A research report submitted to the faculty of Commerce, Law and Management University of the Witwatersrand in partial fufilment of the requirements for the Degree Masters in Entrepreneurship and New Venture Creation Johannesburg, 2017 / This research report seeks to explore the organised behaviour of faith-based enterprises as a sub-function of social entrepreneurship. By assessing the moral intricacies which form the building blocks of social enterprises, the research report will use literature based on social entrepreneurship to draw parallels between social enterprises and faith-based ventures to suggest that the core of faith-based ventures (FBVs) is to make a social impact not just through disseminating faith, but acting as social agents. Therefore, this research will attempt to explore the extent of faith-based enterprises as a function of social entrepreneurship, identifying the opportunities and capabilities which are seen to be generated by faith, but that have a social impact that goes beyond the faith-based organisation. Using the qualitative research approach, data was collected from six faith-based entrepreneurs in Yeoville, through face-to-face semi-structured interviews, which were conducted over a period of three months to understand the role of the faith-based venture and its social impact. By conducting a qualitative inquiry to facilitate the meaning-making process, face-to-face interviews were conducted to create a naturalistic understanding of the study, particularly assessing their role and their function in society. Biases, feelings and thoughts were recorded in order to understand the participants’ motives, purposes and the causes that underlie these actions. The findings of the study suggest that the role of FBVs acting as social agents are dependent on the reach of their audience, including the extent of their scalability which they have developed which would provide insights into the degree that the faith-based venture can have social impact. This research will conclude having suggested that the “new-age” faith-based ventures have transitioned from only providing the basic faith, to now mimicking a social enterprise, therefore implying that FBVs are another dimension of social entrepreneurship. / MT2017

Le modalità secondo cui iniziative imprenditoriali ad elevato impatto sociale possono amplificare il valore sociale creato mediante la propria attività costituisce uno dei temi più rilevanti per quelle imprese che intendono affrontare piaghe sociali ampiamente diffuse quali la povertà, l'accesso all'educazione e la salute. L'elaborato intende contribuire alla letteratura sull'imprenditorialità sociale discutendo le strategie, i modelli organizzativi e le competenze richieste per massimizzare l'ampiezza dell'impatto e aumentare le probabilità di successo. Tali temi sono discussi in tre articoli. Il primo, intitolato “Scaling social entrepreneurial impact: an open innovation perspective” presenta un modello teorico che mette in relazione tre differenti strategie di amplificazione dell'impatto sociale con le probabilità da parte dell'organizzazione di soddisfare le proprie attese in termini di valore creato atteso e di valore potenziale rivelato. Il modello suggerisce una relazione significativa tra l'adozione di confini organizzativi "aperti" e l'attitudine a rivelare nuovo valore potenziale. Inoltre, il grado di affinità tra i contesti in cui l'innovazione sociale è replicata modera tale relazione. Il secondo articolo, intitolato “Ba creation and Ba expansion in academic-practitioner partnerships in the social entrepreneurship field", fa riferimento all' "organizational knowledge creation theory" e propone, tramite un caso di studio longitudinale, un modello che illustra gli antecedenti della creazione e la successiva espansione del "Ba" nel contesto di una partnership tra un ateneo universitario e un'impresa sociale suggerendo in che modo gli attori coinvolti nel processo di creazione della conoscenza possano modificare i propri ruoli per produrre un impatto sociale superiore. Il terzo articolo, intitolato “Scaling Social Impact: A Replication and Extension of SCALERS” contribuisce alla letteratura replicando il primo test del modello SCALERS in un nuovo contesto internazionale (Italia) e sviluppandolo ulteriormente includendo alcune contingenze specifiche quali variabili moderatrici del modello. / Scaling social impact is among the most relevant challenges that social enterprises face in addressing global issues like poverty, access to education and health. The dissertation aims at contributing to social entrepreneurship literature by dealing with quests about how and why specific strategies and organizational models may improve the likelihood and the magnitude of the impact exerted by social organizations and which capabilities are most needed for impact to be scaled. Those issues are discussed along three essays. The first article entitled “Scaling social entrepreneurial impact: an open innovation perspective” presents a theoretical model connecting three strategies for spreading social innovation to organization’s confidence on achieving expected social impact and revealing new potential value. The model predicts that a strong relationship exists between the adoption of an open organizational structure and the attitude to reveal potential social value. Indeed, context similarity moderates this relation. The second article entitled “Ba creation and Ba expansion in academic-practitioner partnerships in the social entrepreneurship field” - by building on organizational knowledge creation theory - advances a model predicting the antecedents of ba creation and ba expansion within the framework of university – field organization partnerships, this way contributing to the social entrepreneurship field and suggesting how participants in ba creation and expansion may extend their roles in the knowledge creation process to achieve greater impact. The third article entitled “Scaling Social Impact: A Replication and Extension of SCALERS” contributes to the emerging scholarship on scaling of social impact by replicating initial results of the SCALERS model in an international context (i.e., Italy) and including some situational contingencies as moderating variables of the model.

