out among these. The majority of the directors considered that the support at the time of the implementation had been adequate.  The difficulties that were experienced were mostly related to practical issues. Only a few proposals of support concerning the difficulties that had been experienced were presented. Two of the study’s participants had not experienced difficulties. Two positive effects of the policy were reduction in smoking or quitting smoking. Particularly one director stated that the policy did not function at all up to that point. The requested types of support in the future were continuing existing support, activities connected to the policy and a follow-up of the policy. Conclusion: The experiences of the informants were that the implementation process has functioned well with the exception of a few particular difficulties. Few proposals of support emerged in addition to already existing ones. Some form of activity connected to the policy or a follow-up of the policy is important to once again make it a pressing issue.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka metoder till rökstopp som fanns uttryckta i litteraturen samt beskriva vilken effekt dessa metoder hade, då detta är en avgörande behandling för patienter med Kronisk Obstruktiv Lungsjukdom. För att påvisa artiklarnas kvalitet granskades dessa med avseende på urvalsgrupp i relation till föreliggande studies syfte. Studiens metod utformades med en deskriptiv design. Litteratursökning utfördes i databaserna Cihnal och Pubmed (Medline) vilket resulterade i 15 artiklar som denna studie baserats på. Resultatet som framkom var att metoderna antingen var ickefarmakologiska eller farmakologiska. De ickefarmakologiska var: rådgivning, spirometri, presenterad lungålder. De farmakologiska metoderna var: NRT (plåster, tuggummi, nässpray, inhalator, sublingualtablett, sugtablett), antidepressivum (Bupropion, Nortriptylin), Vareniclin (binder till samma receptor som nikotin) och Selegilin (MAO-B hämmare). De flesta metoderna visade sig effektiva i förhållande till placebo och ofta uppmättes statistiskt signifikanta skillnader där emellan. Kunde inte statistisk signifikans uppmätas, visade sig resultaten ändå vara positiva. Slutsatsen av studien tyder på att alla metoder till rökstopp är bra, men vissa gav ett bättre intryck av effektivitet. Med mer utbildning och framtida forskning hoppas föreliggande studies författare att valet av rökstoppsmetod anpassas individuellt beroende på patientens förutsättningar och behov. / The aim of this study was to describe methods for smoking cessation that has been expressed in literature and to describe the efficacy of the methods, thus it is a crucial treatment for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. To show the quality of the articles, their sample groups were examined in relation to the aim of present study. The method of the study was formed with a descriptive design. The articles were obtained via databases Cihnal and Pubmed (Medline) which resulted in 15 articles that based this study. The results showed that the methods either were non-pharmacological or pharmacological. The non-pharmacological methods were: counseling, spirometry, presentation of lung-age. The pharmacological methods were: NRT (patch, chewing gum, nasal spray, inhalator, sublingual tablet, lozenge), antidepressants (Bupropion, Nortriptyline), Varenicline (binds to the same receptor as nicotine) and Selegilin (MAO-B inhibitor). Most of the methods showed efficacy in relation to placebo and statistical significance was often measured. Even if the difference was not significant, the results were often positive. The conclusion of the study showed that all methods were good, but some of them were more effective. With more education and future research the authors of this study hope that the choice of method for smoking cessation adapts individually regarding to the patient’s condition and needs.

Syftet var att beskriva en grupp värmländska ungdomars tobaks- och munhälsovanor samt undersöka möjliga associationer av dessa till ett tobakspreventivt program i skolan och tilltro till egen förmåga (self-efficacy). Urvalet var elever (15-16 år, n=631) som genomgått ett tobakspreventivt program med information och värderingsövningar i klass 5 och 7. Rökning var vanligare bland flickor än bland pojkar (13% resp 8%), med omvänt förhållande avseende snusning (6% resp 15%). Tandborstning &lt;2 gånger/dag var vanligare bland pojkarna (21%) än bland flickorna (12%). Flickorna hade som grupp lägre self-efficacy. Hög grad av self-efficacy gav signifikant högre sannolikhet att uppleva påverkan av tandvårdens tobakslektioner (p=0.004). I en multivariat modell identifierades tre signifikanta riskfaktorer för att inte uppleva påverkan av tandvårdens tobakslektioner: snusning (OR 2.77; 95% CI 1.42-5.41), låg self-efficacy (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.19-2.42) och boende utan två vuxna (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.17-2.51). Ålder &lt;15 år (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.46-0.93) gav lägre risk för att inte uppleva påverkan. Stratifierat på kön kvarstod statistisk signifikans av samtliga ovanstående variabler för flickor och boende utan två vuxna för pojkar.  Den kunskap som genererats i studien kan ge underlag för planering av preventions- och promotionsstrategier både i den kliniska verksamheten och vid hälsofrämjande arbete i skolan. / The aim was to examine adolescents in the Swedish county of Värmland, their tobacco and oral health habits, and possible associations of these to a tobacco prevention program and their self-efficacy. The sample were students (15-16 years, n = 631) who had undergone a tobacco prevention program in grade 5 and 7. Smoking was more common among girls than among boys (13% vs. 8%), with inverse relationship for snus use (6% vs. 15%). Toothbrushing &lt;2 times/day were more common among boys (21%) than among girls (12%). The girls had as a group, lower self-efficacy. High degree of self-efficacy entailed a greater probability for self-perceived impact of tobacco lessons (p = 0.004). In a multivariate model three significant risk factors for not experiencing influence from tobacco lessons were identified: snus use (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.42-5.41), low self-efficacy (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.19-2.42) and living without two adults (OR 1.71; 95% CI 1.17-2.51). Age &lt;15 years (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46-0.93) yielded a lower risk for not experiencing influence. Stratified on gender statistical significance persisted regarding all above for girls and living without two adults for boys.  The knowledge generated in this study may serve as a base for planning of prevention and promotion strategies in both clinical practice and in schools.