<p>This thesis presents a tentative definition of the concept of sustainopreneurship - in the most simplified form described as entrepreneurship and innovation for sustainability - “Business with a Cause”. The concept takes its departure from generic entrepreneurship theory development, its extensions and further contextualization into the domains of sustainability, primarily through recent research. A literature review provides core references related to the conceptualization of sustainability entrepreneurship. A claim is made that there is a need for further conceptual development, especially viewed in contrast to the empirical material and experience, when digesting the literature that deals with concepts preceding sustainopreneurship. These concepts are eco-preneurship and social entrepreneurship, as well as current descriptions of sustainability entrepreneurship, including some sources where the word sustainopreneurship in itself is introduced for the first time. The methodological approach used when conducting the literature review is an analytical stance. Additional analysis, integrating and extending the reviewed sources, leads us to a performative definition of sustainopreneurship. This tentative definition is presented as an imagined prospective wordbook entry in a “future history” format. One of the key distinctions in between entrepreneurship in general and sustainopreneurship, is that sustainopreneurship is mission- and cause oriented - business activity is used as a means to solve sustainability-related problems. In short, to turn business activity from being a part of the problem to be a part of the solution.</p><p>This world of ideas is set in contrast to the practical enaction of On a Mission Sweden – Inc. Ass, and the seven brands developed from this business platform – Club PuLS™, DJ Anders, SEEDS Sustainability Investment Fund, SEEDS Magazine, Ignition®, SLICE Services and Publishing™ and S*E*N*S*A. Three of these only reached conceptual stage for future potential launch. Four got established, and of these; one idle, two spun off in their own ventures, and one intended to spin off during 2007. Entrepreneurship as a concept to describe the nature of these ventures was experienced as insufficient, until 2003, when the concept of “sustainopreneurship” was found by serendipity. The conceptual dissatisfaction with “entrepreneurship-as-usual”, together with finding this new concept, made me instantly embrace this concept in the moment when stumbled upon. Another major driver for this work is a strong aspiration to take the abstract, general words and statements from world summits and conferences to the practical, hands on, down to earth, grass-root, local level with real world interaction to make possibilities of the problems related to the sustainability agenda. The ventures created from a time span of over seven years, forms a vast, deep, dense, intense and extremely rich “gross” empirical base from where the study collects its selective “net” material relevant for this study. The methodological approach to make sense and use of these serial and parallel self-initiated and self-experienced venturing processes is enactive research. The enactive research provides an opportunity to test the suggested formulation of sustainopreneurship – from the abstract idea to the concrete interaction. A special form of ethnography is used named self-ethnography. The ventures who have proven to perpetually evolve, develop and sustain are focused; On a Mission Sweden – Inc. Ass. and Ignition®. These ventures have provided the most significant change in both idea development, practice, and effect - both regards my inner world of insight breakthroughs and personal development, and the findings on a more abstract, conceptual, theoretical level. In order to highlight the three key dimensions of the concept, some key courses of events have been selected where they are considered to hold illustrative power: Firstly, the central events before the formalized venturing. Secondly, the milestones singled out during the venturing. Thirdly, some post-venture reflections around the process as such. The ethnographic style of the tales of the field is predominantly realist, with some degree impressionist.</p><p>The final chapter summarizes and presents an intermediary conclusion whether the concept has met the test and also discusses the meaning of the exercise as a whole. My own function is examined and evaluated briefly. The promise of the conceptual introduction is contrasted towards the approaches-as-usual regards the sustainability agenda that introduced the thesis, and some key points are delivered. Venturing in the name of sustainability allows agents to “act outside the box” related to the institutional framework that governs the structures that is set to solve the problems today, equipped with an upgraded mindset, operating with an agility made possible by the flexibility offered by creative business organizing. The quest to make (business) opportunities from the agenda set by sustainability, and organizing upon them in itself creates a sustaining meaning internally within the team to be able to ride through the storms – the same force traditionally driving NGO’s “not-for profit”, now coupled with a good business sense operating “for-profit”, with profit as a means, not as an end in itself - in a new in-between-land named “for prosperity”. When properly