Social entrepreneurship and other new forms such as ecological or sustainable entrepreneurship have emerged as promising new solutions to solve societal problems. Therefore these types of sustainability-oriented entrepreneurship also increasingly attract the interest of researchers, but there is no clear theoretical concept for these emerging research areas yet. As for commercial entrepreneurship, existing research has neglected the influence of contextual factors on the entrepreneurial process. Therefore this topic is not well researched yet and requires an increase in knowledge to keep up with its popularity and potential impact on society. Therefore the research purpose of this study was to systematically analyse how contextual factors, i.e. political & legal, economic, technological, environmental, social and cultural factors, influence the stages of the entrepreneurial process and if this influence differs for commercial and sustainability-oriented entrepreneurs. To fulfill this purpose a theoretical framework depicting the entrepreneurial process in its context was developed, which incorporates the different types of entrepreneurship based on the value they create. In order to adequately explore the research purpose our theoretical framework was applied to the context of Central America. In line with our interpretivistic standpoint we followed an inductive approach with a qualitative, comparative research design of an exploratory nature. We collected secondary data about Central America and conducted a multiple-case study in which we collected primary data from 13 interviews with entrepreneurs being active in Central America. The empirical findings were thoroughly analysed and discussed leading to several interesting results which were used to revise our theoretical framework. Despite a great variety among entrepreneurs we realised that they all undergo the entrepreneurial process and we could therefore successfully apply our theoretical framework. All entrepreneurs are differently influenced by contextual factors in their entrepreneurial process, but disparities are mostly due to the background of the entrepreneurs or the type of venture. Some political and legal, and economic factors have been found to influence commercial and sustainability-oriented entrepreneurs differently, while other economic and social factors rather determine differences between non-profit and for- profit oriented entrepreneurs. This study contributes to theories regarding the influence of contextual factors and concepts in the field of (sustainability-oriented) entrepreneurship as well as methodologies used in this field. It provides considerable practical contributions to entrepreneurs and recommendations for policy-makers which can lead to valuable societal contributions. Throughout the research ethical issues have been considered and quality criteria applied to ensure the trustworthiness of this research.

