In this thesis the multi-polarized Cognitive Radios are studied. Cognitive Radios are proposed as an interesting way to more efficiently use the frequency resources. A Cognitive Radio secondary user finds the frequency bands which are not utilized by primary users and communicates on them without interfering with the primary users. In order to achieve this goal the secondary user must be able to detect reliably and quickly the presence of a primary user in a frequency band. In this thesis, the impact of polarization on the spectrum sensing performances of cognitive radio systems is studied.<p><p>First the depolarization occurring in the wireless channel is studied for two cognitive radio scenarios. This is done through an extensive measurement campaign in two outdoor-to-indoor and indoor-to-indoor scenarios where the parameters characterizing the radiowaves polarization are characterized at three different spatial scales: small-scale variation, large-scale variation and distance variation. <p><p>Second, a new approach is proposed in modeling of multi-polarized channels. The polarization of received fields is characterized from an electromagnetic point of view by modeling the polarization ellipse. Theoretical formulations are proposed in order to obtain the parameters characterizing the polarization ellipse based on the signals received on three cross-polarized antennas. A system-based statistical model of the time-dynamics of polarization is proposed based on an indoor-to-indoor measurement campaign. The analytical formulations needed in order to project the polarization ellipse onto a polarized multi-antenna system are given and it is shown how the model can be generated. <p><p>Third, the impact of polarization on the spectrum sensing performances of energy detection method is presented and its importance is highlighted. The performance of spectrum sensing with multi-polarized antennas is compared with unipolar single and multi-antenna systems. This analysis is based on an analytical formulation applied to the results obtained from the multi-polarized measurement campaign. The detection probability as a function of distance between the primary transmitter and the secondary terminal and the inter-antenna correlation effect on the spectrum sensing performance are studied. <p><p>An important limitation of energy detector is its dependence on the knowledge of the noise variance. An uncertainty on the estimation of the noise variance considerably affects the performance of energy detector. This limitation is resolved by proposing new multi-polarized spectrum sensing methods which do not require any knowledge neither on the primary signal nor on the noise variance. These methods, referred to as “Blind spectrum sensing methods”, are based on the use of three cross-polarized antennas at the secondary terminal. Based on an analytical formulation and the results obtained from the measurement campaign, the performances of the proposed methods are compared with each-other and with the energy detection method. The effect of antenna orientation on the spectrum sensing performance of the proposed methods and the energy detection method is studied using the proposed elliptical polarization model. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Esta tese de doutorado trata de algoritmos de detecção cooperativa aplicados ao problema de sensoriamento espectral em sistemas de rádios cognitivos. O problema de detecção cooperativa é abordado sob dois paradigmas distintos: detecção centralizada e distribuída. No primeiro caso, considera-se que o sistema conta com um centro de fusão responsável pela tomada de decisão no processo de detecção. Já no segundo caso, considera-se que os rádios cognitivos da rede trocam informações entre si e as decisões são tomadas localmente. No que concerne ao sensoriamento espectral centralizado, são estudados os casos em que os rádios cognitivos enviam apenas um bit de decisão para o centro de fusão (decisão do tipo hard) e também o caso em que o detector envia a própria estatística de teste ao centro de fusão (decisão do tipo soft). No âmbito de sensoriamento espectral cooperativo com detecção distribuída, são tratados três cenários diferentes. No primeiro, considera-se o caso em que os rádios cognitivos têm conhecimento a priori do sinal enviado pelo usuário primário do sistema e do canal entre eles e o usuário primário. No segundo caso, há conhecimento apenas do sinal enviado pelo usuário primário. Já no terceiro, os rádios cognitivos não dispõem de qualquer informação a priori do sinal enviado pelo usuário primário. Além do problema de detecção distribuída, a tese também apresenta um capítulo dedicado ao problema de estimação, diretamente associado ao de detecção. Esse último problema é abordado utilizando algoritmos derivados da teoria clássica de filtragem adaptativa. / This doctorate thesis deals with cooperative detection algorithms applied to the spectral sensing problem. The cooperative detection problem is approached under two different paradigms: centralized and distributed detection. In the first case, is considered that a fusion center responsible for detection decision is presented in the system. On the other hand, in the second case, is considered that the cognitive radios in the network exchange information among them. Concerning the centralized spectrum sensing system, the case in which the cognitive radios send only one decision bit (hard decision) to the fusion center and the case in which the detector send the statistic test (soft decision) are considered. Regarding the spectrum sensing system with distributed detection, the work analysis three different scenarios. In the first one, where the cognitive radios explore an a priori knowledge of the primary user signal and the channel between the primary user and the cognitive radio. In the second one, the cognitive radios use an a priori knowledge of only the primary user signal. And, in the las scenario, there is no a priori knowledge about the primary user signal. Besides the distributed detection problem, the thesis also presents a chapter dedicated to the estimation problem, which is directed related to the detection problem. This last issue is approached using adaptive algorithms derived from the classic adaptive filtering theory.

