Depuis plus de 40 ans, les mobilisations autour d’enjeux environnementaux interrogent les relations que l’homme entretient avec la nature. Mais toutes les questions d’environnement ne retiennent pas l’attention des pouvoirs publics et du public. Fondée sur une approche constructiviste de sociologie des problèmes publics et de sociologie cognitive, la thèse permet de comprendre, à partir de l’exemple de la conservation des bois morts, comment cette question a été instituée en problème public – sous l’impulsion de scientifiques et de responsables d’associations environnementales – et inscrite à l’agenda des politiques environnementales. Si la dimension sectorielle de ce type de problème a rendu difficile sa médiatisation, la thèse montre aussi qu’il a bénéficié de l’alignement du cadre interprétatif sur des catégories de problèmes publics déjà identifiés comme celui de la biodiversité. La thèse interroge également la production normative inhérente à la publicisation de cette question ainsi que les conditions d’élaboration de solutions. Si la production de normes censées résoudre ces problèmes est de plus en plus décentralisée et négociée, ce travail de normalisation montre ses limites en termes d’asymétrie de pouvoir, de légitimité sociale accordée aux différents acteurs de la négociation et de l’hétérogénéité des référentiels qui reposent parfois sur des compromis minimalistes et fonctionnels. Malgré cette absence de cadres interprétatifs et de référentiels normatifs stabilisés, les forestiers de terrain, enquêtés dans les Landes de Gascogne et la forêt de Rambouillet, se montrent de plus en plus réceptifs à la question de la biodiversité associée aux bois morts mais aussi à l’utilisation de cette biomasse comme source d’énergie renouvelable. Notre approche de sociologie cognitive, et en particulier de la pensée technique, montre que cette mise en concurrence et ce recadrage autour de problèmes publics environnementaux présentés comme d’égale importance interrogent à nouveau les forestiers sur leur façon de concilier éthique environnementale et économie dans le cadre de leur gestion forestière. / For more than 40 years, mobilizations around environmental issues try to engage the public and the public authorities about the relationship between human beings and nature. But all environmental issues do not become the focus of public attention or public authorities. Based on the sociology of social problems and knowledge sociology, the thesis shows how the question of dead wood conservation was instituted as a public problem by scientists and managers of environmental associations and how it was put on the agenda of environmental policies. If the professional dimension of this type of problem has complicated its media coverage, the thesis shows that this issue benefited from the alignment of its interpretative framework with some public debates which were already identified such as biodiversity issues. The thesis also queries the normative production inherent to the publicization of this issue and the conditions for the development of solutions. If the production of standards that ought to solve these problems is more and more decentralized and negotiated, this standardization shows its limits in terms of asymmetry of power, social legitimacy given to the different actors of the negotiation and the heterogeneity of the standards systems that are sometimes based on functional and minimalist compromises. Despite this absence of interpretative frameworks and stabilized normative references, foresters, in the Landes of Gascony and the forest of Rambouillet, were more and more receptive to the biodiversity issues associated with dead wood, but also to the use of this biomass as a renewable energy source. Our approach of cognitive sociology shows that this competition between these two public environmental problems is of equal importance for foresters who are dubious about the way to reconcile environmental ethics and economics in the framework of their forest management.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Social Sciences Institute of Economic Studies Title Page MASTER'S THESIS Executive Compensation in Firms Producing Addictive Goods Author: Bc. Michael Janský Supervisor: Jiří Novák, M.Sc., Ph.D. Academic Year: 2014/2015 Abstract This thesis investigates executive compensation, turnover and migration patterns in firms that produce addictive goods (tobacco, alcohol, and gambling). Previous research has identified costs associated with the production of harmful goods specific to these industries. Consistent with this stream of research, I find increased executive compensation in tobacco, alcohol, and gambling firms. This finding seems to be driven by industry specific characteristics, rather than by executives' traits or by the 'traditional' determinants of executive compensation. Executive migration patterns and the effect of job change on compensation indicate that the higher compensation is not caused by executives' attributes well suited for these firms' specific needs, by executives' contribution to value-creating activities, or by other executive-specific characteristics. Rather, the higher compensation seems to reflect a payment to executives for having to bear society's aversion to or displeasure with these harmful goods, and those who produce them. JEL...

