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A history of soil erosion, alluvial and colluvial deposition is presented for a small catchment in NW Greece. The role of climatic events, tectonics and human disturbance of the landscape are examined. A major valley aggradation, named the Syndendron alluvium, was deposited in the valley floor during the close of the last glaciation. The 15,000 – 10,000 cal yr BP period was a time of dramatic climate fluctuations and associated changes in vegetation, fluctuating between steppe and oak woodland. The Syndendron alluvial deposit is associated with significant fires in the mid and upper catchment, as indicated by ash layers and charcoal in soils dated from this time. Regular fires were clearly an important part of landscape modification in sediments and soil deposited after about 15,000 cal yrs BP. The deposition of the Syndendron alluvium may have began as early as 14,200 cal yr BP but more likely was deposited between ca 12,250 and 9,300 cal yr BP (sites C11, C12, C13 and P37). The alluvium buries distinctive charcoal-rich paleosols dated between 14,700 and 14,200 cal yr BP (sites C6, C9 and C19). Debris flow deposits and slope wash from adjacent hill slopes provided the sediment source for the alluvium and slope wash has buried several distinctive late Pleistocene hill soils (sites C11, C12, C19). Alluvial sedimentation and hill slope erosion continued until at least 11,000 cal yrs BP, as indicated by an eroded hill soil at C11 that is buried by the aggrading Syndendron alluvium. Deposition had, however,ceased by ca. 9,300, as indicated by distinct alluvial soils that developed on the deposit (sites C12 and P37). Several colluvial soils dated to about 8,000 cal yr BP (C9 and C17) also cap the alluvium. The Syndendron alluvial event may in part relate to the arrival of humans during the climatic amelioration associated with the late glacial interstadial (Bolling-Allerod interstadials). Certainly there is increased burning of the catchment after about 15,000 cal yrs BP. Palaeolithic stone tools have been found in the catchment and along with others in the Grevena and Epirus regions, indicating humans were present. This period is also associated with colluvial soil deposition on lower slopes (sites C6 and C19). However, after about 12,250 cal yr BP there is a dramatic acceleration in the erosion rate and associated deposition on the valley floor and lower slopes. While fire appears to be important, a change to drier and cooler conditions, recorded in the Greenland ice cores as the Younger Dryas phase, may have caused denudation between 12,800 and 11, 600 cal yrs BP. The climate change toward wetter conditions after 10,000 cal yr BP and increasing tree cover appears to have led to a more stable landscape indicated by soil development and associated soil creep. However, there have been no Mesolithic sites identified in Grevena, and it is generally a period of low human activity in Greece. Following the hill slope erosion and deposition of the Syndendron alluvium the catchment seems to have become relatively stable as indicated by the development of moderately deep and well structured fertile black silty clay loam soils on the Syndendron alluvium. This is also supported in the upper catchment, as soil colluvium caps the Syndendron alluvium after 10,000 cal yr BP (site C12), and the stream re-incised the alluvium before 7,500 cal yr BP (site C11). The stream incision and also the arrival of Neolithic farmers in the valley are associated with a series of landslides and debris flow deposits between 7,500 and 6,500 cal yrs BP. In the lower catchment 2 m of fine-textured alluvium buries well-developed dark soils formed on the Syndendron alluvium sometime after 9,300 cal yrs BP. The landslide deposits dating between about 7,500 and 6,500 cal yr BP in the upper catchment contain large (4 x 1 m), intact pieces of highly weathered soil similar in chemical composition to those preserved on the upper slopes and catchment divide. The renewed incision of the Syndendron alluvium may have over-steepened some slopes and triggered land sliding at this time. The large size of the landslides and paucity of charcoal within them may implicate increased seismic activity as a trigger, as occurred during the 1995 Grevena earthquake. Fault displacements have been noted in both the Tertiary bedrock and the upper Plio-Pleistocene sediments within the catchment, although no active (Holocene) fault scarps were noted. Work in the base of the catchment indicates that the Neolithic impact was generally minor, with 1.5 m of alluvial deposition occurring between 5,900 and about 4,700 cal yrs BP. However, this alluvium was then abruptly buried by over 2 m of slope deposits derived from erosion of adjacent hills at after about 4,400 cal yrs BP. Thin,0.2m, A/C soils formed on the alluvial sediments during two stable periods each of about 500 years duration, indicating topsoils can develop rapidly in this environment. Other dark, loamy soil-like colluvial materials begin to be transported down-slope at about 5,000 through to 2,750 cal yrs BP. However, between 2,200 and 1,300 cal yr BP dark greyish-brown calcareous colluvium containing bedrock debris was deposited in depressions and gullies. This hill slope erosion and deposition was associated with the latter phase of the Sirini alluvium, which is the second major Holocene alluvial valley fill. This alluvium is dated near its base to ca. 4,150 cal yrs BP, but the major deposition occurs after 3,100 cal yr BP with 5 m of sediment being deposited after this date. At another site more than 6 m of fine-textured alluvium is deposited after 2,450 cal yrs BP. Sheep/goat vertebrae and bovine teeth (male) were located in two of the alluvial sections and suggest agricultural grazing practises were very well established after about 3,100 cal yrs BP. The Sirini alluvial deposition continues until at least 2,000 cal yr BP as indicated at one site and 1,700 cal yr BP at another. The Sirini alluvial deposition coincides with a series of colluvial deposits on the valley sides dated between 2,750 and 1,390 cal yrs BP. This Sirini alluvial filling appears to be staggered. At one site a distinct alluvial soil separates the alluvium into two phases Sirini A and Sirini B. Re-incision of the Sirini alluvium occurred sometime after about 1,700 cal yrs BP. Thin and incipient A/C soils form on the top of this alluvium supporting its youthfulness. In the modern valley floor a very young alluvial deposit named the Leipsokouki alluvium occurs 1 - 4 m above the modern flood plain. This alluvial fill has very weakly expressed topsoil development and is largely composed of raw weakly weathered alluvium. It is dated as modern (140 + 130 cal yr BP Wk 9926) on charcoal taken from the upper fine-textured alluvium in the mid catchment, but elsewhere it contains Ottoman sherds.

