Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur lärare i den svenska grundskolans senare år arbetar med implementering av elevinflytande i undervisningen. Detta görs för att se hur implementeringens resa från styrdokumentsformuleringar omvandlas till handling i klassrummen. Studien genomfördes genom intervjuer med legitimerade lärare vid skolor undervisande i grundskolans senare år. För analys av resultatet används främst en trikotomi för att särskilja lärarnas möjlighet till implementering genom att se till lärarnas möjlighet att förstå styrdokumenten, kunna genomföra styrdokumenten och vilja att följa styrdokumenten. Resultatet visar på att det finns en viss förvirring kring vad elevinflytande ska innebära, samt att lärares syn på vad ett demokratiskt klassrum innebär. Detta får i sin tur verkningar på ifall lärarna anser att det finns hinder för att genomföra elevinflytande i sin undervisning. Lärare är överlag positiva till elevinflytande, men endast så länge det inte går ut över kursplanens mål och trygghet i sin arbetssituation.

Global environmental challenges and sustainable business are mainconcerns for the contemporary business world. Rules and regulations aregetting stricter and changing frequently. Moreover, customers and publicare more aware of the sustainable products and services. Customerpreferences have started to incline towards the use of eco-friendly productsand services. A shift from traditional innovation to eco-innovation isnecessary for businesses to meet the environmental objectives andcompanies must recognize the importance of eco-innovation andenvironmental practices. This study aims to identify and analyse the driversand barriers for the adoption of eco-innovation in the offshore fish farmingindustry.Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing industries in the food sector andis expected to play a vital role in global food supply. In this study theidentification of drivers and barriers of eco-innovation were drawn byanalysing the empirical data using both institutional and resource-basedtheories. Findings suggest that stringent regulations and policies,competition, market demand, customer demand, and corporate image arethe institutional drivers, while cost-savings, partnerships, technological improvements and R&D are the resource-based drivers for adoption of eco-innovation in offshore fish farming industry. Technological barriers, financial barriers, organizational and management barriers, natural andinfrastructural barriers are the main barriers for adoption of eco-innovationin offshore fish farming industry.

The move towards offering product-service systems (PSS) requires the involvement of stakeholders from heterogeneous functions or companies with knowledge of the different stages of the life cycle. This challenges the way in which organizations create, share, and manage knowledge across functional and corporate boundaries. The management and reuse of knowledge within the cross-functional teams are still enormous tasks, especially when dealing with semi- structured or unstructured information, as well as with informal and tacit knowledge. The purpose is to explore how a lightweight collaborative approach can support knowledge sharing in cross-functional collaboration in the context of product-service system development. Through an empirical analysis of the knowledge management practices within cross-functional collaborative teams in the aerospace supply chain, this thesis describes the knowledge-related problems in light of the implementation of a PSS paradigm and explores how lightweight collaborative technologies can enable knowledge sharing in boundary-crossing collaborative working environments. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology whose empirical findings are based on two industrial case studies. Data have primarily been generated through interviews, focus group meetings, and survey questionnaires. The research work outlines the limitations of current knowledge management systems in capturing, managing, and reusing cross-functional knowledge in PSS development in terms of knowledge sharing, pointing to lightweight collaborative technologies as a key knowledge-sharing enabler for PSS development. Furthermore, the study elaborates upon the opportunities and challenges embedded in the lightweight concept by using SWOT analysis as well the development of several scenarios in which social, bottom-up technologies are applied in an engineering context. This approach results in the identification of promising areas for the significant impact of PSS development, such as in identifying new product opportunities, locating the right capabilities in the organization, and capturing the design intent and design rationale. These areas eventually highlight the features and requirements for effective lightweight knowledge sharing in PSS development efforts.The research work introduces Web 2.0/social software applications and methods as a bottom-up and lightweight collaborative approach for knowledge sharing in PSS development. First, the study determines that these technologies can enhance knowledge sharing by providing empowering opportunities and dynamic way of interactions for knowledge workers. Second, these technologies can improve teams’ capabilities by exploiting the network of connections through the collective creation and maintenance of shared knowledge assets with a common understanding. Such improvements will eventually enhance decision making and sense making in a global, virtual, and cross-functional team setting. Finally-and most importantly- these technologies can amplify access to individual tacit knowledge, thereby ensuring continuous organizational learning. This research work is particularly significant as the adoption of a Web 2.0/social approach in engineering collaboration is still not eminent. The thesis outlines several issues that have to be addressed from both methodological and technological perspectives before pursuing the wide adoption of lightweight tools in the areas identified. / Godkänd; 2011; 20110520 (kotchi)

China is becoming increasingly capable of denying American naval forces access to and freedom of navigation in its near seas by means of an ‘anti-access/area denial’ (A2/AD) strategy and related capabilities that could force United States Navy (USN) to operate at a greater distance from the theater of operations. The thesis examines the naval interaction between access and denial in relation to wartime naval missions, to explain the magnitude of what is at stake in China´s near seas. Applying a qualitative content analysis method and document-based collection strategy, the thesis finds the nexus of what is at stake in China´s near seas to be rooted in an interactive cycle between American demands for access to maintain an ability to establish sea control and project power in wartime, and a Chinese determination to ensure its security by means of denying such access. An interaction that must be considered by using the insights furnished by enduring strategic principles of naval warfare alongside offensive realist motivations for seeking security in order to understand the accompanying risk for dangerous escalation in waters where tensions stand at an all-time high.