Essa tese de doutorado tem como objetivo estudar o diferencial de gênero no tempo de commuting dos indivíduos e entender sua relação com a Hipótese da Responsabilidade Doméstica (HRH, em inglês). Em um primeiro momento busca-se identificar as diferenças no comportamento de viagens a trabalho de homens e mulheres e associá-las à HRH, ao passo que a segunda parte vai mais a fundo na questão da divisão de tarefas e analisa o papel das normas sociais como motor do diferencial de gênero no tempo de commuting. Lançando mão de informações provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2011 a 2015 para indivíduos casados, a primeira parte constrói uma métrica para o grau de responsabilização do cônjuge com os afazeres domésticos e investiga a sua importância na determinação do tempo de commuting. Os principais resultados indicam que gênero só se apresenta como característica relevante para explicar a duração do deslocamento ao trabalho nos cenários em que a parcela desempenhada de afazeres domésticos não é levada em consideração. Testes de robustez mostram que o efeito da HRH sobrevive mesmo quando incluídos nas regressões aspectos do mercado de trabalho que tradicionalmente são apontados como explicações para homens e mulheres apresentarem diferentes durações do commuting. Reconhecendo que a divisão de afazeres domésticos é influenciada pelos papéis de gênero que cada cônjuge assume dentro de um casamento, a segunda parte utiliza dados do Censo Brasileiro de 2010 para incluir na análise casais do mesmo sexo e entender como as normas sociais podem ser responsáveis pelas diferentes durações no trajeto casa-trabalho de homens e mulheres. Os resultados revelam que casais do mesmo sexo apresentam maior probabilidade de terem o mesmo tempo de commuting e que mulheres que se relacionam com outras mulheres conseguem ter maior mobilidade no espaço urbano, trazendo evidências de que o afrouxamento das normas sociais, materializado na não-designação tradicional de papéis sociais de gênero em um casamento, tem efeitos positivos sobre a igualdade do commuting. A pesquisa aqui desenvolvida expande a fronteira do conhecimento em várias frentes, a começar por trazer a discussão para fora do eixo dos países desenvolvidos. Mais importante ainda, discute o desenrolar da HRH no que diz respeito à capacidade de se locomover no espaço em busca de melhores oportunidades de emprego. Finalmente, a pesquisa ainda traz insights sobre a diferença entre gênero e papéis de gênero como condicionantes do comportamento de viagem dos indivíduos, permitindo que políticas públicas sejam desenhadas visando mitigar os efeitos adversos da HRH para as mulheres. / This dissertation deals with the gender differential in the commuting time of individuals and aims to understand its relationship with the Household Responsibility Hypothesis (HRH). First, it seeks to identify the differences in the behavior of travel to work for men and women and to associate them with HRH. The second part explores the issue of the division of household chores and analyzes the role of social norms as the motor of the gender differential in commuting time. Using information from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) from 2011 to 2015 for married individuals, the first part constructs a metric for the degree of accountability of the spouse to household chores and investigates their importance in determining commuting time. The main results indicate that gender is a relevant characteristic only to explain travel time to work in the scenarios in which the portion of household chores performed is not taken into account. Moreover, robustness tests show that the HRH effect persists even when aspects of the labor market that are traditionally pointed out as explanations for men and women presenting different durations of commuting are included in the regressions. Acknowledging that household chores are influenced by the gender roles each spouse takes in a marriage, the second part uses data from the 2010 Brazilian Census to include same-sex couples in the analysis to understand how social norms can account for different commuting times for men and women. The results show that same-sex couples are more likely to have the same commuting time and that women who relate to other women are able to have greater mobility in the urban space, bringing evidence that the loosening of social norms, materialized by the non-designation of traditional gender roles in a marriage, has positive effects on commuting equality. The research developed here pushes the boundary of knowledge on several fronts, starting with exploring the issue out of the usual circuit of developed countries. More importantly, it discusses the development of HRH with regard to the ability to move around in space in search of better employment opportunities. Finally, the research brings insights into the difference between gender and gender roles as constraints on individuals\' travel behavior, enabling the design of public policies to mitigate the adverse effects of HRH for women.