The owned spectrum allocation policy, in use since the early days of modern radio communications, has been proven to effectively control interference among radio communication systems. However, the overwhelming proliferation of new operators, innovative services and wireless technologies during the last years has resulted, under this static regulatory regime, in the depletion of spectrum bands with commercially attractive radio propagation characteristics. An important number of spectrum measurements, however, have shown that spectrum is mostly underutilized, thus indicating that the virtual spectrum scarcity problem actually results from static and inflexible spectrum management policies rather than the physical scarcity of radio resources. This situation has motivated the emergence of Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) methods based on the Cognitive Radio (CR) paradigm, which has gained popularity as a promising solution to conciliate the existing conflicts between spectrum demand growth and spectrum underutilization. The basic underlying idea of DSA/CR is to allow unlicensed (secondary) users to access in an opportunistic and non-interfering manner some licensed bands temporarily unoccupied by the licensed (primary) users. Due to the opportunistic nature of this principle, the behavior and performance of a DSA/CR network depends on the spectrum occupancy patterns of the primary system. A realistic and accurate modeling of such patterns becomes therefore essential and extremely useful in the domain of DSA/CR research. The potential applicability of spectrum usage models ranges from analytical studies to the design and dimensioning of secondary networks as well as the development of innovative simulation tools and more efficient DSA/CR techniques. Spectrum occupancy modeling in the context of DSA/CR constitutes a rather unexplored research area. This dissertation addresses the problem of modeling spectrum usage in the context of DSA/CR by contributing a comprehensive and holistic set of realistic models capable to accurately capture and reproduce the statistical properties of spectrum usage in real radio communication systems in the time, frequency and space dimensions. The first part of this dissertation addresses the development of a unified methodological framework for spectrum measurements in the context of DSA/CR and presents the results of an extensive spectrum measurement campaign performed over a wide variety of locations and scenarios in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, Spain, to identify potential bands of interest for future DSA/CR deployments. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first study of these characteristics performed under the scope of the Spanish spectrum regulation and one of the earliest studies in Europe. The second part deals with various specific aspects related to the processing of measurements to extract spectrum occupancy patterns, which is largely similar to the problem of spectrum sensing in DSA/CR. The performance of energy detection, the most widely employed spectrum sensing technique in DSA/CR, is first assessed empirically. The outcome of this study motivates the development of a more accurate theoretical-empirical performance model as well as an improved energy detection scheme capable to outperform the conventional method while preserving a similar level of complexity, computational cost and application. The findings of these studies are finally applied in the third part of the dissertation to the development of innovative spectrum usage models for the time (in discrete- and continuous-time versions), frequency and space domains. The proposed models can been combined and integrated into a unified modeling approach where the time, frequency and space dimensions of spectrum usage can simultaneously be reproduced, thus providing a complete and holistic characterization of spectrum usage in real systems for the analysis, design and simulation of the future DSA/CR networks.

