Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata da Conceicao Cruz.pdf: 3306924 bytes, checksum: f5a4174fdb9248fb1c5519637991faa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-09 / Grupo Pão de Açúcar / Nowadays, themes like third sector, volunteerism, and social entrepreneurship are highlighted for they are social problems yet to be dealt with by the state. Based on this context, social entrepreneurship, a relatively new concept, arises as a new form of private entrepreneurship but with some differences regarding their objectives: stop seeking personal profit in order to seek solutions for problems from communities, social groups and from specific areas such as health, environment and education, among others. This research aimed at the analysis of this new form of entrepreneurship focusing on the genre issues of the social environment. Initially, it was done a bibliographical research on topics like third sector, volunteerism, social entrepreneurship and genre, this research intended to create a theoretical base for the discussion of such theme. Later a qualitative and quantitative research was done with a sample of social entrepreneurs which resulted on thirty surveys answered in three private interviews. The thesis that social entrepreneurs had already been in the private entrepreneurship has proven to be incorrect. Nonetheless the thesis that these entrepreneurs had above average income and a high instruction level, which allowed them to deal with social issues since their basic needs had been taken care of, has proven to be true. The results have showed also that entrepreneurs from both genres acknowledge the competition in the social sector, and over half of the sample believes that there is a genre competition in the sector. Furthermore, it has been observed that there is a higher concentration of women in the education and health areas and men in economic development and environment areas. However such conclusions can be broadened by the development of new researches / Atualmente, temas como o terceiro setor, voluntariado e empreendedorismo social estão em evidência por tratarem de problemas sociais não resolvidos pelo estado. Neste contexto, o empreendedorismo social, um assunto relativamente novo, surge como uma vertente do empreendedorismo privado, mas com algumas diferenças quanto ao objetivo: deixar de lado o lucro individual para voltar-se à resolução de problemas de comunidades, grupos sociais ou áreas específicas como saúde, meio ambiente, educação, entre outras. Esta pesquisa buscou analisar este novo movimento, focando a questão de gênero no ambiente social. Inicialmente, foi efetuado um levantamento bibliográfico sobre assuntos relacionados como terceiro setor, voluntariado, empreendedorismo e gênero. Tal pesquisa teve o objetivo de criar uma sustentação teórica para a discussão do tema. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa com uma amostra de empreendedores sociais que resultou em trinta questionários preenchidos e três entrevistas individuais. A hipótese de que os empreendedores sociais já haviam atuado no empreendedorismo privado não foi confirmada. Já a hipótese de que os empreendedores possuíam renda acima da média e elevado grau de escolaridade, o que os permitia atuar em questões sociais, pois suas necessidades básicas tinham sido supridas, confirmou-se. Os resultados apontaram também que os empreendedores de ambos os gêneros reconhecem a competição no setor social, e mais da metade da amostra acredita que há competição entre gêneros no setor. Além disso, foi observado que os empreendedores acreditam que existe uma maior concentração do gênero feminino nas áreas de educação e saúde, e do gênero masculino nas áreas de desenvolvimento econômico e meio ambiente. No entanto, tais análises, poderão ser ampliadas com o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas

O modelo econômico capitalista trouxe importantes conquistas e aumento da riqueza global no último século. Porém, a distribuição desta riqueza não acompanhou seu crescimento, gerando desigualdades profundas entre países e entre camadas das suas populações. Este cenário leva a um repensar da forma tradicional de se fazer negócios em diversas partes do mundo, com a visão de que é possível utilizar as ferramentas de mercado para reduzir problemas sociais, configurando os \"negócios sociais\". Estes, fundem em sua missão motivações financeiras e sociais concomitantes. Porém, esta ambiguidade de objetivos frequentemente gera tensões na gestão do negócio, seja por diferenças culturais, trade offs, diferentes horizontes temporais, ou outras situações em que há divergência entre a dimensão social e financeira da organização. Muitas vezes, a solução não está dentro da empresa, mas sim no seu ambiente organizacional. Em diversas destas situações, as variáveis do ambiente são participantes da tensão, fatores facilitadores, ou fatores dificultadores para o gerenciamento da tensão. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar como as tensões entre objetivos sociais e financeiros nos negócios sociais se relacionam com as variáveis do ambiente organizacional. O entendimento destas relações pode auxiliar os gestores a priorizar variáveis a serem monitoradas, identificar previamente possíveis tensões, ou considerar mais informações para tomar decisões em que há divergências entre a dimensão social e financeira da organização. Para atingir este objetivo, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva, através de entrevistas seguindo roteiro semi-estruturado, a 10 gestores de negócios sociais, levantando suas experiências e percepções acerca destas tensões e do ambiente. Foi possível identificar que todas as organizações já vivenciaram estas situações de tensão, porém muitas vezes a tensão representou uma etapa de amadurecimento ou re-alinhamento de objetivos entre os membros da organização. Identificou-se também que as tensões mais frequentes nas organizações estão relacionadas à necessidade de tomar medidas de curto prazo, para sobrevivência financeira, que divergem dos objetivos de longo prazo, de maximizar o impacto social. Muitas das organizações já definiram diretrizes ou critérios de priorização para curto prazo e longo prazo que aceleram o gerenciamento de tensões relacionadas à decisões do dia a dia, porém as situações que acarretam em trade-offs diretos são mais complexas e analisadas caso a caso. Foi possível relacionar diferentes variáveis a diferentes tipos de tensão, sendo que tiveram maior destaque variáveis do ambiente operacional (clientes, governo como cliente, investidores, parceiros estratégicos, cenário tecnológico) e do ambiente interno (valores e aspirações dos proprietários e funcionários). Identificou-se uma sobreposição entre os dois ambientes, uma vez que os valores e aspirações dos investidores e principais parceiros também foram relacionadas a diferentes tensões. / The capitalist economic model brought important achievements and the increase of the global wealth in the last century. However, the distribution of this wealth did not follow its growth, generating severe inequalities between countries and population classes. This scenario leads to a rethinking of the traditional way to do business in many parts of the world, with the vision that it is possible to utilize the tools of the capitalist market to reduce social problems, creating the social business. They combine in their mission both financial as well as social motivations. The ambiguity between social and financial objectives, however, frequently generates tension in managing the business, whether by cultural differences, trade offs between objectives, different time horizons, or in other situatiuons where there is divergence between the social and the financial dimensions of the organization. Often, the solution is not found within the company, but in its organization environment. In several of these situations, the environment variables are part of the tension, factors that either help facilitate or hinder its management. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how the tensions between social and financial objectives in social businesses relate to the variables of the organizational environment. Understanding these relationships can help managers to prioritize variables to be monitored, identify previously possible tensions, or consider more informed decisions in which there are divergences between the social and financial dimensions of the organization. To achieve this goal,a descriptive study was conducted through semi-structured interviews, with 10 managers of social business, assessing their experiences and perceptions of these tensions and the business environment. It was possible to identify that all interviewed organizations have experienced these situations of tension; however, often this tension represented an evolution on the company\'s stage of maturity or the re-alignment of goals between members of the organization. It was also found that the most frequent tensions in organizations are related to the need for short-term measures to guarantee financial survival, which differ from the long-term objectives to maximize social impact. Several organizations interviewed have already set guidelines or prioritization criteria for short and long-term goals that accelerate management decisions related to the tensions of everyday business, but situations that lead to direct trade-offs between financial and social objectives are more complex and are analyzed case by case. It was also possible to identify different variables to different types of tension, where the most prominent were of the operational environment (customers, government as a customer, investors, strategic partners, technological scenario) and internal environment (values and aspirations of the owners and employees). An overlap between the two environments was also identified, as it was possible to relate the values and aspirations of investors and key partners to different tensions.

