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Cette thèse, consacrée à l’expression de l’interdiction en russe moderne, étudie les différents types d’énoncés prohibitifs. L’acte de langage d’interdiction correspond à un énoncé performatif et contraignant incitant au non-accomplissement d’une action perçue comme indésirable par le locuteur. Cet énoncé crée, pour l’allocutaire, une obligation qui jusque-là n’existait pas. L’expression de l’interdiction se fait à différents niveaux de communication et par des moyens linguistiques de natures diverses : pragmatique, syntaxique ou lexicale. Outre les énoncés performatifs, l’interdiction peut être exprimée par des énoncés comportant une valeur illocutoire d’interdiction, y compris par des actes de langage indirects.Si les types d’énoncés prohibitifs sont nombreux, ils ne sont pas interchangeables. D’une part, ils ne peuvent être employés indifféremment dans n’importe quel contexte et ils relèvent de niveaux de langues différents. D’autre part, les disparités existant dans la force illocutoire des différents énoncés prohibitifs ont été mises en évidence. La force illocutoire d’un énoncé prohibitif résulte du choix du type d’énoncé retenu, mais aussi des moyens linguistiques qui peuvent être employés pour le moduler.Cette étude a permis d’établir une typologie des énoncés prohibitifs. Ces énoncés peuvent se répartir en trois catégories : les énoncés qui signifient l’interdiction par exception, les énoncés habituellement prohibitifs et les énoncés invariablement prohibitifs.S’y ajoute la question de l’évolution de la langue, notamment par un effet de contamination des langues européennes. Cette évolution se traduit par le recours moins fréquent aux tournures les plus catégoriques, ainsi que par l’introduction de formules de politesse de plus en plus fréquentes. / This thesis is dedicated to prohibitive commands in modern Russian and studies the various speech strategies expressing negative commands. Prohibitive speech acts correspond to compulsory and performative utterances urging the non-accomplishment of an action perceived as undesirable by the speaker. Due to this utterance, the addressee has no other option than compliance, which was not the case before.Prohibitive commands are expressed at various communication levels and by a wide range of linguistic means: pragmatic, syntactic or lexical.Besides performative utterances, prohibition can be expressed by utterances with a prohibitive illocutionary force, including indirect speech acts. Although negative commands can be expressed by various strategies, they are not interchangeable. On the one hand, any negative command cannot be used in all contexts and in addition, the registers are different.On the other hand, the disparities in the illocutionary force of command of the various prohibitive strategies could be established. The illocutionary force of a prohibitive command both results from the selected linguistic strategy, but also from the means of modulation that can be used.This study enabled us to establish a typology of negative commands. The latter can be displayed in three categories: utterances whose prohibitive meaning occurs exceptionally, usually prohibitive utterances and invariably prohibitive utterances. Furthermore, the evolution of the Russian language has to be taken into account, among others by a contamination effect from European languages. This evolution leads to a less frequent resort to the strongest prohibitive commands, as well as to the increasing use of politeness strategies.

The drama of Senkatana by S.M. Mofokeng is analysed by applying principles provided by speech act theory, using as basis the explication of the theory by Bach and Harnish (1979). The socio-cultural context in the play has as its starting point the realm of myth and legend. From here all categories of relationships within the protagonist/antagonist encounter unfold, as do opposing sets of contextual beliefs characters rely on; these are primarily responsible for the growing conflict in the drama. Enhancing the mythical character of the play is the absorbing role played by the diboni, acting as seers, as prophets and as additional 'authorial voice'. Their and those of other characters' speech acts reflect this and more; they operate in a substantiated sign-system which provides a framework for evaluating each semiotic act from locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary dimensions of meaning. Chapter 1 comprises a historical survey of studies on speech act theory, and includes a brief summary of the position of the theory in the field of semiotics. The micro speech act analysis of the play is facilitated by the division of the text into smaller action units (summarised in Addendum 1). Chapter 2, containing the greater part of the exposition, commences the narration of the folktale and offers a clear rendering of the epic rise of the hero. Chapter 3 portrays the rise and progress of the antagonists challenging the hero, coupled with intensifying anxiety among the protagonists. Chapter 4 provides a vivid overview of how the values of the hero triumph over those of the antagonist despite the physical slaying of the hero. Chapter 5 offers a graphic outline of how the macro speech act is accomplished in the play. It is shown how an investigation of the speech act profiles of characters, coupled with the evaluation of illocutionary tactics and illocutionary/perlocutionary dynamics, communicates significant information pertaining to characterisation. A graph illustrating the rise and fall of micro speech acts within the larger macro speech act is provided in Addendum 2. Suggestions are made regarding future research in literary texts. / African Languages / D.Lit. et Phil. (African Languages)

