Magister Legum - LLM

Depuis le 19ème siècle et l'industrialisation puis l'expansion des industries extractives, l'accès aux ressources marines a évolué de globalement libre à un régime régulé par la Convention des Nations Unies sur le Droit de la Mer (CNUDM). Cette thèse porte sur les accords de pêche, des outils créés par les pays développés pour continuer à exploiter les stocks de poissons de pays ‘hôtes' en voie de développement. L'étude particulière des accords financés par le contribuable européen a permis de tester l'idée selon laquelle leurs clauses économiques, sociales, et environnementales se sont améliorées vis-à-vis des pays hôtes. A ce jour, peu d'études ont été publiées sur le sujet, et ce travail est donc d'importance primordiale pour les futures décisions des parties prenantes. Les chapitres 1 et 2 constituent une revue critique de la base légale de ces accords, à savoir la notion controversée de ‘surplus' devant être mis à disposition des autres pays selon la CNUDM. Les limites de leur estimation sont également discutées : dans la plupart des cas, ils sont difficiles à estimer correctement à cause de mauvaises estimations des captures réelles. Céder des surplus de stocks à des pays étrangers conduit à une diminution des captures locales difficile à justifier. Le chapitre 3 montre que depuis leur création, le niveau auquel ces accords ont été subventionnés est resté extrêmement haut (environ 75 %), et que le complément, payé par les opérateurs des flottes, a seulement représenté une fraction marginale de leurs revenus. Un déséquilibre flagrant de la distribution des bénéfices générés a donc été mis en évidence. Finalement, le chapitre 4 démontre qu'en dépit de progrès au niveau de certaines clauses sociales et environnementales, celle qui pourrait être considérée comme étant la plus importante, à savoir celle régissant l'embarquement d'observateurs à bord des bateaux, s'est continuellement dégradée. Ces résultats conduisent à l'inévitable question de la légitimité de tels accords. Bien qu'ils soient célébrés pour leur transparence, ils restent principalement bénéfiques aux intérêts européens et peu contrôlés. Aussi, compte tenu de l'expansion actuelle des flottes locales dans les pays hôtes et des réformes au niveau du commerce international, la question du futur de tels accords historiques du type ‘on paye, pêche, et part' est posée. / Since the 19th century, with the expansion and industrialization of extractive industries, maritime jurisdictions have shifted from chiefly open-access to a regime regulated by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This thesis examines fishing access agreements, i.e., tools designed by developed countries to continue to exploit the fish stocks of developing 'host' countries. The emphasis is on the particular fisheries access agreements funded by EU-taxpayers, and the aim is to test the common belief that their economic, social, and environmental provisions have improved over time vis-à-vis the host countries. To date, only little has been published on this topic, and thus this examination of their provisions is of paramount importance for the policy realm. Chapters 1 and 2 challenge the legal ground of such agreements, which rests on the questionable notion of fisheries 'surplus' that must be made available to other countries according to UNCLOS. Flaws in the estimation of surplus are noted: in most cases, surpluses cannot be calculated due to inaccurate catch estimates, and ceding potential surpluses to foreign countries results in hard-to-justify decreases in domestic catches. Chapter 3 argues that since their inception, the level at which these agreements have been subsidized remained extremely high (around 75%); the remainder (paid by fleets' operators) represented only a small fraction of their turnover, highlighting a gross imbalance in allocation of benefits. Finally, Chapter 4 demonstrates that despite advances in most social and environmental provisions, the one regarding the supervision of foreign vessels by observers (arguably the most critical provision of all) has declined. These results beg the question: how legitimate are such access agreements? While they are lauded for their transparency, they appear to remain mostly beneficial to European interests and poorly monitored. Also, due to the fishing expansion occurring in host countries and ongoing international trade reforms, one can only wonder whether such historical 'pay-fish-and-go' agreements still ought to continue.

Title Ethical Dilemmas in the Process of Selling the City's Housing Stock - a Systematic Analysis from the Perspective of Christian Social Ethics Abstract The aim of this work is to describe and analyse ethical dilemmas in decision-making in the management of the city and in one of the important segments of municipal politics - in the field of sales of the city's property to private owners. The focus of the thesis is to reflect on the ethical dilemmas that arise in the process of selling the city's property. The ethical reflection will be made from the perspective of theological ethics and Catholic social teaching. Ethical criteria for morally responsible political behaviour will be defined in the thesis in connection with selected principles of social teaching of the Church. Further, the conditions for the sale of the city's housing stock will be formulated, which would be in accordance with the principle of general good as the basic principle of Christian ethics implemented in municipal political practice so as to benefit the city management as an organizational unit and its citizens, the life of individuals and the city as a whole. In the format of one example of practical policy the contribution of Christian ethics to governance and management of the city will be examined. At the same time the criteria...