The main goal of this study is to investigate stimulus that can be used to increase consumers purchase intentions toward suboptimal food products. Consumers seem to have low preferences to buy fruits and vegetables with unusual appearance, products with damaged package and close to the expiration date, usually called suboptimal food products. However, rejection of suboptimal food is an important contributor to food waste levels. Interventions aimed at encouraging the purchase of suboptimal food are scarce, however needed. This study used the theory of normative influence to test the effect of both descriptive and injunctive norms on a product with an unusual appearance, a product with a reduced expiration date and a product with a damaged package. The first study tested different messages appeals to create a realistic norm in study 2. From this study, it was selected the social message appeal and the frequencies of purchase toward each product, using them in the messages as the prevalent norm The second study analysed the effect of injunctive and descriptive norms of purchase intentions toward suboptimal food and also tested the effect of environmental concern and food waste problem awareness. Results show that both environmental concern and food waste problem awareness impact purchase intentions toward suboptimal food. Additionally, appeals employing social norms proved to affect purchases intentions toward these products. However, this effect only occurred for the vegetable with an unusual appearance and the product with a package damaged. For the product with a reduced expiration date the norms had no effect. Moreover, for the product with an unusual appearance, food waste problem awareness mediated the effect of injunctive norm on purchase intentions. Based on the results, this study contributes to the theory of normative influences by showing that, in a general way, this theory is applied to food waste reduction issues, more specifically, with suboptimal food consumption. However, it is necessary to consider the type of sub-optimally and the context where the influence is applied. Additionally, was discussed how social norms can be used to tackle food waste and the implications for marketing and policy actions.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o efeito gerado pelo uso de diferentes normas sociais descritivas e pelo uso do selo de orgânico em produtos alimentícios sobre as preferências do consumidor por produtos orgânicos durante uma simulação de compras online. Tendo como marco teórico as novas ferramentas da economia comportamental, como nudges e arquitetura da escolha, num contexto de Paternalismo Libertário, a análise contou com a realização de um experimento através de um site de compras no qual os participantes foram expostos a diferentes mensagens normativas descritivas durante o processo de tomada de decisão na compra de alimentos. Participaram do experimento 1.965 estudantes de graduação da UFRGS e as análises dos resultados foram realizadas utilizando regressões por Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários e o Propensity Score Matching (PSM) para cálculo do Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). Para ambas estratégias os resultados mostraram um efeito positivo e significativo no uso das normas descritivas para o consumo de orgânicos e no percentual consumido de produtos orgânicos. No entanto, no caso do uso do selo de produto orgânico esses resultados não foram significativos. A análise sugere que o uso de normas descritivas pode promover o consumo de produtos orgânicos por estudantes e estas podem ser incorporadas na formulação de políticas públicas que visem a incentivar o consumo desse tipo de produto. / This work aims to analyze the effect caused by the use of different descriptive social norms and by the use of the organic label in food products about consumer preferences for organic products during an online shopping simulation. Within the theoretical framework of the new tools of behavioral economics, as nudges and architecture of choice in a context of Paternalism Libertarian. The analysis included the realization of an experiment through a shopping site where participants were exposed to different descriptive normative messages during the decision-making process when buying food. Experiment participants were 1.965 graduate students from UFRGS and the analysis of the results were performed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions and the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) for calculation of the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT). For both strategies the results showed a positive and significant effect on the use of descriptive social norms for the consumption of organics and for the percentage of organic products consumed. However, in the case of the use of the product’s organic label these results were not significant. The analysis suggests that the use of descriptive social norms can promote the consumption of organic products by students and these can be incorporated into the formulation of public policies to encourage consumption of this type of product.