This dissertation focuses on design and implementation of a fully-integrated SRAM-based arbitrary waveform generator for analog signal processing applications in a CMOS technology. The dissertation consists of two parts: Firstly, a fully-integrated arbitrary waveform generator for a multi-resolution spectrum sensing of a cognitive radio applications, and an analog matched-filter for a radar application and secondly, low-power techniques for an arbitrary waveform generator. The fully-integrated low-power AWG is implemented and measured in a 0.18-¥ìm CMOS technology. Theoretical analysis is performed, and the perspective implementation issues are mentioned comparing the measurement results. Moreover, the low-power techniques of SRAM are addressed for the analog signal processing: Self-deactivated data-transition bit scheme, diode-connected low-swing signaling scheme with a short-current reduction buffer, and charge-recycling with a push-pull level converter for power reduction of asynchronous design. Especially, the robust latch-type sense amplifier using an adaptive-latch resistance and fully-gated ground 10T-SRAM bitcell in a 45-nm SOI technology would be used as a technique to overcome the challenges in the upcoming deep-submicron technologies.

The thesis presents research on multiobjective optimization based on memetic computing and its applications in engineering. We have introduced a framework for adaptive multiobjective memetic optimization algorithms (AMMOA) with an information theoretic criterion for guiding the selection, clustering, and local refinements. A robust stopping criterion for AMMOA has also been introduced to solve non-linear and large-scale optimization problems. The framework has been implemented for different benchmark test problems with remarkable results. This thesis also presents two applications of these algorithms. First, an optimal image data hiding technique has been formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem with conflicting objectives. In particular, trade-off factors in designing an optimal image data hiding are investigated to maximize the quality of watermarked images and the robustness of watermark. With the fixed size of a logo watermark, there is a conflict between these two objectives, thus a multiobjective optimization problem is introduced. We propose to use a hybrid between general regression neural networks (GRNN) and the adaptive multiobjective memetic optimization algorithm (AMMOA) to solve this challenging problem. This novel image data hiding approach has been implemented for many different test natural images with remarkable robustness and transparency of the embedded logo watermark. We also introduce a perceptual measure based on the relative Rényi information spectrum to evaluate the quality of watermarked images. The second application is the problem of joint spectrum sensing and power control optimization for a multichannel, multiple-user cognitive radio network. We investigated trade-off factors in designing efficient spectrum sensing techniques to maximize the throughput and minimize the interference. To maximize the throughput of secondary users and minimize the interference to primary users, we propose a joint determination of the sensing and transmission parameters of the secondary users, such as sensing times, decision threshold vectors, and power allocation vectors. There is a conflict between these two objectives, thus a multiobjective optimization problem is used again in the form of AMMOA. This algorithm learns to find optimal spectrum sensing times, decision threshold vectors, and power allocation vectors to maximize the averaged opportunistic throughput and minimize the averaged interference to the cognitive radio network. / February 2016

