This dissertation examines the political economy of labour market policy in Canada and its effectiveness in addressing the social and economic exclusion of Aboriginal people. For many Aboriginal people, the colonial experience has left a legacy of destruction that all too often makes the journey through life extremely complicated. Aboriginal people generally have lower education levels than non-Aboriginal people and they earn lower incomes. The Aboriginal population is growing at a faster rate than the non-Aboriginal population and is on average much younger. In provinces like Manitoba where Aboriginal people make up 15 percent of the overall population, they are an important source of labour. Yet the statistics suggest that there is much to be done to bring Aboriginal people to a state of social and economic inclusion. Low high-school completion rates imply that the primary school system is failing Aboriginal children, leaving many unprepared to enter post secondary education and the labour market. Labour market policies can help address poverty and exclusion. While they can broadly include a set of policies affecting both the supply and demand for labour, this research shows that in a neo-liberal political economy, they have come to be much more limited in scope, focusing almost solely on supply-side solutions. For Aboriginal adults, this has meant support for short-term training programs aimed at preparing them for jobs determined by the market. This creates challenges for individuals who have a host of factors standing in their way. An examination of Manitoba based initiatives shows the implications of the policy environment for Aboriginal second-chance learners. It also shows how some programs have adapted to the neo-liberal environment to better serve their students and leads to some concluding thoughts on what might be done to further improve outcomes for Aboriginal second-chance learners.

Šiame magistro tezių darbe pristatomi Šūtkos romų bendruomenėje atlikto tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrime buvo siekiama identifikuoti žemo romų moterų užimtumo priežastis Šūtkos darbo rinkoje. Pagrindinis dėmesys darbe skiriamas 13-26 metų nuolatos Šūtkoje gyvenančioms romų moterims ir merginoms. Statistinių duomenų analizės parodė, jog romų moterų užimtumo situacija Šūtkos darbo rinkoje – gerokai skiriasi nuo romų vyrų, ketvirtadalis romų moterų čia gyvena žemiau skurdo ribos. Pirmoje studijos dalyje, skaitytojai yra supažindami su tyrimo metu taikytomis antropologinių, sociologinių bei istorinių disciplinų teorijomis. Tyrimo analizė paremta esmine Walby (2007) suformuluota ir pateikta socialinių kategorijų sąveikos (angl. intersectionality) teorija pagal kurią ir bandoma paaiškinti romų moterų žemo užimtumo priežastis romų bendruomenėje Šūtkoje. Antroje darbo dalyje pristatomas lauko tyrimas, jo specifika bei visos patirtos etinės problemos ar kiti iškilę sunkumai, o trečiojoje – atliekama tyrimo metu surinktos empirinės medžiagos analizė. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė svarbias romų moterų nepatekimo į Šūtkos darbo rinką priežastis – ankstyvo pasitraukimo iš ugdymo sistemos problema bei religinių, etninių ir kitų socialinių kategorijų įtaka moteriškos lyties atžvilgiu buvo itin aktuali. Turėdamos menkas patekimo galimybes į ugdymo sistemą bei patirdamos ankstyvą iškritimą iš jos, veikiamos kitų socialinių kategorijų romų moterys neįgyja tinkamo išsilavinimo. Dėl šios... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This thesis is giving us the results of research in Sutkin Roma community. The study was intended to identify low-Roma women in employment causes Sutkin labour market. The main focus of the work is paid regularly Sutkin 13-26 years living Roma women and girls. Statistical analysis of data showed that the employment situation of Roma women in the labour market Sutkin - far different from the Roma men. In the first part of the study, readers are introduced to the study treatment anthropological, sociological and historical disciplines theories. The study is based on a fundamental analysis of Walby (2007) formulated and presented to the social categories of interactions theory which attempts to explain and Roma women's low employment Sutkin cause of the Roma community. The second part of the paper presents a field study, its specifics and all incurred ethical problems or other difficulties encountered, and the third - the examination of empirical material collected during the analysis. The results revealed the importance of Roma women Sutkin not penetrate into the labour market reasons - an early exit from the education system, and the problem of religious, ethnic and other social categories influence of female sex has been very relevant. They have very little access to educational opportunities for the system, and they find themselves in the early retiring from her exposed to other social categories of Roma women do not acquire the proper education. For this reason... [to full text]

That a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children is often assumed, sometimes described, but rarely tested using methods allowing generalization. When addressing this issue, previous research has largely been limited to self-reported data on social relations. This thesis uses peer reported measures of social relations in combination with survey and register data to examine the effect of economic resources on the probability of social isolation and on the number of school class friendships of Swedish adolescents. While not entirely unambiguous, the results indicate that a lack of economic resources negatively affects the social relations of children, at least in regards to the school class social relations of adolescents. The results point to the importance for adolescent’s social relations of having the economic and material possibilities to participate in the social life and in the activities undertaken by peers.