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

[pt] Atualmente há, na área de ensino de língua estrangeira, a compreensão de que um bom usuário de uma LE deve desenvolver um conjunto de competências, tais como: gramatical, sociolingüística, discursiva e estratégica. A necessidade de se considerar todas essas competências advém do fato de que o sucesso em uma comunicação real e intercultural não pode ser garantido apenas com base no conhecimento lingüístico (Meyer, 2002). Procuramos investigar como elaboramos a emissão da opinião desfavorável, buscando verificar que elementos lingüísticos compõem-na e em que contextos emitimos tal tipo de opinião. Objetivamos, portanto, delinear um modelo de quadro que nos permita compreender as estratégias empregadas no ato de elaborar a opinião desfavorável. Foram fundamentais para esta pesquisa os conceitos advindos da Gramática sistêmicofuncional e referentes ao contexto, além de conceitos do campo da Pragmática. Os dados da pesquisa - obtidos após aplicação de um Discourse completion test - permitiram-nos identificar quatro categorias dentro das quais foram distribuídas as formas de elaboração do ato de emitir uma opinião desfavorável, a saber: 1. Opinião desfavorável direta; 2. Opinião desfavorável indireta; 3. Falsa opinião positiva; 4. Não manifestação de opinião. Além disso, foram identificadas formulações periféricas que, ao acompanharem as categorias listadas, têm como objetivos amenizar o impacto da opinião desfavorável e salvaguardar a face dos interlocutores. A pesquisa demonstrou que se faz necessário - no contexto de ensino de língua estrangeira - ter um conhecimento dos diferentes atos de fala, dentro dos quais inclui-se o ato de opinar desfavoravelmente a fim de que possamos nos comunicar adequadamente em situações reais de uso. / [en] Nowadays, in the field of foreign language (FL) teaching, it is understood that a good user of an FL should develop a group of competences such as grammatical, sociolinguistic, discoursive and strategic competences. The need to consider all of them derives from the fact that the success in a real intercultural communication cannot be assured through linguistic knowledge only (Meyer, 2002). This thesis investigates how an unfavourable opinion can be expressed and also which linguistic elements are used and in which contexts this kind of opinion is given. Our aim, thus, is to propose a model of table that provides an understanding of the strategies used in the act of stating an unfavourable opinion. The concepts from systemic functional Grammar related to the context, as well as those of Pragmatics, were paramount to this research. The data - gathered by means of a Discourse completion test - allowed us to identify four categories that classify the ways of giving an unfavourable opinion, namely: 1. direct unfavourable opinion; 2. indirect unfavourable opinion; 3. false positive opinion; 4. absence of opinion. Furthermore, peripheral formulations were identified. Coexisting with the categories listed above, they aim at diminishing the impact of an unfavourable opinion and preserving the interlocutors´ face. The research showed that - in the context of foreign language teaching - the knowledge of the different acts of speaking is necessary, including the act of stating an unfavourable opinion, so that proper communication can be established in real-life situations.