During the past years wireless communications have been exhibiting an increased growth rendering them the most common way for communication. The continuously increasing demand for wireless services resulted in limited availability of the wireless spectrum. To this end, Cognitive Radio (CR) techniques have been proposed in literature during the past years. The concept of CR approach is to utilize advanced radio and signal-processing technology along with novel spectrum allocation policies to enable new unlicensed wireless users to operate in the existing occupied spectrum areas without degrading the performance of the existing licensed ones. Moreover, the broadcast and fading nature of the wireless channel results in severe degradation on the performance of wireless transmissions. A solution to the problem is the use of multiple-antenna systems so as to achieve spatial diversity. However, in many cases, the communication devices' nature permit the support of multiple antennas due to size, power consumption, and hardware limitations. To this end, cooperative communications provide an alternative way to achieve spatial diversity via virtual antenna arrays formed by single antenna nodes. It is noteworthy that cooperation has an important role within the CR literature as many techniques developed within its context exploiting the benefits of cooperation in order to achieve improved performance. Therefore, the aim of the present dissertation is to develop efficient and practical cognitive, cooperative and cognitive cooperative schemes. More specifically the contributions are the following ones. The first contribution is a novel CR communication scheme. During the past years numerous CR communication schemes have been presented in literature. To the best of our knowledge, the majority of them were developed assuming perfect Channel State Information (CSI) at the unlicensed user's side. There are several cases where the licensed users do not desire any interaction with the unlicensed ones. In such cases, the assumption that the unlicensed user can obtain CSI that concerns the licensed user channels is not valid and as a result the corresponding communication technique cannot be applied. Therefore, at first we propose an novel CR communication scheme that requires CSI that can be estimated in a completely blind manner. Then, the corresponding blind estimation scheme is developed. Another significant contribution is the theoretical results that have been derived for both the perfect CSI case and the imperfect CSI case (when the blind estimation scheme is employed for obtaining the corresponding CSI). Especially, the theoretical results that concern the imperfect CSI case are some of the first ones that appear in the relevant literature, to the best of our knowledge. The second contribution is a decentralized adaptive Eigenvalue-Based spectrum Sensing (EBSS) technique for multi-antenna CR Systems. Spectrum Sensing is a fundamental functionality in CR systems. In general, the unlicensed user employs a spectrum sensing technique in order to detect licensed user(s) activity in scenarios where the former user is permitted to establish a communication link only via spectrum areas that are temporarily free of the latter one's transmissions. EBSS techniques are known to achieve good performance and also to be applicable in a completely blind manner. In the literature so far, only batch and centralized cooperative EBSS techniques have been considered which, however, suffer from limitations that render them impractical in several cases such as, when time-varying channels are involved or continuous spectrum monitoring is required. Thus, the aim here is to develop practical cooperative adaptive versions of typical Eigenvalue-Based Spectrum Sensing (EBSS) techniques which could be applied in a completely decentralized manner and cope well in time-varying scenarios. To this end, at first, novel adaptive EBSS techniques are developed for the Maximum Eigenvalue Detector (MED), the Maximum-Minimum Eigenvalue Detector (MMED), and the Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) schemes, respectively, for a single-user (no cooperation) case. Then, a novel distributed subspace tracking method is proposed which enables the cooperating nodes to track the joint subspace of their received signals. Based on this method, cooperative decentralized versions of the adaptive EBSS techniques are subsequently developed that overcome the limitations of the existing batch centralized approaches. The third contribution is a new cooperative scheme for half-duplex uplink transmission. The technique is based on a virtual MIMO structure