NARKOTIKŲ VARTOTOJŲ ILGALAIKIS NEDARBAS IR SOCIALINĖ ATSKIRTIS. KLAIPĖDA, 2000 - 2008 M. SANTRAUKA Narkomanija – ypatingai aktuali problema Klaipėdos uostamiestyje. Apžvelgiant 2000 - 2008 metus, šiame mieste registruojamas narkotikų vartotojų skaičius nuo 2000 - ųjų m. vis didėjo ir būtina pažymėti, kad ŽIV paplitimo rodiklis 2008 m. lyginant Lietuvos miestus buvo didžiausias. Priklausomybė nuo psichoaktyviųjų medžiagų nulemia daugelį ne tik medicininių, bet ir psichologinių bei socialinių problemų. Silpni ryšiai su artimaisiais, neigiamas visuomenės požiūris į šiuos asmenis, nedarbas, išsilavinimo stoka, socialinio pobūdžio problemos – tai priežastys, dažniausiai lemiančios asmenų, priklausomų nuo narkotinių medžiagų socialinę atskirtį. Siekiant išvengti narkomanijos sukeliamų padarinių, būtina suteikti sąlygas šiems žmonėms pasveikti ir sugrįžti į pilnavertį gyvenimą. Todėl šiuo magistro darbu buvo siekta atskleisti veiksnius, lemiančius narkotikų vartotojų socialinę atskirtį bei jų integracijos į visuomenę galimybes Klaipėdoje. Tuo tikslu buvo iškelta darbo tezė ir dvi hipotezės. Darbo tezė: pagrindiniai veiksniai, lemiantys narkotikų vartotojų socialinę atskirtį Klaipėdoje yra ilgalaikis nedarbas, finansinės, kriminalinės, nakvynės, sveikatos problemos, konfliktai su šeima ir aplinkiniais, socialinės integracijos galimybių stoka bei neigiamas visuomenės požiūris. Hipotezės: 1. Ilgalaikis nedarbas labiausiai įtakoja Klaipėdos narkotikų vartotojų socialinę atskirtį. 2... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / LONG TERM UNEMPLOYMENT AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION OF DRUG ADDICTS (KLAIPĖDA, 2000-2008) SUMMARY Drug addiction is an especially relevant issue in Klaipėda Port. If reviewing the years 2000-2008, the number of drug users registered in this city had been increasing since the year 2000, and it should be noted that the HIV prevalence rate in 2008 was the highest in comparison with other Lithuanian cities. Addiction to psychoactive substances determines many social problems, not only medical, but also psychological. Weak relations with close relatives, the negative attitude of the society towards these persons, unemployment, lack of education, and problems of social nature are causes that mostly condition the social exclusion of persons addicted to narcotic substances. In order to prevent consequences caused by drug addiction it is necessary to provide for these persons proper conditions to recover and to return to a full-rate life. Therefore, this Master thesis sought to reveal factors determining the social exclusion of drug users and possibilities for their integration into society in Klaipėda. For this purpose there were raised a thesis and two hypotheses. Thesis: main factors determining the social exclusion of drug users in Klaipėda are long-term unemployment, financial, criminal, night-stay and health problems, conflicts with family and the people round about, lack of possibilities for social integration and negative attitude of the society. Hypotheses: 1. Long-term unemployment... [to full text]