A questão da saúde é um problema central e ganha destaque na inédita onda de protestos ocorridos em 2013 no país. Isso é ocasionado pelas deficiências de atendimento do Sistema Único de Saúde, utilizado por cerca de 80% dos brasileiros, e pela regulação para soluções privadas. Entretanto, há iniciativas, chamadas de negócios sociais, que utilizam mecanismos de mercado para que as pessoas tenham acesso a medicamentos, tratamentos médicos e odontológicos. Esses empreendimentos atuam na busca por bons resultados financeiros e pelo atendimento de alta qualidade à população carente. Entretanto, os objetivos não são alcançados facilmente, principalmente pela necessidade de monitorar a geração de valor social. Este estudo tem o objetivo de identificar como os negócios sociais na área da saúde lidam com as métricas, principalmente em relação ao impacto social. Foram entrevistados quatro negócios sociais e duas organizações de apoio para entender como essa questão foi abordada e quais foram as principais barreiras. Foi constatado que pouco é feito na análise de impacto, uma vez que o foco das empresas está voltado para a sustentabilidade financeira. Por meio da pesquisa, fica clara a importância da interação com os atores do ecossistema, que contribuem na superação de barreiras e dificuldades na gestão de métricas e, assim, melhoram a avaliação de indicadores. Pelo estágio da gestão de indicadores e pela formação recente desse ecossistema, ainda é precipitado dizer quais serão as consequências da falta de atenção a essas métricas, além de precisar sobre como torná-las ferramentas efetivas de decisões estratégicas - ponto que deverá ser aprofundado em futuras pesquisas. / The health issue is a central problem and gain prominence in the unprecedent wave of 2013 protests around the country. This is caused by deficiencies in the Public Health Care System, used by about 80% of all Brazilians, and by the regulation for private solutions. However, there are initiatives, called social enterprises, which use market tools for people to have access to medicines, medical and dental care. These actions seek good financial results and provide high-quality care to the poor population. The goals are not easily achieved mainly by careful measurement and generation of social value. This study aims to identify how social businesses in healthcare deal with the metrics especially in related to social impact. Four social businesses and two social support organizations representatives were interviewed to understand how these issues were addressed and what the main barriers were. It was noted that little has been done on the impact analysis, since the focus of the companies is facing the financial sustainability. Through research, the interaction with the ecosystem performers is clearly important, contributing to overcoming barriers and difficulties in managing metrics and thus might improve the indicator evaluation. According to the pace of management indicators and the recent formation of this ecosystem it is still too early to say what could be the consequences of the lack of attention to these metrics, also about how to turn them into effective tools for strategic decisions. This topic should be better explored in future research.

Nigerian entrepreneurs face government barriers and lack the skills and awareness needed for successfully creating and scaling public value in resource-constrained environments. The concept of bricolage, which involves doing business by making do with resources at hand, has been addressed in the literature, but not as it occurs among Nigerian entrepreneurs. This study was conducted with the aim of narrowing this gap in knowledge by exploring how Nigerian entrepreneurs have successfully carried out their businesses. The research question addressed how Nigerian entrepreneurs overcame critical situations to successfully address the challenges of scaling and creating public value, and whether the theory of entrepreneurial bricolage can support their actions. A qualitative descriptive single case study with a purposeful sample of 22 interview respondents was employed. A total of 145 critical incidents were analyzed by fitting them into themes constructed a priori from the known behavioral patterns that emerged through the theoretical taxonomy of the concept of entrepreneurial bricolage. The results showed that Nigerian entrepreneurs made do with the resources at hand, improvised, and invoked stakeholder participation and persuasion to solve critical challenges of business continuity. The outcome of the research should help potential entrepreneurs determine strategies to scale their ideas or innovations to achieve positive social change. The results may be useful to any fledgling entrepreneur who needs encouragement when feeling overwhelmed by the challenges of doing business in Nigeria. Budding entrepreneurs can learn from the experiences of those who are deemed successful in their businesses, thereby avoiding challenges when they can and strategizing for those challenges that are unavoidable.