formed by the single antenna source and relays nodes along with the multi-antenna base station which is the destination node. The new technique aims at providing increased diversity and multiplexing gains, contrariwise to existing approaches where the proposed techniques achieve increased diversity gain at the cost of severe multiplexing gain loss. The theoretical outage probability and the corresponding Diversity Multiplexing Trade-off (DMT) curve of the proposed technique are also derived. The final contribution is two novel algorithms which enable the relay cooperation for the distributed computation of the beamforming weights in a blind and adaptive manner, without the need to forward the data to a fusion center. The proposed algorithms are constituent parts of two corresponding distributed beamforming schemes for relay networks that distribute the computational overhead equally among the relay nodes. In the first scheme, the beamforming vector is computed through minimization of the total transmit power subject to a receiver quality-of-service constraint (QoS). In the second scheme, the beamforming weights are obtained through maximization of the receiver signal-to-noise-ration (SNR) subject to a total transmit power constraint. The proposed approaches achieve close performance to the one of the optimal beamforming solutions derived assuming perfect channel state information at the relays' side. / Τα τελευταία χρόνια, οι ασύρματες επικοινωνίες γνωρίζουν ραγδαία ανάπτυξη και ουσιαστικά αποτελούν τον πιο κοινό τρόπο επικοινωνίας. Η συνεχώς αυξανόμενη ζήτηση για υπηρεσίες ασύρματων επικοινωνιών έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την περιορισμένη διαθεσιμότητα του ασύρματου φάσματος συχνοτήτων. Για να αντιμετωπισθεί το προηγούμενο πρόβλημα, προτάθηκαν στο πρόσφατο παρελθόν τεχνικές στα πλαίσια των συστημάτων γνωσιακών κόμβων (Cognitive Radio- CR). Η βασική ιδέα ενός συστήματος CR είναι να χρησιμοποιήσει προηγμένες τεχνικές επικοινωνιών και επεξεργασίας σήματος μαζί με νέες τεχνικές ανάθεσης συχνοτήτων φάσματος για να επιτρέψει σε νέους μη αδειοδοτημένους ασύρματους χρήστες να λειτουργήσουν σε συχνότητες φάσματος που έχουν ανατεθεί σε αδειοδοτημένους χρήστες χωρίς να επηρεάζουν την επίδοση των τελευταίων. Επιπλέον, η ισχυρή παρεμβολή στις ασύρματες μεταδόσεις και η επίσης ισχυρή εξασθένιση του σήματος ενός ασύρματου συστήματος επικοινωνιών έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα τη σημαντική υποβάθμιση της επίδοσης των ασυρμάτων επικοινωνιών. Μια λύση στο προηγούμενο πρόβλημα μπορεί να δοθεί με την χρήση πολλαπλών κεραιών για την επίτευξη χωρικής ποικιλομορφίας. Σε πολλές περιπτώσεις όμως, η φύση των τηλεπικοινωνιακών συσκευών δεν επιτρέπει την υποστήριξη των πολλαπλών κεραιών λόγω περιορισμών στο μέγεθος της συσκευής, στην κατανάλωση ισχύος και στο υλικό. Ένας εναλλακτικός τρόπος για την επίτευξη χωρικής ποικιλομορφίας είναι μέσω των συνεργατικών επικοινωνιών (Cooperative Communications) οι οποίες σχηματίζουν γενικευμένα συστήματα πολλαπλών κεραιών από συστήματα μιας κεραίας. Είναι αξιοσημείωτο ότι η συνεργασία παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στη βιβλιογραφία των συστημάτων CR, βάσει της οποίας αναπτύσσονται τεχνικές μετάδοσης με βελτιωμένη επίδοση. Επομένως, ο στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η ανάπτυξη αποδοτικών και πρακτικών τεχνικών γνωσιακών, συνεργατικών και γνωσιακών-συνεργατικών τεχνικών επικοινωνίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, η συνεισφορά της διατριβής μπορεί να χωριστεί στα ακόλουθα σκέλη. Στο πρώτο σκέλος παρουσιάζουμε μια νέα τεχνική μετάδοσης για CR συστήματα. Στο πρόσφατο παρελθόν, μια πληθώρα τεχνικών μετάδοσης για CR συστήματα έχει παρουσιαστεί στη βιβλιογραφία. Η πληθώρα των τεχνικών αυτών έχει αναπτυχθεί υποθέτοντας τέλεια γνώση της κατάστασης των εμπλεκόμενων ασύρματων τεχνικών (Channel State Information – CSI) στην πλευρά των μη αδειοδοτημένων χρηστών. Υπάρχουν, όμως, αρκετές περιπτώσεις στις οποίες οι αδειοδοτημένοι χρήστες δεν επιθυμούν καμία αλληλεπίδραση με τους αντίστοιχους μη αδειοδοτημένους. Σε τέτοιες περιπτώσεις, η υπόθεση ότι ο μη αδειοδοτημένος χρήστης έχει πρόσβαση σε CSI που σχετίζεται με τα κανάλια του αντίστοιχου