Submitted by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2011-11-28T13:31:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1418703.pdf: 4591222 bytes, checksum: 704a5c9e586b8098d64e2f4080a48c7d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2011-11-28T13:31:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1418703.pdf: 4591222 bytes, checksum: 704a5c9e586b8098d64e2f4080a48c7d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Estagiário SPT BMHS (spt@fgv.br) on 2011-11-28T13:31:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1418703.pdf: 4591222 bytes, checksum: 704a5c9e586b8098d64e2f4080a48c7d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-28T13:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1418703.pdf: 4591222 bytes, checksum: 704a5c9e586b8098d64e2f4080a48c7d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Esta pesquisa busca compreender como empreendedores sociais constroem e mantêm a sustentabilidade de seus empreendimentos. Para tanto, utilizou-se a metodologia de Estudo de Casos Múltiplos e da análise dos dados coletados em contraste com a teoria existente sobre empreendedorismo social. Os resultados apontaram que a construção dessa sustentabilidade foi composta por aspectos relativos às características dos empreendedores que conceberam e conduzem as instituições e também a fatores relativos ao modelo de negócio adotado nestes empreendimentos. / This study seeks to comprehend how do social entrepreneurs build and maintain the sustentability of their social enterprises. Thus, it was adopted the multiple case study methodology and the analysis of the obtained data in contrast to the extant theory of social entrepreneurship. The results indicated that the build of that sustentability was composed by aspects related to characteristics of the entrepreneurs that conceived and lead the enterprises and also by factors related to the business model adopted on these undertakings.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é identificar os fatores contributivos e os fatores limitadores para negócios sociais nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, por meio do atingimento dos seguintes objetivos específicos: (a) descrever os principais modelos conceituais existentes para negócios sociais, identificando similaridades e diferenças; (b) identificar as percepções dos principais atores sobre negócios sociais nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil; e (c) desenvolver um framework com as principais dimensões de análise, fatores contributivos e fatores limitadores para negócios sociais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória, qualitativa de abordagem direta e de análise descritivo-interpretativa, em duas fases. Na primeira, com pesquisa documental, na segunda por meio de trinta e seis entrevistas semi-estruturadas com atores-chave para negócios sociais no Brasil – empreendedores, suas equipes e organizações apoiadoras. Os dados coletados foram analisados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo e os resultados são apresentados de forma descritiva e sintetizados no framework de análise. Foram identificados oito fatores contributivos e dezoito fatores limitadores, distribuídos em cinco dimensões de análise. / The main objective of this research is to identify the contributing and limiting factors for social businesses in the Brazilian South and Southeast regions. The specific objectives are: (a) to describe the key existing social business conceptual models, making explicit their similarities and differences; (b) to identify the perception of the main players in the field of social business in the Brazilian South and Southeast regions; and (c) to develop an analytical framework with the main analysis dimensions, contributing and limiting factor. It was a two phases exploratory research, qualitative with a direct approach, with descriptive-interpretative analysis. On the first phase, the focus was on a documental research, on the second, the focus was on thirty-six semi-structured interviews with the main players in the field – entrepreneurs, their teams, and supporting organizations. The collected data processed according to the content analysis technique, and the results are presented in descriptive format, being sintetized in the analytical framework. The result were eight contributing factors and eighteen limiting factors, spread across five analytical dimensions.

abstract: Education abroad participants worldwide are often positively transformed by their experiences and, as a result, gain a great deal of knowledge, resources, ideas, and high levels of inspiration which can positively impact the individual, and local and global communities—contributing to global development. However, education abroad participants face challenges and are often not prepared for making lasting positive change in their local and global communities post-education abroad, known as the reentry phase. Moreover, they do not fully understand the potential positive impacts they can have on society as a result of their education abroad experiences. This is of significant importance for a world that continues to rapidly globalize, advance technologically faster than ever before, and faces challenges and opportunities that require globally experienced people. Through surveys and interviews with 156 participants from 32 countries, this transformative mixed methods research provides strong evidence for the high levels of benefits participants gain, and how they are positively transformed and motivated to make local and global impacts after their education abroad experiences. The data provides insights into participant perceptions, ideas, opportunities, and challenges surrounding