<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Social Entrepreneurship (SE) has been widely spread as a global phenomenon, although many researches have been done, the concept is still hard to define. However, it has been proved that SE has a positive effect on alleviating the social problems. The aim of this research is by the means of comparing three prevalent social enterprise models and analyzing the crucial factor in the social value creation process, to find out an appropriate mode for the Chinese organizations to develop SE, with twofold value creation: social and economic.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Method</strong>: Three companies are chosen as case study: Gefle Chocolaterie, Göranssonska Fonder and Lenovo. Face-to-face interview and phone interview are used to collect the primary data, also some books and articles are applied as secondary data. The analysis model is social enterprise models, and strategic triangle model.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Result & Conclusions</strong>: We find some advantages and disadvantages of social enterprise models, and come to a result that for each case company, because of the difference between crucial factor of the social enterprise model, their strategic triangle model are different as well. There is no fixed social enterprise model for Chinese companies to practice SE, each kind of the model should be adjusted to the specific situation of the company, only in this way, best results can be achieved.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Suggestions for future research</strong>: The information we got from the interviewees may be limited to their point of view, also, bias may occur in the research due to authors’ academic point of view. On the other hand, this research was only based on qualitative data, and the empirical study, which was not enough, hence, more quantitative data is needed in the future study.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Contribution of the thesis</strong>: After the study, according to the size of the company, we list the potential models for each of them to develop SE. It is valuable and helpful for managers to capture the SE practice model and embed it into the company behaviour.</p>

Aim: Social Entrepreneurship (SE) has been widely spread as a global phenomenon, although many researches have been done, the concept is still hard to define. However, it has been proved that SE has a positive effect on alleviating the social problems. The aim of this research is by the means of comparing three prevalent social enterprise models and analyzing the crucial factor in the social value creation process, to find out an appropriate mode for the Chinese organizations to develop SE, with twofold value creation: social and economic.   Method: Three companies are chosen as case study: Gefle Chocolaterie, Göranssonska Fonder and Lenovo. Face-to-face interview and phone interview are used to collect the primary data, also some books and articles are applied as secondary data. The analysis model is social enterprise models, and strategic triangle model.   Result &amp; Conclusions: We find some advantages and disadvantages of social enterprise models, and come to a result that for each case company, because of the difference between crucial factor of the social enterprise model, their strategic triangle model are different as well. There is no fixed social enterprise model for Chinese companies to practice SE, each kind of the model should be adjusted to the specific situation of the company, only in this way, best results can be achieved.   Suggestions for future research: The information we got from the interviewees may be limited to their point of view, also, bias may occur in the research due to authors’ academic point of view. On the other hand, this research was only based on qualitative data, and the empirical study, which was not enough, hence, more quantitative data is needed in the future study.   Contribution of the thesis: After the study, according to the size of the company, we list the potential models for each of them to develop SE. It is valuable and helpful for managers to capture the SE practice model and embed it into the company behaviour.

This dissertation aims to extend entrepreneurship theory to also comprise entrepreneurship in non-profit organizations in civil society. Entrepreneurship is claimed to be highly relevant also to this non-profit setting. Since entrepreneurship theory is highly embedded in an economic discourse and a business setting there is, however, a need to elaborate on the two different frameworks. The analysis of this study is grounded in an empirical study of the entrepreneurial process of Attac Sweden. The study has been conducted with a narrative approach. In this dissertation entrepreneurship theory is re-contextualized in the framework of non-profit organizations. The paradox of profit versus non-profit is elaborated on as well as the dilemmas of opportunities, legitimacy and the bounding of the new organization. The analysis of this study shows that the discussion on opportunities in entrepreneurship theory is highly relevant also in the case of Attac Sweden. However, this study suggests to supplement the discussion on opportunities with a discussion of ‘necessities’ to relate to perceived convictions to engage and to act. This study further shows and elaborates on the close connections between the process by which entrepreneurship becomes and other group formations in society. The organization created through the entrepreneurial process becomes an actor in civil society challenging established practices and norms. However, the entrepreneurial process also reaches beyond the creation of an organization. In this dissertation an alternative framework for entrepreneurship, based on a social process of organizing, is developed. This framework connects the entrepreneurial process to group dynamics as well as to social movements and articulation of disclosing stories in society.