αδειοδοτημένου δεν είναι έγκυρη με αποτέλεσμα η σχετική τεχνική μετάδοσης να μην μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί. Συνεπώς, αρχικά προτείνουμε ένα καινοτόμο CR επικοινωνιακό σχήμα που απαιτεί CSI το οποίο μπορεί να υπολογισθεί με έναν εντελώς τυφλό τρόπο. Έπειτα η αντίστοιχη τυφλή τεχνική εκτίμησης αναπτύσσεται. Μια άλλη σημαντική συνεισφορά είναι τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα τα οποία έχουν εξαχθεί τόσο για την τέλεια CSI περίπτωση, όσο και για τη μη τέλεια CSI περίπτωση (όταν το τυφλό σχήμα εκτίμησης χρησιμοποιείται για την απόκτηση της αντίστοιχης CSI). Ειδικότερα, τα θεωρητικά αποτελέσματα τα οποία αφορούν τη μη τέλεια CSI περίπτωση είναι μερικά από τα πρώτα τα οποία εμφανίζονται στη σχετική βιβλιογραφία, από όσο γνωρίζουμε. Το δεύτερο σκέλος αφορά μια απόκεντρικοποιημένη προσαρμοστική τεχνική επισκόπησης φάσματος ιδιοτιμών (Eigenvalue-Based Spectrum Sensing – EBSS) για συστήματα CR πολλαπλών κεραιών. Γενικά, ο μη αδειοδοτημένος χρήστης χρησιμοποιεί μία τεχνική επισκόπησης φάσματος προκειμένου να ανιχνεύσει την δραστηριότητα των αδειοδοτημένων χρηστών σε σενάρια όπου ο πρώτος επιτρέπεται να μεταδώσει μόνο διαμέσου περιοχών φάσματος οι οποίες είναι προσωρινά ελέυθερες από μεταδόσεις του δεύτερου. Είναι γνωστό ότι οι τεχνικές EBSS επιτυγχάνουν καλή επίδοση και είναι εφαρμόσιμες με ένα εντελώς τυφλό τρόπο. Στην βιβλιογραφία μέχρι στιγμής, έχουν μελετηθεί μόνο κεντρικοποιημένες συνεργατικές τεχνικές και τεχνικές τύπου batch οι οποίες υποφέρουν από περιορισμούς που τις καθιστούν μη πρακτικές σε αρκετές περιπτώσεις όπως όταν εμπλέκονται χρονικά μεταβαλλόμενα κανάλια ή όταν απαιτείται συνεχής παρακολούθηση του φάσματος. Συνεπώς, ο σκοπός εδώ είναι η ανάπτυξη πρακτικών συνεργατικών και προσαρμοστικών εκδοχών τυπικών EBSS οι οποίες μπορούν να εφαρμοστούν με ένα εντελώς αποκεντρικοποιημένο τρόπο και αποδίδουν καλά σε σενάρια που εμπλέκουν χρονικά μεταβαλλόμενα κανάλια. Προς αυτή την κατεύθυνση αναπτύσσονται αρχικά, νέες προσαρμοστικές εκδοχές για τις τεχνικές Maximum Eigenvalue Detector (MED), Maximum-Minimum Eigenvalue Detector (MMED) και την Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) αντίστοιχα για την περίπτωση του ενός χρήστη. Έπειτα μια νέα μέθοδος κατανεμημένης παρακολούθησης υποχώρου προτείνεται, η οποία επιτρέπει στους συνεργαζόμενους κόμβους να παρακολουθούν τον κοινό υποχώρο των ληφθέντων σημάτων τους. Με βάση αυτή την μέθοδο, συνεργατικές και αποκεντρικοποιημένες εκδοχές των προσαρμοστικών EBSS τεχνικών αναπτύσσονται οι οποίες ξεπερνούν τους περιορισμούς των υπαρχόντων κεντρικοποιημένων τεχνικών τύπου batch. Το τρίτο σκέλος είναι μια νέα συνεργατική τεχνική για half-duplex uplink μετάδοση. Αυτή η τεχνική βασίζεται σε ένα γενικευμένο σύστημα πολλαπλών κεραιών σχηματιζόμενο από την μιας κεραίας πηγή και κόμβους συνεργατών μαζί με το σταθμό βάσης πολλαπλών κεραιών ο οποίος είναι και ο κόμβος προορισμός. Η νέα τεχνική στοχεύει στο να παρέχει αυξημένα κέρδη ποικιλομορφίας και πολυπλεξίας, σε αντίθεση με υπάρχουσες τεχνικές οι οποίες επιτυγχάνουν αυξημένα κέρδη ποικιλομορφίας σε βάρος του κέρδους ποικιλομορφίας. Η θεωρητική πιθανότητα διακοπής επικοινωνίας και η αντίστοιχη καμπύλη Diversity Multiplexing Tradeoff (DMT) της προτεινόμενης τεχνικής υπολογίζονται. Το τελευταίο σκέλος είναι δύο νέοι αλγόριθμοι, οι οποίοι επιτρέπουν την ενδο-συνεργασία των συνεργατικών κόμβων για τον κατανεμημένο υπολογισμό των βαρών της τεχνικής προσανατολισμένης επικοινωνίας με τυφλό και προσαρμοστικό τρόπο χωρίς την ανάγκη προώθησης των δεδομένων σε έναν κόμβο σταθμό. Οι προτεινόμενοι αλγόριθμοι είναι συστατικά στοιχεία δύο αντίστοιχων τεχνικών προσανατολισμένης επικοινωνίας για δίκτυα συνεργατών τα οποία κατανέμουν τον υπολογιστικό φόρτο ισότιμα στους συνεργαζόμενους κόμβους. Στο πρώτο σχήμα το διάνυσμα βαρών υπολογίζεται ώστε να ελαχιστοποιείται η συνολική ισχύς μετάδοσης υπό έναν περιορισμό στην ποιότητα μετάδοσης. Το δεύτερο σχήμα, το διάνυσμα βαρών υπολογίζεται ώστε να μεγιστοποιείται το SNR του υπό έναν περιορισμό στην επιτρεπόμενη συνολική ισχύς μετάδοσης. Οι προτεινόμενες τεχνικές επιτυγχάνουν επίδοση κοντινή σε εκείνη των βέλτιστων λύσεων, οι οποίες έχουν υπολογισθεί υποθέτοντας τέλειο CSI στους κόμβους συνεργάτες.

