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The objective of this thesis was to identify and critically analyze the existing theoretical origins of social exchange. The identification and analysis of theoretically proposed origins of exchange was based on a thorough review of the works of the better known social exchange theorists. In the course of the review and analysis, it was discovered that social exchange theory consists of two distinguishable bodies of literature. Further, each of the two bodies of literature proceeds from its own assumptions concerning the nature and extent of social exchange activity, including the origins of such activity. Critical analysis revealed the possibility of the construction of a unified, more parsimonious conception of the origins of social exchange. The concept of social solidarity and its role as both causal agent and social result of exchange, processes provided the basis for a new explanation of the origins of social exchange. The general conclusions of the thesis are four. First, two models of social exchange exist in the literature. They are the generalized model and restricted model. Second, the origins of exchange assumed by each model differ. The generalized model posits the functional requirements of the group for integration and survival as origins. The restricted model posits psychological needs and/or rational economic motives as origins. Third, the generalized exchange model is capable of subsuming the restricted exchange model, at least insofar as origins of exchange are concerned. Fourth, it is concluded that both the restricted and generalized exchange models are linked in one crucial way. Both models implicitly deal with the creation of social solidarity, and the way in which the models are related through the concept of social solidarity is explained. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

In organizational life, trust breach is a common but destructive phenomenon. This dissertation explores how a prosocial, virtuous response to trust breach -- interpersonal forgiveness -- might influence the behaviour and attitudes of teams and their members in the wake of such a breach. In a series of three manuscripts, the dissertation looks at the consequences of forgiveness for the person perceived to have broken a victim’s trust (the transgressor), and for the teammates who observe the breach and the response that follows it. Forgiveness is described as playing two important roles. For transgressors, we describe forgiveness as a favour, drawing on social exchange theory to argue that forgiveness triggers reciprocal helping directed at both the victim and the team at large. And for teammates, we argue that forgiveness serves as a powerful signal, communicating the cohesion and efficacy of the group. These predictions are tested experimentally with a laboratory study of transgressor-victim dyads (Chapter 2) and of transgressor-victim-teammate triads (Chapter 3), and a series of two vignette studies from the perspective of teammate observers (Chapter 4). Focusing on the linkages between forgiveness and justice, each study considers the interaction between forgiveness various transgressor-initiated and victim-initiated attempts at restoring justice, including apologies, punishment, and restorative justice practices. Chapter 5 discusses the mixed support found for our predictions, considers how the limitations of our studies might be addressed, and introduces a series of directions for future research. / Thesis (Ph.D, Management) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-27 19:40:29.248

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Virginia Commonwealth University, 2009. / Prepared for: Dept. of Psychology. Title from title-page of electronic thesis. Bibliography: leaves 99-106.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2005. Graduate Programme in Schulich School of Business. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-115). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004 & res_dat=xri:pqdiss & rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation & rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:NR11632.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 2, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 190-198). Also issued in print.

Thesis--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-201).

This dissertation is concerned with the process by which social actors conceal information about the true level of their profits in exchange interactions, so that they may deviate from a norm of fairness calling for equality of subjective profits to the parties in an exchange. Two factors are posited to act as constraints on the potential advantage of information control — a preference by social actors for reliable information that allows comparison with exchange partners; and the availability of alternative exchange partners who do not conceal their resources. In this context, we outline six exchange situations characterized by different distributions of information (symmetric and asymmetric), and by different numbers of alternatives. One case, involving asymmetric information and several alternative exchange partners, is selected as the focus of this study. A theory is constructed to make predictions concerning the nature and direction of initiations of exchange, the perception of advantage in information control, and the likely success of tactics of concealing information about resources from potential exchange partners. The predictions are subjected to test in an experimental study, involving 336 subjects in 42 experiments. The results are largely supportive of the predictions that: 1) people who can conceal their resources make more attempts to gain advantageous exchanges; 2) people prefer to enter exchange transactions in which they have reliable information about their partners; and 3) people direct more initiations of exchange to others who possess relatively large amounts of desired resources. The few cases in which negative evidence arose are evaluated, and attention is drawn to aspects of the theory and experimental design in need of further investigation. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

Thesis (M.S.) in Human Development--University of Maine, 2001. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-47).

It has been repeatedly documented that during mother-infant inter- action, mothers of pre-term infants exhibit higher rates of stimulation than do mothers of full-term infants. The present research explored characteristics of mother and infant which may contribute to this pattern. In Study 1, pre-term and full-term infants were compared on two dimensions of neonatal behavior thought to elicit heightened maternal activity: (1) lesser positive responsiveness and (2) greater irritability or drowsiness. Further, the pre-term sample was divided into two groups (mildly ill, moderately ill) to explore the impact of severity of neonatal medical complications on infant behavior. Assessment of neonatal responsiveness included orientation items and ratings of alertness and state control adapted from the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale. Pre-terms exhibited less mature visual tracking of moving stimuli than full-terms but showed similar optimal responsiveness to an animate visual and auditory stimulus. Within the pre-term sample, the two illness groups did not differ on any measure. In Study 2, variations in maternal folk theories about special needs of pre-terms were explored. Mothers of mildly ill and moderately ill pre-terms were compared on three sets of attitudes thought to affect maternal stimulation during interaction- -Vigilance, Protection, and Developmental Expectations. Vigilance refers to providing attention, monitoring behavior, and worry about future development. Protection reflects a view of the infant as vulnerable and fragile. Pre-term mothers were also compared to full-term mothers on expectations for infant achievement of cognitive and motoric milestones. Mothers of moderately ill pre-terms expressed more Vigilance attitudes than mothers of mildly ill pre-terms; no difference in Protection attitudes were found. Mothers of pre-terms expected delayed motoric development more frequently than mothers of full-terms. The implications of the findings from these studies for hypotheses about the origins of the high maternal activity pattern were discussed. / This thesis was digitized as part of a project begun in 2014 to increase the number of Duke psychology theses available online. The digitization project was spearheaded by Ciara Healy.