La tesi è finalizzata a indagare l’efficacia dell’imprenditoria sociale quale strumento di contrasto a situazioni di grave povertà e disagio sociale nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Particolare attenzione è rivolta alle principali sfide derivanti dal molteplice sforzo di promuovere lo sviluppo socio-economico locale, garantire la sostenibilità economica delle iniziative e - talvolta - tutelare l’ambiente naturale. La prima parte della tesi fornisce un framework teorico sull’imprenditoria sociale, con specifico riferimento ad alcuni aspetti critici della sua stessa essenza, alle sue potenzialità nella lotta alla povertà e ai caratteri distintivi del suo processo di implementazione. La seconda parte presenta due analisi empiriche sviluppate con il metodo dei casi e afferenti, rispettivamente, gli ambiti del non-profit e del for-profit. La prima esamina i processi di identificazione delle opportunità e di costruzione del business model, al fine di mettere in luce le divergenze esistenti tra le prospettive sociale, economica ed ambientale, e di comprendere come coniugarle; la seconda identifica alcune cruciali variabili - interne ed esterne - che incidono sul processo di implementazione ed implicano la necessità di conciliare finalità, approcci e strumenti tipici degli ambiti filantropico e imprenditoriale, ai fini di una efficace creazione di valore socio-economico. / The thesis aims at investigating social entrepreneurship attitude to truly act as a crucial tool in the fight against deep poverty and social disadvantages in developing countries, with a particular focus on the main challenges faced by social entrepreneurial organizations in their attempt to promote local social-economic development, while ensuring their own economic viability, and (sometimes) preserving global environment. The first part of the thesis provides a theoretical framework about social entrepreneurship landscape, with specific attention to some crucial aspects of its essence, its potentiality against poverty, and some distinctive features of its implementation process. The second part presents two empirically-based analyses carried out by using case-study method, respectively from the for-profit and the not-for-profit domains. The former investigates the processes of opportunity recognition and business model design, with the aim to highlight the divergences among social, economic, and environmental perspectives, and to understand how to combine them; the latter identifies some crucial - internal and external -variables affecting the implementation process and implying the need for a mix between charitable and business aims, approaches, and tools, for a successful blended value creation.

Instead of asking why governments in developing countries are not doing what (Western) governments can (or at least in the past could) be expected to do we may need to ask the questions of how governance empirically is provided and by whom. While the involvement of non-public actors within processes of governance is far from new, the increased interest in social entrepreneurship, both as a practice and scholarly, is. The aim of the present study has been to explore and describe the interface between social entrepreneurship and governance within regions of India. The study has been inspired by a case study research design, including a set of qualitative methods: A generated sampling frame has facilitated the selection of analytical units; The collection of data has been conducted by semi-structured interviews; The data has been analyzed by a comparative approach. Based on a broad analytical governance framework provided by Kooiman et al (2005a) three research questions have guided the analysis: 1. What arguments are provided by the examined social entrepreneurs for their intentional action? 2. May action taken by the social entrepreneurs in this study be understood as an expression of hierarchical governance, self-governance and/or co-governance, and if so, how? 3. How may action taken by the social entrepreneurs in this study be related to first-order governance (day-to-day problem-solving and opportunity creation), second-order governance (institutions) and/or third-order governance (principles)? The result of the study reveals how the action taken by the studied social entrepreneurs interface with several aspects of governance. The arguments presented for intentional action, related to the provision of collective goods to marginalized citizens, may be understood in relation to two themes: perceived government failures (as well as failures by traditional NGOs) and the self-perception of being “value-driven”. The data reveals strands of hierarchical-, self- and co-governance. The studied social entrepreneurs are understood to contribute to first-order governance. Their action is further suggested to be challenging existing institutions in the long-run and perhaps also dominating principles guiding the “governance of governance”.