Face à une demande sans cesse croissante de haut débit et d'adaptabilité des systèmes existants, qui à son tour se traduit par l'encombrement du spectre, le développement de nouvelles solutions dans le domaine des communications sans fil devient nécessaire afin de répondre aux exigences des applications émergentes. Parmi les innovations récentes dans ce domaine, l'ultra large bande (UWB) a suscité un vif intérêt. La radio impulsionnelle UWB (IR-UWB), qui est une solution intéressante pour réaliser des systèmes UWB, est caractérisée par la transmission des impulsions de très courte durée, occupant une largeur de bande allant jusqu'à 7,5 GHz, avec une densité spectrale de puissance extrêmement faible. Cette largeur de bande importante permet de réaliser plusieurs fonctionnalités intéressantes, telles que l'implémentation à faible complexité et à coût réduit, la possibilité de se superposer aux systèmes à bande étroite, la diversité spatiale et la localisation très précise de l'ordre centimétrique, en raison de la résolution temporelle très fine.Dans cette thèse, nous examinons certains éléments clés dans la réalisation d'un système IR-UWB intelligent. Nous avons tout d'abord proposé le concept de radio UWB cognitive à partir des similarités existantes entre l'IR-UWB et la radio cognitive. Dans sa définition la plus simple, un tel système est conscient de son environnement et s'y adapte intelligemment. Ainsi, nous avons tout d'abord focalisé notre recherché sur l'analyse de la disponibilité des ressources spectrales (spectrum sensing) et la conception d'une forme d'onde UWB adaptative, considérées comme deux étapes importantes dans la réalisation d'une radio cognitive UWB. Les algorithmes de spectrum sensing devraient fonctionner avec un minimum de connaissances a priori et détecter rapidement les utilisateurs primaires. Nous avons donc développé de tels algorithmes utilisant des résultats récents sur la théorie des matrices aléatoires, qui sont capables de fournir de bonnes performances, avec un petit nombre d'échantillons. Ensuite, nous avons proposé une méthode de conception de la forme d'onde UWB, vue comme une superposition de fonctions B-splines, dont les coefficients de pondération sont optimisés par des algorithmes génétiques. Il en résulte une forme d'onde UWB qui est spectralement efficace et peut s'adapter pour intégrer les contraintes liées à la radio cognitive. Dans la 2ème partie de cette thèse, nous nous sommes attaqués à deux autres problématiques importantes pour le fonctionnement des systèmes UWB, à savoir la synchronisation et l'estimation du canal UWB, qui est très dense en trajets multiples. Ainsi, nous avons proposé plusieurs algorithmes de synchronisation, de faible complexité et sans séquence d'apprentissage, pour les modulations BPSK et PSM, en exploitant l'orthogonalité des formes d'onde UWB ou la cyclostationnarité inhérente à la signalisation IR-UWB. Enfin, nous avons travaillé sur l'estimation du canal UWB, qui est un élément critique pour les récepteurs Rake cohérents. Ainsi, nous avons proposé une méthode d'estimation du canal basée sur une combinaison de deux approches complémentaires, le maximum de vraisemblance et la décomposition en sous-espaces orthogonaux,d'améliorer globalement les performances.