After the North American wave of “welfare reform” in the 1990s, much research has measured the success of the work-to-welfare model. Lone mothers as a group have proved a particularly intractable challenge to policies aimed at moving welfare recipients into the labour market and financial independence. The present dissertation focuses on lone mother welfare recipients and explores the processes they live as they receive and attempt to leave social assistance. This research adds to current scholarship by identifying factors that promote or frustrate the process of exiting social assistance, and by examining the effectiveness of policies and programs aimed at integrating these welfare recipients into the labour market. Concentrating on the welfare regime in Ontario, this dissertation explores the experiences of a diverse sample of thirty lone mothers participating in Ontario Works, the provincially-mandated work-to-welfare program. Each lone mother was interviewed annually for a series of four interviews. Focus groups with caseworkers provided insight into the lone mothers’ processes of attempting to leave social assistance, highlighting the differences between program design and program delivery. The dissertation asks three overarching research questions: What is the role of the provincial welfare regime in transitioning lone mothers from receipt of social assistance to paid employment? How did the lone mothers’ lives change over the study period? What elements facilitated exiting social assistance and what elements acted as obstacles or barriers? The research and analysis are shaped by three theoretical lenses; gender, social exclusion and social capital. The results highlight that there is no predictive factor: no profile emerged of the lone mother most likely to achieve independence. The research identifies “stayers”, “leavers” and three additional groups: “blenders”, “traders”, and “betweeners,” and establishes that while many exit the welfare stream, few did so because of financial independence. These results point to substantial inadequacies in the provincial work-to-welfare programming in addressing the particular needs of lone mothers. Gender neutral policies proved to overlook the key aspects to lone mothers’ experiences, such as their caregiving responsibilities and the realities of a labour market that stratifies based on gender. Lone mothers were effectively excluded from programs designed to increase bridging and linking social capital; such programs are only available to recipients who have succeeded in eliminating their barriers to joining the labour market. Bonding social capital, which is not targeted by Ontario Works and which depends on the personal resources of each woman, emerges as the key determinant of success in exiting, as it allows the lone mothers to overcome the caregiving challenge. The research also indicates that those without bonding social capital are those most likely to be socially excluded from multiple social realms.

This dissertation examines the political economy of labour market policy in Canada and its effectiveness in addressing the social and economic exclusion of Aboriginal people. For many Aboriginal people, the colonial experience has left a legacy of destruction that all too often makes the journey through life extremely complicated. Aboriginal people generally have lower education levels than non-Aboriginal people and they earn lower incomes. The Aboriginal population is growing at a faster rate than the non-Aboriginal population and is on average much younger. In provinces like Manitoba where Aboriginal people make up 15 percent of the overall population, they are an important source of labour. Yet the statistics suggest that there is much to be done to bring Aboriginal people to a state of social and economic inclusion. Low high-school completion rates imply that the primary school system is failing Aboriginal children, leaving many unprepared to enter post secondary education and the labour market. Labour market policies can help address poverty and exclusion. While they can broadly include a set of policies affecting both the supply and demand for labour, this research shows that in a neo-liberal political economy, they have come to be much more limited in scope, focusing almost solely on supply-side solutions. For Aboriginal adults, this has meant support for short-term training programs aimed at preparing them for jobs determined by the market. This creates challenges for individuals who have a host of factors standing in their way. An examination of Manitoba based initiatives shows the implications of the policy environment for Aboriginal second-chance learners. It also shows how some programs have adapted to the neo-liberal environment to better serve their students and leads to some concluding thoughts on what might be done to further improve outcomes for Aboriginal second-chance learners.

The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the question of urban crime and its relationship with the lower income groups in the cities by concentrating in the case study conducted in one of the deprived neighbourhoods of Ankara, namely Hidirliktepe. In the dominant conception on urban crime, there are two main assumptions / urban crime is partly an outcome of urbanization itself and the main actors of urban crime are deprived communities those living in the most deteriorated neighborhoods of the cities. The thesis challenges both assumptions by arguing that urbanization itself could not be accounted for the rising crime rates and it is unwarranted to argue that deprived communities are the main source of urban crime. Against this bias, in this thesis it is argued that the very same perception is used as a part of wider policy of isolation towards the lower income groups, and this social as well as the economic isolation and exclusion has important contributions to the rising crime rates in the deprived neighborhoods in urban areas. The findings of the case study conducted in Hidirliktepe, one of the neighborhoods where the most deprived communities of Ankara live, support these arguments.

Social exclusion of vulnerable children and families is a serious concern for policy-makers and practitioners alike. This doctoral thesis explores the social construction of exclusion in the UK. The thesis explores both historical and current processes of interactions between the socially excluded populations and policy agents. The empirical findings suggest that the neglect of the children's rights value perspective in social policy, and the resultant practice thereof, may be counter-productive to combating social exclusion. "... institutions perpetuate exclusion unofficially. Public Sector workers who reflect the prejudices of their society may institutionalise some kinds of discrimination" The Department for International Development (DfID), UK "it just kills you in the end.. especially because you don't know if you are doing more good than harm.. the worst decision for me is when I see the child should be removed from home but I know if I do that, he will never get the kind of therapeutic attention that he needs.. instead he will probably be in multiple placements and at the end of the day, it boils down to the choice whether you let him be abused by hi natural family or let the Government do it.. the abuse does not stop with intervention.. it's just the System that does it then.." "Practice is about watching your back not about what can I do for this child" Excerpts from interviews with child protection social workers, UK "Decisions were made for us, we were tossed here and there like a worthless piece of scum" Excerpts from interviews with care-leavers, UK Mayeda Jamal is a Doctoral student at the Center for Media and Economic Psychology at the Stockholm School of Economics (SSE), Sweden, and a Visiting Researcher at the Department of Organizational Social Psychology at London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), UK. Mayeda has a Masters degree in Human Resource Management and a B.A. in Economics.