these topics, and identifies differences and similarities in participant and program types that best prepare, support, and enable participants during the re-entry phase. It also provides insights on how stakeholders (e.g. educational, public, private, non-governmental, civil society, and personal support systems) can transform current research, models, and policies to be able to support participants in becoming social entrepreneur change agents, and forge a more holistic approach towards global education mobility and global development. The more than 4.5 million people that currently engage in education abroad annually is a population projected to increase to more than 8 million participants by 2025. They represent only 0.06% of the world’s 7 billion population from almost all countries, including developing, emerging, and highly developed. Therefore, this unique population of highly educated and globally exposed future world leaders and decision-makers represents a comparatively uniquely privileged group that have the potential (and responsibility) to make important global development impacts after their education abroad experiences. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Global Technology and Development 2016

The development of social enterprises are recognised by the broader community as an effective tool for addressing social problems. As a result, the development and emergence of social enterprise sectors have taken various paths in different geographic regions in the world. For the African context, the withdrawal of funding from the state as a result of external conditions imposed by foreign actors as well as the institutional support provided by foreign aid organisations were the key drivers behind the emergence of the social enterprise sector in Africa. Within the South African context, job creation and poverty alleviation are pressing priorities, both politically and economically, so providing an environment that is conducive for the development of social enterprises or social entrepreneurship. Implementing social entrepreneurship activities in higher education is important as universities are under increasing pressure to become responsive to student needs, and there is a growing scrutiny of their engagement, supportive, and economic role in local communities. By supporting local communities, institutions can broaden the student experience and create an economic impact. In addition, as the student experience entails more than curricular learning opportunities, social entrepreneurship practices are an important dimension for higher learning. This study used a series of case studies of social entrepreneurship projects that were implemented in the classroom of the first and second year Management students on the 2nd Avenue Campus of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU). These case studies highlighted the possibilities of how classroom space and students can be utilised to set-up social enterprises to improve the conditions of the many disadvantaged and disenfranchised communities within which the university functions. At the same time, learning takes place through the practical application of the theory taught in the classroom. From the seven case studies highlighted in the study, a framework was developed to implement social entrepreneurship activities in the context of higher education. This framework includes five steps, namely, motivation and inspiration to develop social enterprises in the classroom, student involvement in creating and developing a product for sale, use of appropriate teaching strategies to provide the learning experience, provision of adequate mentoring and control of the social enterprises and, finally, assessment of the social enterprises. With the funds generated from the projects, communities benefited, for example, the upgrading of community facilities. Educators in higher education institutions are responsible for developing future business leaders. Given the increasing importance of social issues, especially poverty, this educational experience ensured that the students were made aware of the importance of using the powers yielded by business to solve some of these social issues, and thus contribute to the improvement of the South African economy. As a result, social entrepreneurship has a role to play in addressing social and economic issues. For example, the entrepreneurship part of the business will help to alleviate the unemployment strain placed upon the South African economy, whereas, the social part of the business will assist in alleviating poverty. Regarding the implementation of social entrepreneurship activities within the environment of higher education, it is evident from the case studies that successful social enterprises can be established within the classroom and sufficient funds generated to effect positive change within disadvantaged communities. Other higher education institutions in South Africa may find the implementation of social entrepreneurship activities more problematic as they might not possess a similar university culture as the NMMU.

Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar aspectos individuais e organizacionais associados com o processo de aprendizagem organizacional em organizações empreendedoras sociais dos países Colômbia e Brasil. O trabalho realizado caracteriza-se como qualitativo e comparativo, e utilizou-se o estudo de caso como estratégia de pesquisa. A coleta de dados foi realizada, por sua vez, por entrevistas, observações participantes e análise de documentos oficiais nos dois estudos de casos. A análise de conteúdo dos dados mostraram que há um processo de aprendizagem organizacional em estas organizações predominantemente pela coerência entre objetivos pessoais e organizacionais representado em uma intencionalidade por parte dos sujeitos e a organização de transformação social, harmonia que facilitou o processo de aprendizagem organizacional de forma semelhante nas duas organizações pesquisadas. Em quanto aos aspectos organizacionais associados ao processo de aprendizagem mostrou que está associado a padrões culturais organizacionais, memoria, comunicação, estratégia e estrutura organizacional. A constatação da natureza psicossocial do processo de aprendizagem organizacional permeia os processos e procedimentos na organização, sendo transversal em todos os projetos desenvolvidos por estas organizações. Finaliza o documento apresentando algumas reflexões sobre a importância dos elementos individuais na construção de organização e da aprendizagem organizacional nestes contextos / This study centered towards comparing individual and organizational aspects associated with the organizational learning process in social entrepreneurial organizations from Colombia and Brazil. The study developed here characterizes as qualitative and comparative, in which case study is used as the main research methodology. Data collect was done through interviews, participant observations and official document analysis from the case studies organizations. Data analysis demonstrates that there is an organizational learning process with predominance of certain coherence between personal and organizational which manifest itself through a common social transforming intention in the individuals and the organization. This intention made the learning process easier for both organizations alike. About the organizational aspects associated to the learning process it is shown that it it is itself associated with corporate culture patterns, memory, communication, strategy and organizational structure. The establishment of the psychosocial nature of the learning process permeates the processes and procedures of all projects developed across the organization. This work concludes presenting some comments on the importance of individual elements in the construction of the organization and organizational learning on such contexts

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The society we live in faces several conflicting situations. While the technology and innovation develop every day new products that promote significant progress in the conditions of human existence on the planet, frighteningly grows the gap between its availability and the possibilities of access to most humans inhabit it. In this context arises the movement of social inclusion through classical music provided by youth orchestra projects. The research problem that guided this research is: What are the organizational characteristics and the management ways of youth orchestras that promote their sustainability? Its general purpose is: To analyze the organizational characteristics and the management way of youth orchestras Projects that promote their sustainability, in the light of social entrepreneurship and the creative economy. The references focus on creative economy and social entrepreneurship. The object of investigation was the youth orchestra Projects and it was held an exploratory qualitative research. The studied projects were: Baccarelli Institute (Sao Paulo); Neojibá Program (Bahia); Youth Orchestra of Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre); Orchestra Villa Lobos (Porto Alegre); Orchestrarium Program (Santa Maria). The research was structured in three stages (i) documentary; (ii) observation; and (iii) interviews. Data analysis was performed by text analysis, protocols and records analysis, content analysis and triangulation. The main evidence in relation to the projects is its central mission of social transformation in the context of the community where they are inserted. / A sociedade em que vivemos enfrenta diversas situações contraditórias. Ao mesmo tempo em que a tecnologia e a inovação desenvolvem a cada dia novos produtos que promovem avanços expressivos na melhoria das condições de existência humana no Planeta, cresce assustadoramente o vácuo entre a sua disponibilidade e as possibilidades de acesso à maior parte dos seres humanos que nele habitam. Nesse contexto surge o movimento de inclusão social por meio da música clássica proporcionado pelos Projetos de orquestras infantojuvenis. O problema de pesquisa que norteou esta investigação é: Quais as características organizacionais e a forma de gestão das orquestras infantojuvenis que promovem a sua sustentabilidade? Seu objetivo geral é: Analisar as características organizacionais e a forma de gestão dos Projetos de Orquestras Infantojuvenis que promovem a sua sustentabilidade, à luz do empreendedorismo social e da economia criativa. O referencial concentra-se na economia criativa e no empreendedorismo social. O objeto de investigação foram os Projetos de orquestra infantojuvenil e realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória com abordagem qualitativa. Os projetos pesquisados foram: Instituto Baccarelli (São Paulo); Programa NEOJIBA (Bahia); Orquestra Jovem do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre); Orquestra Villa Lobos (Porto Alegre); Programa Orchestrarium (Santa Maria). A pesquisa foi estruturada em três etapas (i) documental; (ii) observação; e (iii) entrevistas. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de análise textual, análise de protocolos e registro, análise de conteúdo e triangulação de dados. A principal evidência em relação aos projetos é a sua missão central de transformação social no contexto da comunidade em que estão inseridos.