understood from knowledge increasing among other stakeholders than the sustainopreneurial teams and their closest supporters and early adopters, the welcoming of sustainopreneurial ventures are destined to increase. Proliferation and diffusion of sustainopreneurship in idea, applied interaction and reflective practice beyond this point can turn sustainability to be the main driver for business activity, internalizing the external sustainability demands as the primary purpose of the business creation and idea, forming its strategic intent, and integrated in its “organizational DNA”. Sustainopreneurship holds the power to give even more leverage to forces emerging from the business world that contributes to sustainability. Throughout the process, a question has been emerging to serve as a new opening for further interaction, where the claim is that sustainopreneurship delivers a good part of the answer;</p><p>How can we innovate and interact in order to reach a critical mass of people and energies to create a sustainable world?</p>

The legacy of colonialism has left an impression on Brazil that is still strongly present today, particularly in the city of Salvador, Bahia, and the connection between race and class remains quite conspicuous throughout Brazil in politics, business, and social settings. The 20th century saw the rise blocos afro as part of an Afro-Brazilian diaspora seeking pride in black identity and positive social change through concrete community-driven projects. This paper focuses on a newer community group, Bagunçaço, that follows in the footsteps of the blocos afro with an increased emphasis on the role of media in the social development process, using music paired with various digital technologies to educate, empower, and connect participants. The report is an ethnographic study based on first person interviews and observation by the author in Salvador, as well on as a biography on Bagunçaço’s founder, Joselito Crispim. The primary findings of the paper are 1) Bagunçaço serves to mitigate crime and violence among youth, providing kids with skill-building music, art, and technology activities to engage in during free time. 2) The group also serves a spiritual need of Afro-Brazilians by empowering kids with the context of their situation as part of a diasporic community that can resist oppression and gain upward social traction in a society permeated by historic racial hierarchy. 3) Bagunçaço transcends national lines with its international partnerships and engages in a digital exchange that is not only technology skill building, but an expansion of kids’ perspectives of the world beyond the poor communities that many of them would otherwise only ever know. / text

Bakgrund: Impact investment är en ny finansieringsform, som med sitt ursprung och framväxt i både USA och Europa nu spridits till Sverige. Fenomenet beskrivs inom populärvetenskapen som investeringar med avsikten att generera en mätbar samhällsmässig och/eller miljömässig avkastning tillsammans med en finansiell avkastning. I Sverige har impact investment sedan bara några år tillbaka uppmärksammats av svenska aktörer som har börjat arbeta med investeringsformen. Fenomenet kan ses som en idé som överförts till ett nytt sammanhang, därden har uppmärksammats och blivit till verksamhetsaktiviteter. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för fenomenet impact investment i Sverige och att analysera på vilket sätt impact investment har formats av sitt sammanhang. Metod: Studien har en hermeneutisk forskningsansats och har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod. En intervjustudie har utförts med totalt sju nyckelpersoner inom det svenska organisationsfältet för impact investment. Internationella rapporter om fenomenet har även använts för att kartlägga de aktiviteter som genomförts i de länder som ingår i studien. Slutsats: Studien visar att impact investment har flera olika innebörder i Sverige. Impact investment har formats av sitt sammanhang vilket har resulterat i att impact investment har översatts av nya hybridorganisationer i samhället. / Background: Impact investment is a new funding that has its origin and growth in both the USA and Europe. It is now emerging to Sweden. The phenomenon is described in the popular science literature as investments with the intention to generate measurable social and/or environmental impact along with a financial return. In Sweden impact investment has been observed for only a few years. Swedish operators have started to use the funding and the phenomenon can be understood as an idea that has moved to a new context, where it has been noticed and used in operational activities. Aim: The aim of the study is to create an understanding of the phenomenon impact investment in Sweden and to analyse in what way impact investment has been formed by its context. Methodology: The study has a hermeneutic research approach and has been conducted with a qualitative approach. The study has been realized with a total of seven key figures in the Swedish organizational field of impact investment. International reports of the phenomenon have been used to track the activities conducted in the countries included in the study. Conclusion: The study shows that impact investment has many different meanings in Sweden. Impact investment has been formed by its context and has been translated by new hybrid organisations in the society.