During college, students establish nutritional habits that may last a lifetime. Fruit and vegetable consumption often decreases during the first few years of college and the vast majority of college-­‐aged students are not meeting current recommendations. Social norms theory has been shown to be an effective method for influencing behaviors in this population. This study was designed to test whether or not providing students with normative and manipulated social norms feedback could influence fruit and vegetable intakes among college-­‐aged students as evidenced by changes in skin carotenoid levels and food frequency questionnaire reports. Participants (n=244) were randomly assigned to a control group or given either normative feedback or manipulated social norms feedback regarding their skin carotenoid levels in comparison to their peers, with carotenoid levels being an objective measurement of fruit and vegetable intake. Those receiving manipulated feedback were given an artificially low carotenoid score implying that peer consumption was greater than their own. Results indicated no significant within-­‐participant changes in fruit and vegetable intakes reported in the FFQ (P=.635). While there was no change in the control groups skin carotenoid levels (P=.996), there was a borderline significant increase among those receiving normative feedback (P=.066) and a significant increase among those receiving manipulated social norms feedback (P<.001). Repeated measures of analysis showed that within-­‐participant increases in carotenoid scores were dependent on group assignment (P=.033) with an effect size of η2p=.026 which according to Cohen’s guideline is a small effect size. The distribution of carotenoid scores and FFQ results were approximately normal. Comparisons between FFQ results and skin carotenoid levels found Pearson correlation coefficients of .301 (P<.001) and other positive correlations were found between skin carotenoid levels and both exercise and BMI (.111, P=.049; -­‐.253, P<.001). The results of this study suggest that manipulated social norms feedback can increase skin carotenoid levels. The observed increases may indicate higher carotenoid containing fruit and vegetable consumption. These findings imply that social norms feedback may potentially be used as a strategy to promote and influence greater fruit and vegetable consumption among college students.

Men’s underrepresentation in the female-dominated domains of healthcare, early education, and the domestic sphere, or HEED roles, remains a persistent problem despite the fact that such careers often afford more job security and wage growth than blue-collar work. A growing body of evidence suggests that their lack of participation in HEED roles is not merely due to a skills mismatch, but rather an identity mismatch. I hypothesized that using descriptive and injunctive norms to reframe a stereotypically feminine career as more compatible with manhood could effectively reduce this identity mismatch. More specifically, I predicted that using a dynamic descriptive norm framing that highlighted the growing number of men taking on a female-dominated career and an injunctive norm framing that highlighted its compatibility with men’s gender rules would increase men’s interest in the occupation. Furthermore, I believed that such framings would be particularly effective among men who are highly communal and those who do not strongly endorse traditional male role norms. To test my predictions, 342 men took part in an online study in which they were assigned to read a newspaper article about a HEED role, nursing, that was designed to manipulate the perceived prevalence of male nurses and the job’s compatibility with male gender rules. Then, they completed a variety of measures designed to assess their interest in and perceptions of nursing and other HEED careers. Minimal support was found for my hypotheses, and I discuss limitations and future directions to shed light on these null results.

Previous research has explored self-perception of weight and has established that women tend to overestimate their own weight while men tend to underestimate. New research has also begun to examine parental perceptions of their children's weight and has indicated that parents tend to be fairly inaccurate, particularly when it comes to recognizing overweight in their own children. No research has focused on the way in which we perceive the weight of the many other individuals we encounter on a daily basis. The present study was designed to investigate the way in which the weight of others is rated and the factors that affect the way in which these ratings are made. Undergraduate male (N = 140) and female (N = 193) students viewed a series of slides depicting male and female figures of varying levels of muscularity and adiposity. The race of the figures was also varied. Each figure was presented once in each racial category (Caucasian, Hispanic, and African American). Participants then filled out questionnaires assessing potential covariates: trait levels of body dissatisfaction, thin-ideal internalization, muscularity dissatisfaction, proximate social norms, appearance comparison, and social desirability. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight. The effects of target race, rater race, and rater gender on ratings were examined. Results indicated that the race of the figure affected the ratings given to the figure, though consistent patterns of influence were not identified. Males consistently rated the weight of the figures higher than females and African American raters consistently assigned lower weight ratings than did Caucasian raters. The analyses failed to identify consistent covariates of these effects. Results also provided tentative support for the hypothesis that, given two figures equal in adiposity, raters will provide a lower weight rating to the figure with more muscularity. Exploratory analyses also examined health and attractiveness ratings. The findings are discussed in the context of research on self-perception and the way in which the trends in perception of others differ from the trends seen in self-perception. Study limitations are discussed and possibilities for future research are offered.