The theological basis for the charitable activities of the Christian Church. The thesis focuses on the charitable work of the Christian Church today known as Diakonia, characterised as a service of love to others, which is currently considered one of the key, i.e. constitutive elements, of the fundamental structure of the Church. Based on analyses of the relations between theological disciplines, particularly Biblical, systematic theology and Christian social ethics, it identifies the Christian Church's idea of charity as the communion of love in the service of those who suffer. A fundamental defining characteristic of the Diakonia charity is God's love and the structure of the assessment system that unfolds from it that is specific and essential for the Christian Church. Keywords Charitable work, Diakonia, service of love, Christian social ethics, Catholic social teaching

The diploma thesis "Ethical aspects of migrants' access to healthcare in the Czech Republic" focuses on healthcare accessibility for migrants in the Czech Republic and looks at the issue from an ethical perspective. It identifies and describes the main problematic aspects of foreigners' access to Czech healthcare and analyses them from a moral standpoint. The principals of Christian social ethics, basic tenets of Christian anthropology and biblical imperatives, including those focusing on the biblical concept of a foreigner and its approach to them are used as bases for the analyses. The thesis further concentrates on healthcare access in relation to human rights and asks whose responsibility it is to respect and fulfill them. The thesis refers to the broader context of the issue in question and specifies further ethical challenges it entails. The thesis aims to suggest possible solutions of the presented problems and to identify those most ethically adequate. This involves presenting key actors of the possible changes as well as describing the current legal development. Keywords Christian social ethics, equity in health, healthcare, health insurance, human rights, immigration, integration, migration.

This thesis sheds light on (1) the extent to which composition has fallen short in its efforts to examine Habermasian discourse in the public sphere/politicized classroom; and (2) whether, through a careful and explicit exploration of the Habermas/Foucault debate and the competing concepts of discourse contained therein, we might make use of those concepts in the politicized classroom to inform student writing in the public sphere.

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Summaries in English and Afrikaans / The aim of this thesis is to search for an "ethical" interpretation of equality. Although the current South African approach of "substantive" equality is better than mere "formal" equality, I fear that even substantive equality will again deny or reduce difference. An "ethical" interpretation of equality is a way of interpretation that radically acknowledges difference and otherness. I argue for an ethical interpretation of equality as an alternative to substantive and formal equality. The intersection between public space, equality and justice is essential to such an ethical interpretation. An ethical interpretation of equality requires that present South African visions of public space must be reconstructed and transformed continuously. This means that an ethical interpretation of equality rejects finality and closure in respect of public space. The visions of public space and perspectives of equality that I support are alert to difference and otherness. My understanding of justice is that it is never fully achieved in the present. Justice functions as a future orientated ideal. The "ethical" in an ethical interpretation of equality reflects an awareness of the limits of any present system to encompass equality and justice completely. Visions of public space, perspectives on equality and landscapes of justice (the features of the ethical intersection) form the main sections of the thesis. I discuss the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as a manifestation of the ethical intersection between public space, equality and justice. The TRC was an outstanding example of reconstruction and transformation of public space. It was a public space where each and every individual was treated equally while concrete contexts, specific circumstances and difference were taken into account. The TRC as event was inspired by the ideal of justice. The value of the TRC as a manifestation of the ethical intersection is the profound effect it may have on our interpretation of equality by demonstrating the limits of the substantive approach. / Die doel van hierdie proefskrif is om ondersoek in te stel na 'n "etiese" interpretasie van gelykheid. Alhoewel die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse benadering van "substantiewe" gelykheid beter is as blote formele gelykheid, vrees ek dat selfs substantiewe gelykheid weereens verskil sal ontken of gering skat. 'n "Etiese" interpretasie van gelykheid is 'n manier van interpretasie wat radikaal kennis neem van verskil en andersheid. Ek argumenteer vir 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid as 'n alternatief tot substantiewe en formele gelykheid. Die interseksie tuseen publieke spasie, gelykheid en geregtigheid is noodsaaklik vir so 'n etiese interpretasie. 'n Etiese interpretasie van gelykheid vereis dat huidige Suid-Afrikaanse visies van publieke spasie aanhoudend gerekonstrueer en getransformeer moet word. Dit beteken dat 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid finaliteit en geslotenheid met betrekking tot publieke spasie verwerp. Die visies van publieke spasie en perspektiewe op gelykheid wat ek ondersteun is gevoelig vir verskil en andersheid. Ek verstaan geregtigheid as nooit volkome bereikbaar in die teenswoordige nie. Geregtigheid tree op as 'n toekomsgerigte ideaal. Die "etiese" in 'n etiese interpretasie van gelykheid weerspieel 'n bewustheid van die onvermoe van enige teenswoordige sisteem om gelykheid en geregtigheid volledig te omvat. Visies van publieke spasie, perspektiewe op gelykheid en landskappe van geregtigheid (die eienskappe van die etiese interseksie) vorm die hoofafdelings van die proefskrif. Ek bespreek die Suid-Afrikaanse Waarheids-en Versoeningskommissie (WVK) as 'n manifestasie van die etiese interseksie tussen publieke spasie, gelykheid en geregtigheid. Die WVK was 'n uitstaande voorbeeld van die rekonstruksie en transformasie van publieke spasie. Dit was 'n publieke spasie waar elke individu gelyk behandel is terwyl konkrete kontekste, spesifieke omstandighede en verskil in ag geneem is. Die WVK as 'n gebeurtenis is ge'lnspireer deur die ideaal van geregtigheid. Die waarde van die WVK as 'n manifestasie van die etiese interseksie is die diepgaande effek wat dit op ons interpretasie van gelykheid kan he deur die beperkings van die teenswoordige substantiewe benadering uit te wys. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

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