This thesis presents a tentative definition of the concept of sustainopreneurship - in the most simplified form described as entrepreneurship and innovation for sustainability - “Business with a Cause”. The concept takes its departure from generic entrepreneurship theory development, its extensions and further contextualization into the domains of sustainability, primarily through recent research. A literature review provides core references related to the conceptualization of sustainability entrepreneurship. A claim is made that there is a need for further conceptual development, especially viewed in contrast to the empirical material and experience, when digesting the literature that deals with concepts preceding sustainopreneurship. These concepts are eco-preneurship and social entrepreneurship, as well as current descriptions of sustainability entrepreneurship, including some sources where the word sustainopreneurship in itself is introduced for the first time. The methodological approach used when conducting the literature review is an analytical stance. Additional analysis, integrating and extending the reviewed sources, leads us to a performative definition of sustainopreneurship. This tentative definition is presented as an imagined prospective wordbook entry in a “future history” format. One of the key distinctions in between entrepreneurship in general and sustainopreneurship, is that sustainopreneurship is mission- and cause oriented - business activity is used as a means to solve sustainability-related problems. In short, to turn business activity from being a part of the problem to be a part of the solution. This world of ideas is set in contrast to the practical enaction of On a Mission Sweden – Inc. Ass, and the seven brands developed from this business platform – Club PuLS™, DJ Anders, SEEDS Sustainability Investment Fund, SEEDS Magazine, Ignition®, SLICE Services and Publishing™ and S*E*N*S*A. Three of these only reached conceptual stage for future potential launch. Four got established, and of these; one idle, two spun off in their own ventures, and one intended to spin off during 2007. Entrepreneurship as a concept to describe the nature of these ventures was experienced as insufficient, until 2003, when the concept of “sustainopreneurship” was found by serendipity. The conceptual dissatisfaction with “entrepreneurship-as-usual”, together with finding this new concept, made me instantly embrace this concept in the moment when stumbled upon. Another major driver for this work is a strong aspiration to take the abstract, general words and statements from world summits and conferences to the practical, hands on, down to earth, grass-root, local level with real world interaction to make possibilities of the problems related to the sustainability agenda. The ventures created from a time span of over seven years, forms a vast, deep, dense, intense and extremely rich “gross” empirical base from where the study collects its selective “net” material relevant for this study. The methodological approach to make sense and use of these serial and parallel self-initiated and self-experienced venturing processes is enactive research. The enactive research provides an opportunity to test the suggested formulation of sustainopreneurship – from the abstract idea to the concrete interaction. A special form of ethnography is used named self-ethnography. The ventures who have proven to perpetually evolve, develop and sustain are focused; On a Mission Sweden – Inc. Ass. and Ignition®. These ventures have provided the most significant change in both idea development, practice, and effect - both regards my inner world of insight breakthroughs and personal development, and the findings on a more abstract, conceptual, theoretical level. In order to highlight the three key dimensions of the concept, some key courses of events have been selected where they are considered to hold illustrative power: Firstly, the central events before the formalized venturing. Secondly, the milestones singled out during the venturing. Thirdly, some post-venture reflections around the process as such. The ethnographic style of the tales of the field is predominantly realist, with some degree impressionist. The final chapter summarizes and presents an intermediary conclusion whether the concept has met the test and also discusses the meaning of the exercise as a whole. My own function is examined and evaluated briefly. The promise of the conceptual introduction is contrasted towards the approaches-as-usual regards the sustainability agenda that introduced the thesis, and some key points are delivered. Venturing in the name of sustainability allows agents to “act outside the box” related to the institutional framework that governs the structures that is set to solve the problems today, equipped with an upgraded mindset, operating with an agility made possible by the flexibility offered by creative business organizing. The quest to make (business) opportunities from the agenda set by sustainability, and organizing upon them in itself creates a sustaining meaning internally within the team to be able to ride through the storms – the same force traditionally driving NGO’s “not-for profit”, now coupled with a good business sense operating “for-profit”, with profit as a means, not as an end in itself - in a new in-between-land named “for prosperity”. When properly understood from knowledge increasing among other stakeholders than the sustainopreneurial teams and their closest supporters and early adopters, the welcoming of sustainopreneurial ventures are destined to increase. Proliferation and diffusion of sustainopreneurship in idea, applied interaction and reflective practice beyond this point can turn sustainability to be the main driver for business activity, internalizing the external sustainability demands as the primary purpose of the business creation and idea, forming its strategic intent, and integrated in its “organizational DNA”. Sustainopreneurship holds the power to give even more leverage to forces emerging from the business world that contributes to sustainability. Throughout the process, a question has been emerging to serve as a new opening for further interaction, where the claim is that sustainopreneurship delivers a good part of the answer; How can we innovate and interact in order to reach a critical mass of people and energies to create a sustainable world?