This is a qualitative research study that examines the reasoning concerning the applying of handcuffs from police and students at the police academy. In Sweden there´s an absence of an exact saying in the law that the police are allowed to restrain a person who poses a flight risk with handcuffs. As a representant of the state it is key that every police officer follows the ruling law. At the same time police experience a necessity to restrain some people to eliminate or minimize the flight risk. The result of this study shows that students experience a deficiency in the basic training when it comes to the usage of handcuffs. At the same time police testify about the lack of continuing education which leads to relying on experience instead. The study also shows big differences in the views concerning the need to use handcuffs in flight situations then you compare police and students at the police academy. It´s apparent that the legislation at the time of writing is considered unclear and hard to interpret amongst police and students at the police academy. The conclusion is that the views of using handcuffs in situations involving flight risk in context to the legislation varies greatly. The general view in the police-organization seems to be that there´s a need for reformation in the legislation as a development when it comes to education concerning the matter at the police academy as well as further training when you graduate.

This qualitative study examines police protocols documenting the use of certain coercivemeasures from a plain language perspective. The use of plain language has developed in the last sixty years and is today a well-established norm for the authorities official writing in Sweden. Earlier research shows that police officers’ interest in writing is low and that producing protocols and other texts takes a lot of time away from other activities. The protocols could potentially be used for different purposes, e.g., in providing officers with relevant information when deciding if an individual should be checked on, for police method evaluation, and as a legal security for the individual subject to the measure. This study shows that the examined protocols display in explicitness connected to vagueness in certain recurring categories of grounds for using the measures in question. The comprehensibility ofthe protocols is generally good, with a few exceptions connected to the use of law enforcement jargon and legal terms that can be difficult for people not familiar with judicial language to understand. The choice of words and the construction of sentences are mostly simple and well in line with the plain language ideal. The study concludes that the protocols’ descriptions of the reasons grounding the use of the measures in question need to be more explicit for the protocols to be used for the purposes named above. For this reason, the study suggests that the writing situation for the police officers should be eased, perhaps by producing templatesthat can be used as support when composing the protocols.

Previous years, have seen an increase in major crimes related to organized crime in Sweden. The number of fatal shootings is on the rise, and major crimes units have so many cases to investigate that they have had to pass on some of these to local police departments and units that normally investigate minor crimes. The research question in this paper is: how are the psychosocial working conditions for the investigators in local police departments? Karasek and Theorell’s demand, control, support model has been used to formulate interview questions and to analyze the result. The result shows that the purpose of the investigators job – to investigate in a legally secure way and to carry out justice on the behalf of the victim(s) - is an important motivation. Investigators experience a high workload and high demands. Minor crimes units receive more cases from major crimes units every month, but they cannot pass on any of their original assignments to anyone else. Normally they have high control over their everyday work, but when they must work a case where the suspect is detained, the experienced control decreases. Further, the workload is also increased. Overall, the investigators experience social support that is average. They receive support from their closest colleagues but less so from the supervisors and the attorneys.

Environmental orientations have been shown to have a crucial impact on how individuals perceive and behave in nature. So far, research has primarily focused on environmental attitudes, neglecting to fully explore the wide spectrum of environmental values in visitors of nature based tourism destinations. Gaining a deep understanding of visitors’ environmental values and their role in shaping perceptions is, however, crucial for designing a sustainable transformative tourist experience. Through applying the Two Major Environmental Valuescale, this work holistically explores the environmental values of visitors at a turquoise coloured lake in a Nature reserve in Jämtland, Sweden. The case study area has gained massive popularity over the past few years and high visitor numbers have had a detrimental impact on the local ecology. Increasingly severe restrictions have been introduced to the area to minimise tourists’ environmental impact and protect nature. How visitors with different environmental values perceive these current and potential future restrictions is explored in this work. Interestingly, results show significant differences in how individuals with varying environmental values perceive restrictions to protect the natural environment. Visitors with biocentric values tend to have the most positive perception of restrictions, anthropocentric minded individuals the most negative. A newly identified third visitor group, whose perception of nature restrictions is found to be located in between biocentric and anthropocentric individuals, is characterised as having dualcentric environmental values. Implications for how management should work towards creating transformative tourist experiences based on visitors environmental values are being discussed along with an agenda for future research. / <p>2022-01-22</p>

This qualitative research study examines women as operative leaders at the Police region west in Sweden were they are a minority. The purpose of this study is to find out how they experience the situation of being a minority among men, what influences women at becoming a operative leader and how to increase the number of women. The study was done with individual interviews. The result in this study shows that its important to have a boss who believes in you, gives you challenges and encourage you to perform better. Even to have a partner who takes a lot of responsible at home will make it easier to perform at job. Female operative leaders experience that since they are a minority they have to perform even better than men and that they always have eyes on them. They also think that a mix of women and men is the best since they have a different way of leading groups. To increase the number of women The Police needs to encourage and support more. The conclusion is that it is important for the females to have other female role models to look up to and that the women who wants to make a career will have support from The Police. The police need to take an overview of their way of making job advertisement. A person who have a talent of leading groups should do so no matter what sex they have.

The purpose of the study is to define what police competence and police experience are for patrolling officers, and what opportunities there are for competence development. In addition, the issue of opportunity and responsibility for development and career is emphasized. The study is up to date in terms of the career and development policy still under national implementation. The study is a mixed method that concludes that there are both differences and consensus around concepts and views on competence and experience.