This study centers on an exploration of the similarities and differences between social enterprises, commercial enterprises and public sector teams that operate within the same market. The study seeks to contribute to the establishment of social entrepreneurship theory by furthering knowledge of the boundaries of social entrepreneurship. The contextual influence on the development of social entrepreneurship theory is becoming increasingly well understood. As such, different theoretical streams are accounted for and systematically structured into a model containing four contextually anchored approaches, two American and two European, which compares their structures according to eight characteristics. It is on the basis of this model that three cases, one social enterprise, one commercial enterprise and one public sector team all operating towards work integration activities and placements for the long term unemployed are presented and analyzed from two perspectives: one focusing on how they compare to the characteristics and the other on how they compare to the approaches in their entirety. It shows how there are many similarities between the three cases that are lost when compared to each approach. Furthermore, the analysis discovered a limitation within existing social entrepreneurship models, as none of the models turned out to be fully applicable in a Swedish context. Therefore, this study proposes a tentative model for a Nordic approach, rooted in the specific socioeconomic and institutional context of the Nordic states.

The challenges we face as a nation are complex and recalcitrant; to address them, we need to be equipped with multifaceted and resilient solutions. Yet, substantial pressures – such as significant fiscal constraints, growing citizen expectations, and the rapid pace of technology – prevent the U.S. Government from efficiently and effectively solving the nation’s ills alone. The public, private, and nonprofit sectors must partner and collaborate to create lasting social change and the best solutions to address our nation’s most pressing social issues lie in the power of social innovation. Drawing from nearly thirty years of scholarship, the views of leading experts in the field of social innovation, and three case studies of social innovation offices in the United States, this paper addresses the case for social innovation in the United States by answering four key questions: what is social innovation; why does the U.S. need it; what has the U.S. government done to support social innovation; and what is the future of social innovation in this United States.

Pentecostalism has grown from its founding days in 1900 in Topeka, USA and has extended its reach to most parts the world including Africa where it took off in the 1970s and continues to grow with many mega churches being established. In addition to their main role of taking care of the spiritual development of their followers, many Pentecostal churches have begun to get involved in provision of social and economic goods and services. This has however attracted attention to the churches with some of them being labelled as businesses, their founders being considered as entrepreneurs hiding under the guise of churches and seen as exploiting their followers. The purpose of the thesis is to explore, through research questions, if entrepreneurial activities are carried out in the Pentecostal churches in Uganda and if so, whether such activities can be considered productive, unproductive or destructive entrepreneurship and what their implications are. This qualitative study employed qualitative methods of data collection and deductive approach with primary data collected through semi-structured interviews with 6 members of Pentecostal churches in Kampala and 1 non-member that regularly goes to Pentecostal churches to get a feel of their activities. The findings show that there the Pentecostal churches carryout a number of entrepreneurial activities that address spiritual, social and economic aspects of the church members and the community. The study further shows that some of these entrepreneurial activities have a positive impact on the church members and the community and by extension the state whereas some activities do not improve the church members and the community and others have a negative impact on the church members and the community. It is shown through this thesis that determining the implication of the entrepreneurial activities is complicated when such activities are lumped together and not considered individually since some of the activities in the Pentecostal may be productive while some may be unproductive or destructive. The contribution of this thesis is by proposing a matrix as an alternative tool for analysis of the various entrepreneurial activities in the Pentecostal churches by considering their effect on different stakeholders to determine if the activity achieved the reason for its establishment.