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T13:03:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-01T14:36:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-01T14:36:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T14:37:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3008739 bytes, checksum: cc98439a201b35e8f62704dad23664e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to analyze the Social Entrepreneurship in the Rural Context in organizations in the countryside of Paraíba. To achieve this goal, the following specific objectives were established: i) characterize social entrepreneurship in the rural context; Ii) identify determining factors in the configuration of social entrepreneurship in the rural context; Iii) identify links between social entrepreneurship and the traits of solidarity entrepreneurship in the rural context; and iv) delimit the elements that characterize the solidarity entrepreneurship in the rural context. Therefore, a review of literature on a critical analysis of economic entrepreneurship was carried out, the question of citizenship in a historical-conceptual perspective, the Social Entrepreneurship (ES) as concept and unfolding, as well as from bibliometric studies, the possible links between the ES and citizenship, and, finally, solidarity entrepreneurship and possible articulations with the ES, since its peculiar aspects are closer to the empirical context studied. The analysis process was guided by the interpretative paradigm and adopted a qualitative approach, since the discussion of the theme was constructed from the analysis of narratives from presidents and participants of organizations originated or belonged to the rural context. The emerged categories, classified in this work as tension mediators, complemented the analysis of social entrepreneurship in the investigated environment in some aspects: the role of the association leader, the community space, the family succession and the role of public agents. The main contributions of this study were: a) the elaboration of a continuum of social entrepreneurship, which presents in an integrated way several unfoldings of the phenomenon and situates one that was evidenced from the empirical studies developed; b) the identification that Solidarity-based Entrepreneurship in the Rural context (ESR) is a phenomenon that dialogues with other variations of the central phenomenon studied, so that we can understand it as a combination of perspectives on the theme, adding as factors of distinction the influence of the stress mediators that play a major role in the (non) development of ESR; c) the elaboration of a framework of reference for a better understanding of the studied phenomenon, which presents the links of the phenomenon itself with elements of other perspectives of social entrepreneurship. The theoretical novelty is also realized in the way the phenomenon is presented, which was not seen in the specific literature related to the subject. So this research offers a contribution that can lead to the development of new reference structures. / Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o Empreendedorismo Social no Contexto Rural em organizações do interior da Paraíba. Para alcançar este propósito, foram estabelecidos os seguintes objetivos específicos: i) caracterizar o empreendedorismo social no contexto rural; ii) identificar fatores determinantes na configuração do empreendedorismo social no contexto rural; iii) identificar vínculos entre o empreendedorismo social e os traços do empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural; e iv) delimitar os elementos que caracterizam o empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura acerca de uma análise crítica do empreendedorismo econômico; da questão da cidadania em uma perspectiva histórico-conceitual; do empreendedorismo social (ES) enquanto conceito e suas manifestações, bem como a partir de estudos bibliométricos; de possíveis vínculos do ES com a cidadania; e, por fim, do empreendedorismo solidário e possíveis articulações com o ES, visto que seus aspectos peculiares estão mais próximos do contexto empírico estudado. O processo de análise orientou-se pelo paradigma interpretativo e adotou uma abordagem qualitativa, uma vez que a discussão da temática foi construída a partir da análise de narrativas realizadas com presidentes e participantes de organizações oriundas ou pertencentes ao contexto rural. Emergiram categorias que complementam a análise do empreendedorismo social no meio investigado, classificadas neste trabalho como mediadores de tensão: o papel do líder da associação, o espaço comunitário, a sucessão familiar e o papel dos agentes públicos. As principais contribuições deste estudo foram: a) a elaboração de um continuum do empreendedorismo social, o qual apresenta de forma integrada diversos representações do fenômeno e situa aquele que foi evidenciado a partir dos estudos empíricos desenvolvidos; b) a constatação de que o empreendedorismo solidário no contexto rural (ESR) é um fenômeno que dialoga com outras variações do fenômeno central estudado, de forma que podemos entendê-lo como uma combinação de perspectivas a respeito do tema, acrescentando como fatores de distinção teórica a influência dos mediadores de tensão que exercem papel de grande relevância para o (não) desenvolvimento do ESR; c) a elaboração de uma estrutura de referência para melhor compreensão do fenômeno estudado, o qual apresenta os vínculos do fenômeno com elementos de outras perspectivas de empreendedorismo social. Percebe-se o ineditismo teórico também na forma como o fenômeno é apresentado, a qual não foi vislumbrada na literatura sobre o tema, contribuição que pode levar ao desenvolvimento de novas estruturas de referência.