Denna uppsats belyser oavsiktliga konsekvenser som kan uppstå när skolpersonal rekommenderar läsvänliga böcker som skildrar utanförskap. Uppsatsen ämnar söka svar på om skolans pedagogiska åtgärd att rekommendera läsvänliga böcker kan ses som en oavsiktlig symbolisk våldföring samt undersöka vilka etiska dilemman som kan uppstå på grund av att böckerna skildrar utanförskap. Pierre Bourdieu och Jean-Claude Passerons teori om symboliskt våld och Donald Broadys teori om ”Den dolda läroplanen” visar att det finns en maktutövning mellan elever och lärare. Robert K. Mertons teori om oavsiktliga konsekvenser visar vilka konsekvenser som kan uppstå till följd av målmedvetna sociala handlingar. Den tidigare forskning som presenteras i uppsatsen pekar bland annat på att ungdomar ser ett samband mellan skolmisslyckanden och socialt utanförskap. Efter textanalys av Kim Olins bokserie samt blogginlägg skrivna av lärare och skolbibliotekarier har resultaten visat att tillhandahållandet av denna typ av läsvänlig litteratur kan ses som en form av symbolisk våldföring samt att det finns ett etiskt dilemma i böckernas innehåll i relation till den tänkta läsaren. / The aim of this essay is to seek an answer to if a schools educational measures in their recommendation of reader-friendly books can be seen as an utterance of symbolic violence and to examine what kind of ethical dilemmas can arise from a book that portrays social exclusion. Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron’s theories of symbolic violence and Donald Broady’s theory of the hidden curriculum show that teachers wield and exercise a kind of power against and in relation to their students. Robert K. Merton’s theory about unintended consequences exemplifies the kinds of consequences that purposive social action can have. Previous research presented in this essay show that young people often see a correlation between academic failures and social exclusion. After a textual analysis of Kim Olin’s book series about Simon, and blog posts written by teachers and school librarians, our results show that a provision of this type of reader-friendly literature can be seen as an action of symbolic violence against the reciever, and that there is an ethical dilemma to be found in the books subject matter in relation to the intended reader.

Orientador: Raul Borges Guimarães / Banca: Arthur Magon Whitacker / Banca: Everaldo Santos Melazzo / Banca: Júlio César de Lima Ramires / Banca: Vitor Ribeiro Filho / Resumo: Nesta tese partimos da hipótese de que nas cidades médias brasileiras ocorrem processos sociais excludentes perversos. O "lugar de cada um" ou a separação espacial das diferentes classes sociais nas cidades médias nos remete à discussão da banalização das desigualdades e a produção e reprodução do espaço banal. O mapeamento da exclusão social permite-nos compreender essa banalização por meio das interfaces entre o econômico e o político, pois não entendemos as cidades médias sem analisar a sua inserção na rede de cidades (geografia econômica) como não podemos compreender a exclusão social sem investigar as especificidades da produção e reprodução do espaço banal (geografia política). Uberlândia, São José do Rio Preto e Presidente Prudente foram escolhidas como recorte empírico que permitiu-nos identificar os processos que envolvem os impactos negativos das desigualdades sociais. É também o elemento que possibilita reconhecer as matrizes excludentes e como estas são reproduzidas. Partimos, assim, do princípio de que a análise e caracterização do conceito de exclusão social, bem como o mapeamento dos indicadores de exclusão constituem-se em uma chave para compreender a banalização das desigualdades sociais e espaciais nessas três cidades médias. / Abstract: In this research, we discuss the social exclusion processes in the intermediate Brazilian cities. Using an empirical study across Uberlandia, Sao Jose do Rio Preto and Presidente Prudente, it was possible to identify the negative impacts and social inequalities that involve the Brazilian urban production. It is also the element that makes possible both recognise the excluding patterns and find out how they are produced. Then we assume that the analysis and characterisation of the concept of social exclusion as well as the mapping of exclusion indicators constitute the key point for understanding the vulgarisation of social and spatial inequalities in these three intermediate cities. / Doutor