Established in 1880 the Canterbury Society of Arts (CSA) dominated the arts in Canterbury for nearly a century and was the most significant art society in New Zealand. This thesis examines the CSA�s history from 1880 to its change in trading name to the Centre of Contemporary Art (COCA) in 1996 when the Society sought to redefine its role. Chapter One considers its origins, comprising a discussion of the period from 1850 to 1880 in which it was founded as part of an educational complex that reflected Edward Gibbon Wakefield�s ideal for the systematic settlement of Canterbury. A discussion of the Society�s permanent collection from 1881 to 1932 in the following chapter draws attention to how the CSA was guided by its founding ambitions to promote the development of New Zealand art and accompanying responsibilities for art education. Chapter Three considers the premises and art galleries utilised by the Society from 1881 to 1932, revealing that its objectives to advance the arts remained visionary and often demanding. In Chapter Four the period between the Depression and the end of the Second World War is examined and economic and aesthetic challenges, evident in the Society�s limited capacity to purchase works for its collection, alongside the emergence of new art organisations such as the Group are discussed. This is followed by a consideration of the post-war period from the perspective of the CSA�s remarkable secretary from 1943 to 1959, William Sykes Baverstock. His response to an emerging modern movement provides a context to examine significant changes in the arts which initially posed a challenge to the CSA. Consideration of the 1960s to mid-1970s in Chapter Six reveals the vital role played by the CSA in supporting the development of contemporary New Zealand art and includes discussion of significant events and exhibitions such as the Hay�s Art Prize and the expansion of the Society�s programme to include international shows and solo exhibitions of contemporary sculpture, craft, design, and painting. It argues that these activities represented the CSA�s most ambitious and successful period in its history, symbolised by its new modernist-styled gallery which opened at 66 Gloucester Street in 1968. An examination of the late 1970s to mid-1980s in Chapter Seven demonstrates that the CSA continued to maintain its influence as a centre for contemporary arts practice. However, the demands of a greater arts professionalism championed by the Queen Elizabeth II Arts Council and accompanied by a growth in dealer galleries, meant that the CSA also became subjected to criticism and this despite its continuing capacity to expose large audiences to new and challenging arts practices. The close and long-standing relationship between the CSA and the Canterbury College School of Art is considered in Chapter Eight and the way in which this contributed to the Society�s cultural supremacy is acknowledged. The deaccession of 42 important historical works from the CSA�s permanent collection in 1995 discussed in Chapter Nine reveals the extent to which its stature had substantially changed by the 1990s. Its essentially nineteenth-century infrastructure was ultimately inappropriate for addressing new levels of arts professionalism. Chapter Ten concludes that the CSA was a visionary, and sometimes radical, arts organisation that deserves to be more carefully and generously considered. Indeed, its long history reveals a vital arts and educational institution that has made an essential but hitherto hugely underrated contribution to New Zealand�s cultural development.

Thesis (J.C.L.)--Catholic University of America, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-55).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Toronto, 2006. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: A, page: 2503. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 346-359).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of History, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 312-336).

Also published as author's dissertation-- Universität Magdeburg, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 375-414).

Thesis (J.C.L.)--Catholic University of America, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-55).