Focusing on the policy context for social entrepreneurship in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM), this dissertation examines the processes through which social entrepreneurs participate in the processes of development of the municipality because; social entrepreneurship is increasingly being recognised as a mechanism for creating social and economic value. Social entrepreneurs play a significant role in fulfilling unmet societal needs and in filling gaps, particularly in areas where government and the market fall short. Based on this view, this study raises questions about the integrated policy guiding social entrepreneurship for better development outcomes. It aims to contribute to the body of literature on social entrepreneurship and development by examining the processes through which social entrepreneurs participate in the development of the communities at the local level. Using the Grounded Theory method, this study found that there is no integrated policy on social entrepreneurship in the NMBM and that the deficiency created by the lack of an integrated policy engenders Social Revisioning. The substantive theory of Social Revisioning emerged from the data to explain the processes through which social entrepreneurs participate in the development of communities when there is no integrated policy on social entrepreneurship. In response to the deficiencies in the policy context, differentiated and autonomous entities within and outside of the municipal government step in and support social entrepreneurs to provide services and participate in the processes of development. However, even though Social Revisioning can be used to address the policy deficiencies in social entrepreneurship and development, the differentiations and autonomy that characterise the entities, role players and processes embodied in Social Revisioning prevent cohesion among them and again beg for an integrated policy that will incorporate them.

Submitted by Ricardo Lemos (rlemos@attglobal.net) on 2014-06-28T22:03:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao LEMOS RICARDO defesa 20140528.pdf: 1043994 bytes, checksum: c79fec21de18e6a8c73e1bf24fc24374 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2014-06-30T13:04:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao LEMOS RICARDO defesa 20140528.pdf: 1043994 bytes, checksum: c79fec21de18e6a8c73e1bf24fc24374 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-30T13:11:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao LEMOS RICARDO defesa 20140528.pdf: 1043994 bytes, checksum: c79fec21de18e6a8c73e1bf24fc24374 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-28 / The internationalization of organizations can be noticed as international transactions grow at a rapid pace. Amongst several alternatives, internationalization frameworks developed and analyzed have been mainly used, in academic studies, to portray the process of internationalization of industries; however, its application in other sectors is still very incipient. Social entrepreneurship,which can be described as the organization or person trying to meet a need or solve a problem of a social nature using business methods, gradually has also sought the internationalization process, nevertheless there are still very few studies that depict the process of internationalization of social enterprises. The aim of this study was to compare the strategies and internationalization process of social enterprises with the traditional theory of internationalization verifying if the traditional framework could be applied to the internationalization process. Social entrepreneurship in Brazil is quite significant, but remains limited to the borders of the country. For this reason, the object of our study was social enterprise internationalizing into Brazil. Here we analyzed, through the exploratory qualitative research approach based on in-depth interviews, two oragnizações who came to Brazil. The results arising from these interviews showed different patterns and processes and as a result, we present the dynamics found for the internationalization of social enterprises. / A internacionalização de organizações pode ser observada como um envolvimento crescente em transações internacionais. Dentre as diversas modalidades e alternativas de internacionalização, os modelos estudados têm sido usados principalmente para retratar o processo de internacionalização de indústrias, sendo sua aplicação em outros setores de atividade ainda muito incipientes. O empreendimento social, isto é, a organização ou pessoa que tenta atender a uma necessidade ou resolver um problema de cunho social utilizando métodos empresariais, aos poucos também tem buscado o processo de internacionalização, mas são poucos os estudos que retratam o processo de internacionalização de empreendimentos sociais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar as estratégias e o processo de internacionalização de empreendimentos sociais, com a teoria tradicional de internacionalização verificando se o modelo tradicional pode ser aplicado para compreender o processo (de internacionalização). O empreendimento social no Brasil é bastante significativo, mas de maneira geral permanece limitado às fronteiras do país. Por este motivo, o objeto de nosso estudo foram empreendimentos sociais que se internacionalizaram em direção ao Brasil. Aqui analisamos, através de pesquisa qualitativa pela abordagem exploratória a partir de entrevistas em profundidade, duas organizações que vieram para o país. Os resultados oriundos dessas entrevistas demonstraram padrões e processos diferentes e, como resultado, apresentamos a dinâmica encontrada na internacionalização de empreendimentos sociais.