Given the ever-growing demand for radio spectrum, cognitive radio has recently emerged as an attractive wireless communication technology. This dissertation is concerned with developing spectrum sensing algorithms in cognitive radio networks where a single or multiple cognitive radios (CRs) assist in detecting licensed primary bands employed by single or multiple primary users. First, given that orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is an important wideband transmission technique, detection of OFDM signals in low-signal-to-noise-ratio scenario is studied. It is shown that the cyclic prefix correlation coefficient (CPCC)-based spectrum sensing algorithm, which was previously introduced as a simple and computationally efficient spectrum-sensing method for OFDM signals, is a special case of the constrained generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) in the absence of multipath. The performance of the CPCC-based algorithm degrades in a multipath scenario. However when OFDM is implemented, by employing the inherent structure of OFDM signals and exploiting multipath correlation in the GLRT algorithm a simple and low-complexity algorithm called the multipath-based constrained-GLRT (MP-based C-GLRT) algorithm is obtained. Further performance improvement is achieved by combining both the CPCC- and MP-based C-GLRT algorithms. A simple GLRT-based detection algorithm is also developed for unsynchronized OFDM signals. In the next part of the dissertation, a cognitive radio network model with multiple CRs is considered in order to investigate the benefit of collaboration and diversity in improving the overall sensing performance. Specially, the problem of decision fusion for cooperative spectrum sensing is studied when fading channels are present between the CRs and the fusion center (FC). Noncoherent transmission schemes with on-off keying (OOK) and binary frequency-shift keying (BFSK) are employed to transmit the binary decisions to the FC. The aim is to maximize the achievable secondary throughput of the CR network. Finally, in order to reduce the required transmission bandwidth in the reporting phase of the CRs in a cooperative sensing scheme, the last part of the dissertation examines nonorthogonal transmission of local decisions by means of on-off keying. Proposed and analyzed is a novel decoding-based fusion rule for combining the hard decisions in a linear manner.

Abstract Cognitive Radio (CR) improves the efficiency of spectrum utilization by allowing non- licensed users to utilize bands when not occupied by licensed users. In this thesis, we address several challenges currently limiting the wide use of cognitive radios. These challenges include identification of unoccupied bands, energy consumption and other technical challenges. Improved accuracy edge detection techniques are developed for CR to mitigate both noise and estimation error variance effects. Next, a reduced complexity Simplified DFT (SDFT) is proposed for use in CR. Then, a sub-Nyquist rate A to D converter is introduced to reduce energy consumption. Finally, a novel multi-resolution PSD estimation based on expectation-maximization algorithm is introduced that can obtain a more accurate PSD within a specified sensing time.

[pt] O rádio cognitivo é uma tecnologia que visa o compartilhamento do espectro radioelétrico entre usuários primários licenciados e os demais usuários secundários de maneira harmoniosa, sem provocar interferências que prejudiquem a prestação dos serviços e visando uma melhoria na eficiência do uso do espectro radioelétrico, que é um recurso cada vez mais escasso. No âmbito da pesquisa referente a esta dissertação, é construído e implementado no GNU Radio um esquema de avaliação de desempenho de detectores para rádio cognitivo, é construído o detector de energia, e são implementadas simulações computacionais e ensaios por meio de duas USRP para avaliar o desempenho do detector criado, visando os requisitos do padrão IEEE 802.22. / [en] Cognitive radio is a technology that aims to share the radio spectrum between licensed primary users and other secondary users in a harmonious way without causing interference that prevent the services provision and aiming at an improvement in the efficiency in the use of the radioelectric spectrum, which is a resource increasingly scarce. In the scope of the research related to this dissertation, a performance evaluation scheme of cognitive radio detectors is constructed and implemented in GNU Radio, the energy detector is constructed, and computational simulations and tests are implemented through two USRPs to evaluate the performance of the detector created, targeting the requirements of the IEEE 802.22 standard.