BACKGROUND: There are limited studies that have explored smoking predictors among Ugandan adolescents over time. This study investigated factors influencing smoking among Ugandan adolescents between 2007 and 2011. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data from 2007 and 2011 Ugandan Global Youth Tobacco Surveys (n=7,505). Data analysis included chi-square and multivariate logistic regression. The level of statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. RESULTS: Of the participants, 49.9% (n=3,746) were smokers. Over time, there was a reduction in the prevalence of smoking among boys (10.8% vs. 6.1%; p=0.01), but not among girls (5.0% vs. 4.8%; p=0.48). After controlling for potential confounders, having both parents smoking (OR=7.52; 95%CI: 1.23-45.91), close friends smoking (OR= 6.59, 95%CI: 3.70-11.74) and exposure to second-hand smoke at home (OR= 3.69, 95%CI: 2.0-6.74) were associated with increased odds of smoking among all Ugandan adolescents. CONCLUSION: Given the observed gender differences in smoking trends, it is recommended that more attention be given to motivating adolescent girls not to take up smoking or, for those who have already started smoking, to quit. Furthermore, in addition to greater enforcement of the ban in public smoking, there is a need for public education to promote the voluntary adoption of smoke-free homes. / Dissertation (MPH)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / MPH / Unrestricted

Darbo tikslas. Įvertinti Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto, Medicinos akademijos, Medicinos fakulteto šešto kurso studentų rūkymo įpročius bei jų ryšį su požiūriu į rūkymą 1995 - 2010 m. Uždaviniai. 1.Nustatyti 1995 - 2010 metais studijavusių Kauno Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Medicinos fakulteto šešto kurso studentų rūkymo įpročius bei jų pokyčius. 2. Įvertinti tiriamųjų požiūrį į rūkymo įtaką sveikatai. 3. Įvertinti rūkančių ir nerūkančių studentų požiūrį į rūkymo kontrolės priemones. Tyrimo metodika. Siekiant įvertinti studentų rūkymo įpročius bei jų ryšį su požiūriu į rūkymą, profilaktinės medicinos ciklo metu naudota anketinė apklausa (N=2311 (695 vaikinai ir 1616 merginos)), atsako dažnis – 79,2 proc.). Statistinė duomenų analizė atlikta naudojantis statistiniu paketu SPSS 19.0 for Windows. Rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimą, nustatyta, kad 1995-2010 m. rūkė 33,8 proc. medicinos fakulteto šešto kurso studentų vyrų ir 16,4 proc. moterų. 25,7 proc. vy rų ir 24,3 proc. moterų nurodė, kad jie metė rūkyti. Visiškai nerūkiusių buvo 40,5 proc. vyrų ir 59,3 proc. moterų. Reguliariai rūkančių studentų vyrų paskutinius tris metus (2008 – 2010 m.) skaičius sumažėjęs beveik dvigubai, lyginant duomenis su ankstesniais metais (nuo 43,5 proc. (2007m.) iki 27 proc. (2008m.)). Moterų mažiausiai reguliariai rūkančių buvo 1995 - 2000 metais (5,7 – 16,4 proc.), nuo 2001 m. padidėjo ir iki 2010 metų kito nežymiai. Didžioji dauguma (83,7 proc.) visų apklaustųjų sutiko, kad rūkymas yra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Objectives. To evaluate smoking habits of the sixth-year students of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Faculty of Medicine and their relationship with regard to smoking between 1995-2010. Goals. 1. To identify smoking habits and their changes of the sixth-year students of the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, who have been studying there between the year 1995-2010. 2. To assess examined students‘ attitude towards the smoking impact on health. 3. To find out the changes of their attitude towards tobacco control measures between the year 1995-2010 and evaluate their opinion of tobacco control considering students‘ smoking habits. Methods of the research. In order to assess the students‘ smoking habits and their relationship with regard to smoking, there was a questionnaire survey (N=2311 (695 men and 1616 women), the response rate – 79.2 per cent) used during the cycle of preventive medicine. The statistical analysi was performed using the statistical package SPSS 19.0 for Windows. Results. 1. After performing the study, it was found out that 33.8 per cent of men and 16.4 per cent of women, studying in Faculty of Medicine between the year 1995-2010, were smoking. 25.7 per cent of men and 24.3 per cent of women stated that they have quit smoking. It was 40.5 per cent of men and 59.3 per cent of women who were non-smokers. The number of regularly smoking male students in the last 3 years (2008-2010) fell almost twofold, comparing the data to... [to full text]

Globally female smoking rates are considerably lower than male smoking rates. However, there is great concern regarding female smoking due to the potential for future increases and the associated harm to health. To gain a better understanding regarding female smoking, this study examines the role of gender equality and economic development in explaining the variability in female smoking rates and female-to-male smoking differentials by examining data from 193 World Health Organization member states. Data on the dependent variables, female smoking prevalence rates and female-to-male smoking prevalence ratio, were obtained from the Tobacco Atlas. Data on independent variables i.e., measures of gender equality and gross national income per capita, proxy measure for economic development, were obtained from the 2005 Human Development Report, Central Intelligence Agency, and the World Bank. A composite gender equality index was constructed from the individual measures of gender equality. Multiple regression analysis showed composite gender equality index and gross national income per capita to be significant positive predictors of relative and absolute female smoking rates, with income being a stronger predicator. Individual measures of gender equality failed to show significance with either dependent variable. The results attest to the need for disentangling smoking from the notion of advancement in gender equality and economic development.

Smoking and tobacco industry is one of the most regulated area in majority of world's countries. It's because of government's effort to reduce the smoking prevalence and to protect the public health. But each individual is responsible for his own health, not the state. One of the most frequent measure taken in the fight against smoking is Tobacco advertising ban. However proportion of smokers in population hasn't decreased when the law came into force in Czech republic. It emerges from a variety of surveys that there's not a signifiicant relation between an advertising and consumption of tobacco products. Another measure is the health warnings on tobacco products, which doesn't influence the quantity of smokers at all. Entire smoking ban in privately owned public places harms the proprietary rights. An increasing of excise duty leads to increase in price of cigarettes and thus motivates consumers to go over to cheap cigarettes or smoking tobacco. At the same time the black market grows. The only impact of regulation is relative decrease of tax revenues as well as products' quality, and the rise in the criminality connected with the tax evasion and the cigarettes' black market.