Submitted by Maria Fernanda Rios Cavalcanti (mfcavalcanti@gmail.com) on 2016-03-11T19:01:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Biblioteca - Maria Fernanda Rios Cavalcanti.pdf: 2672379 bytes, checksum: f272b379223157f078e3b06fbe70c47a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-03-11T19:02:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Biblioteca - Maria Fernanda Rios Cavalcanti.pdf: 2672379 bytes, checksum: f272b379223157f078e3b06fbe70c47a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-11T19:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Biblioteca - Maria Fernanda Rios Cavalcanti.pdf: 2672379 bytes, checksum: f272b379223157f078e3b06fbe70c47a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-11 / Social Entrepreneurship (SE) has attracted growing interest from a wide variety of actors over the last 30 years, especially due to a general agreement that it could be an important tool for tackling many of the world’s social ills. In the academic sphere, this growing interest did not translate into a matured field of study. Quite the opposite, a quick look at this literature makes it evident that: SE has been consistently subjected to numerous theoretical discussions and disagreements, especially over the definition of the concept of SE which is often based on a taken-for-granted notion of social change; it has been more systematically investigated in restricted contexts, often leaving aside so called developing/emerging countries like Brazil and especially lacking in-depth qualitative studies; SE literature lags behind SE practices and few studies focus on how SE actually occurs in a daily and bottom-up manner. In order to address such gaps, this thesis examines how social entrepreneurship practices accomplish social change in the context of Brazil. In this investigation I conducted an inductive practicebased, qualitative/ethnographic study in three Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) located in different cities in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Data collection lasted from February 2014 until March 2015 and was mainly done through participant observations and through in-depth unstructured conversations with research participants. Secondary data and documents were also collected whenever available. The participants of this study included a variety of the studied organizations’ stakeholders: two founders, volunteers, employees, donors and beneficiaries. Observation data was kept in fieldnotes, conversations were recorded whenever possible and were later transcribed. Data was analyzed through an iterative thematic analysis. Through this I identified eight recurrent themes in the data: (1) structure; (2) relationship with other organizational actors (sub-themes: relationship with state, relationship with businesses and relationship with other NGOs); (3) beliefs, spirituality and moral authority; (4) social position of participants, (5) stakeholders’ mobilization and participation; (6) feelings; (7) social purpose; and (8) social change. These findings were later discussed under the lens of practice theory, and in this discussion I argue and show that, in the context studied: (a) even though SE embraces a wide variety of different social purposes, they are intertwined with a common notion of social change based on a general understanding and aspiration for social equality; (b) this social change is accomplished in a processual and ongoing manner as stakeholders from antagonistic social groups felt compelled to and participated in SE practices. In answering the proposed research question the contributions of this thesis are: (i) the elaboration a working definition for SE based on its relationship with social change; (ii) providing in-depth empirical evidence which accounts for and explains this relationship; (iii) characterizing SE in the Brazilian context and reflecting upon its transferability to other contexts. This thesis also makes a methodological contribution, for it demonstrates how thematic analysis can be used in practice-based studies. / O Empreendedorismo Social (SE) tem atraído um interesse crescente de uma ampla variedade de atores ao longo dos últimos 30 anos, especialmente devido a um entendimento de que o mesmo seria uma ferramenta importante para lidar com os problemas sociais do mundo. No âmbito acadêmico, este interesse não se traduziu em um campo de estudos maduro. Muito pelo contrário, um rápido olhar para esta literatura torna evidente que: a mesma tem sido constantemente submetida a inúmeras divergências, especialmente sobre a definição do conceito de SE, que é muitas vezes baseada em uma noção não explicada de mudança social; ele foi mais sistematicamente investigado em contextos restritos, muitas vezes deixando de lado os chamados países em desenvolvimento ou emergentes como o Brasil, em especial, nota-se uma falta de estudos qualitativos aprofundados nos mesmos; a literatura sobre SE se encontra defasada em relação às suas práticas, e poucos estudos se concentram em como o SE ocorre de forma diária e bottom-up. A fim de mitigar essas lacunas, esta tese examina como práticas de SE realizam mudança social no contexto do Brasil. Nesta investigação realizei um estudo indutivo/qualitativo