During the last three decades there has been an increased influx of refugees and immigrants into Scandinavia. The overall aim of this thesis was primarily to improve our knowledge of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need, both normative and self-perceived, in adolescents of varying geographic origin. A further aim was to determine whether any differences with respect to perception of general appearance and psychosocial well-being were related to geographic origin. Papers I and II concerned self perceived and normative orthodontic treatment need. About 500 12-13 year-old subjects, stratified into different groups: A-Sweden, B-Eastern/Southeastern Europe, C-Asia and D-other countries, answered a questionnaire and underwent clinical examination by the author. In paper III the association between the two variables in papers I and II was investigated. Paper IV was a follow up study, at 18-19 years of age, of the relationship between geographic origin and prevalence of malocclusion, self-perceived treatment need, temporomandibular symptoms and psychosocial wellbeing. In Paper V a qualitative study of 19-20 year old subjects was conducted, to identify the strategies they had adopted to handle the issue of persisting poor dental aesthetics. The main findings were that at 12-13 years of age, immigrant subjects had a lower perceived orthodontic treatment need than subjects of Swedish background. Girls of Swedish background had the highest self perceived treatment need, whilst girls of non-Swedish background were most concerned that fixed appliance therapy would be painful. In a few of the clinical variables measured at 12-13 years of age, the Swedish group exhibited the greatest space deficiency and irregularity in both the maxillary and mandibular anterior segments and greater overjet, compared to the Eastern/Southeastern European and Asian groups. The clinical implications were negligible. The orthodontic treatment need according to “Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need - Dental HealthComponent” (IOTN-DHC) grades 4 and 5, ranged from 30 to 40 percent, without any inter-group differences. There were strong associations between subjects perceiving a need for orthodontic treatment and 6IOTN-DHC grades 4 and 5, anterior crossbite and avoiding smiling because they were self-conscious about their teeth. At the age of 18-19 years, the frequency of malocclusion was similar in all groups. Subjects of Asian origin had a higher self-perceived orthodontic treatment need than their Swedish counterparts and a higher frequency of headache than those of Eastern/Southeastern European origin. Psychological wellbeing was reduced in nearly one quarter of the sample, more frequently in girls than boys. No association was found between self-perceived orthodontic treatment need and psychological wellbeing. The theory “Being under the pressure of social norms” was generated in Paper V, and it can be applied to improve our understanding of young adults who have adjusted to living with poor dental aesthetics and also aid to identify those who are not as well-adjusted and would probably benefit from treatment. Undisclosed dental fear is an important barrier to acceptance of orthodontic treatment in early adolescence. Despite demographic changes due to immigration, no major change in the prevalence of malocclusion and normative orthodontic treatment need has been disclosed. This does not apply to adolescents and adults who immigrated at an older age.

Sexual assault of women is a well-documented phenomenon in U.S. samples, particularly on college campuses. Innovative approaches to prevention encourage men and women to intervene as bystanders in sexual assault situations; however, bystander behavior is notoriously inhibited by various situational factors. This study used a mixed-method approach to better understand the role of situational factors in college men’s bystander behavioral intentions in a party gang rape situation. The first aim was to develop an experimental paradigm using vignette methodology to manipulate the amount of masculinity threat present in a party gang rape situation, which could then be used to explore the effect of masculinity threat on men’s bystander behavioral intentions. Although I was unable to heighten masculinity threat, findings indicate that a previous relationship with the offenders results in men expecting a typical male college bystander to experience less negative affect in the situation. The second aim was to use the vignettes to examine whether men’s perception of the rape-supportive and traditional masculine gender role norms among the offenders involved, as well as indicators of masculinity threat, would predict men’s bystander behavioral intentions. Boding well for bystander intervention programs, the majority (98%) of men reported intention to intervene to stop the assault to some degree, although this intention was lower for men who perceived the party gang rape situation to result in more negative affect for a typical college male bystander. Data depicts the party gang rape situation as one in which masculine norms and masculinity threat are salient; however, these aspects did not play a role in intentions to intervene. Eighteen percent of men reported some intention to join in the assault, which was predicted by perceived masculine norms and men’s demographic characteristics. Findings point to the importance of culturally competent programming and the utility of incorporating a social norms approach in bystander intervention programs. Programs may benefit from addressing concerns about retaliation, particularly as a function of men’s relationships to the offenders. A limitation is the exclusion of individual difference variables to explore whether men’s own attitudes interact with situational factors to predict bystander behavioral intentions.