baseado em práticas em três Organizações Não-Governamentais (ONGs) localizadas em diferentes cidades do estado de São Paulo. A coleta de dados durou de fevereiro 2014 até março de 2015 e foi feita principalmente por meio de observações participantes e de conversas não-estruturadas. Dados e documentos secundários também foram coletadas sempre que disponíveis. Os participantes deste estudo incluíram uma variedade de partes interessadas das organizações estudadas: dois fundadores, voluntários, funcionários, doadores e beneficiários. Dados de observações foram mantidos em diários de campo, conversas foram gravadas sempre que possível e foram posteriormente transcritas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma análise temática iterativa. Por meio desta, identifiquei oito temas recorrentes nos dados: (1) estrutura; (2) a relação com outros atores organizacionais; (3) crenças, espiritualidade e autoridade moral; (4) a posição social dos participantes, (5) a mobilização e participação das partes interessadas; (6) sentimentos; (7) finalidade social; e (8) a mudança social. Estes resultados foram posteriormente discutidos sob a ótica da teoria de práticas, e nesta discussão argumento e mostro que, no contexto estudado: (a) embora o SE abrace uma ampla variedade de diferentes fins sociais, eles estão interligados com uma noção comum de mudança social baseada em uma compreensão geral e aspiração pela igualdade social; (b) esta mudança social é realizada de forma processual e contínua, enquanto partes interessadas de grupos sociais antagônicos sentiam-se compelidos e participavam das práticas de SE. Ao responder à pergunta de pesquisa proposta, as contribuições desta tese são: (i) a elaboração de uma definição de SE com base em sua relação com a mudança social; (ii) o fornecimento de evidências empíricas que explicam esta relação; (iii) a caracterização do SE no contexto brasileiro e uma reflexão sobre a sua transferência para outros contextos. Esta tese também faz uma contribuição metodológica, pois demonstra como análise temática pode ser usada em estudos baseados em práticas.

Dans cette thèse nous nous intéressons à comprendre comment les entrepreneurs sociaux créent de la valeur. Notre objectif est de modéliser le processus de création de valeur que nous avons observé sur un projet de circuits courts à travers d’une méthodologie de recherche intervention. La sociologie de la traduction et l’analyse de discours ont été mobilisés pour rendre compte de la complexité dans la définition, la perception et le partage de la valeur du dit projet d’entreprise social. Nous voulons démontrer que la création de valeur dans l'entrepreneuriat social est un processus de traduction interactif, dynamique et complexe, parmi une multitude des visions et représentations sur la satisfaction des besoins, propres à chaque partie prenante, qui vont toucher ne pas seulement au domaine de la conception, réalisation et valorisation de l’activité économique, mais aussi leurs répercussions dans le domaine social et environnemental. Nous avons observé que les entrepreneurs sociaux construisent la valeur de leur projet en repérant un besoin social, ou en s’engageant dans une idéale de société, qu’ils vont incorporer à son échelle personnelle des valeurs, fruit d’un contexte et d’une histoire particulière. Cette appropriation va déterminer l’intentionnalité de leur action entrepreneuriale dont la pérennité dépendra du soutien du réseau et de la cohérence globale de l’organisation elle-même. Nous avons proposé donc, au niveau terrain l’amélioration d’un outil heuristique pour accompagner la création de valeur, et au niveau théorique un cadre pour comprendre l’agir des entrepreneurs et la perception de leurs parties prenantes / In this thesis, we are interested in understanding how social entrepreneurs create value. Our goal is to model the process of value creation that we observed on a short supply chain project through an action research methodology. The sociology of translation and discourse analysis have been used to take into account the complexity of the definition, the perception and the process of sharing the value of a social enterprise project. We want to demonstrate that value creation in social entrepreneurship is an interactive, dynamic and complex translation process. It takes into account a multitude of visions and representations on the satisfaction of the needs of each stakeholder that will affect not only the design and the implementation of economic activity, but also their social and environmental impact. We have observed that social entrepreneurs construct the value of their project by identifying a social need, or by committing themselves to a societal ideal that they will incorporate into their values on a personal scale. This adoption process will determine the intentionality of their entrepreneurial action, the sustainability of which will depend on the support of their network and the overall coherence of the organization itself. We therefore proposed, at the field level, the improvement of a heuristic tool to support value creation and, at the theoretical level, a framework for understanding social entrepreneurship based on the actions of entrepreneurs and the perception of their stakeholders