A língua portuguesa se encontra em processo de expansão (NÓBREGA, 2011); com o acelerado crescimento da procura e oferecimento de cursos de português como língua estrangeira no Brasil e no mundo, é preciso que mais pesquisa seja feita, e que os professores atualizem suas práticas diante das teorias mais recentes. Em nosso cenário atual, onde a comunicação intercultural é uma constante, o tema do ensino intercultural no ensino de português para falantes de outras línguas (PFOL) torna-se fundamental para o desenvolvimento da área. Nosso objetivo com essa pesquisa é mostrar a importância de se atualizar a prática do ensino de PFOL de acordo com as teorias mais recentes sobre educação intercultural crítica e com as ideias da era pós-método no ensino de línguas. Com base na discussão teórica e na descrição de atividades presentes em dois livros didáticos, argumentamos como as teorias sobre linguagem e cultura afetam o ensino de línguas. Utilizamos a teoria dos atos de fala como base de nossa discussão, mostrando como a visão de ato de fala como função social promoveu um tipo de ensino intercultural e argumentando como a visão performativa da linguagem proposta por essa mesma teoria pode promover um ensino intercultural crítico. Entendemos que o aprofundamento teórico é necessário para que se criem condições adequadas para a intervenção na realidade. Por essa razão, ao final da pesquisa, apresentamos algumas sugestões de atividades, elaboradas a partir de nosso próprio contexto e levando em consideração nosso percurso teórico, como formas de possíveis intervenções na realidade. As atividades apresentadas resumem como buscamos usar na prática a construção teórica produzida por esta pesquisa. Esta pesquisa, na verdade, representa nosso próprio percurso teórico e prático como professores e pesquisadores de PFOL. No desenvolvimento, procuramos demonstrar como respondemos à pergunta proposta no início do nosso trabalho: Como a teoria dos atos de fala pode ajudar a promover um ensino intercultural crítico? / There is a growth in the demand and offer of Portuguese courses to speakers of other languages in Brazil and in the world, so the Portuguese language is going through an expansion process (NÓBREGA, 2011). Being so, there is the need of more research in the Portuguese teaching area, so that the teachers can update their practice according to the most recent theories. Besides, in a world where the intercultural communication is everywhere, the topic of intercultural education becomes fundamental to the development of the area. In this research, our aim is to show the importance of teaching Portuguese according to the critical intercultural education and to the ideas of the post-method era in the language teaching. Based on the theoretical discussion and on the description of activities present in two textbooks, we discuss how the theories about language and culture affect the language teaching. In this research, the speech acts theory is the basis of the discussion, as we argue that the view of speech act as a social function promoted a kind of intercultural teaching and that the performative view of language proposed by this same theory can promote a critical intercultural education. The theoretical study is necessary in order to create appropriate conditions for intervention in reality. For this reason, we also present some suggestions of activities, created for our own context and taking into account our theoretical route as possible forms of intervention in reality. The activities presented summarize how we seek to use in practice the theoretical construction produced by this research. This research is, in fact, our own theoretical and practical path as teachers and researchers of Portuguese to speakers of other languages

Comment penser la construction et la déconstruction du genre dans le langage ? Je montre que la philosophie du langage ordinaire — et notamment la théorie austinienne des actes de parole — peut soutenir une approche constructiviste et éclairer le rôle du langage dans la construction sociale du genre. La naturalisation du genre repose à la fois sur une représentation du langage — comme simple reflet du réel et comme « capacité » inégalement partagée — et sur des pratiques linguistiques ordinaires et scientifiques. Penser cela implique de dépasser la stricte dichotomie de l’idéologique et du matériel, pour analyser ensemble la construction et la représentation du genre dans des pratiques discursives et non-discursives. La théorie butlerienne de la « performativité du genre » permet de penser à la fois la construction du genre et sa contingence, sa possible déconstruction. Mais quel est notre pouvoir transformateur ? Si montrer qu’un phénomène n’est pas naturel ne suffit pas à le détruire, analyser sa force ne nous réduit-il pas à l’impuissance ? Pour répondre à ces questions, j’étudie des pratiques discursives de lutte. Je montre le pouvoir transformateur de pratiques de subversions et d’actes de parole insurrectionnels, qui font usage de la performativité du langage pour transformer les conditions sociales encadrant l’efficacité des discours. Je montre que ces pratiques déconstruisent le genre et produisent des collectifs de lutte, pour insister sur ce qu’une approche radicalement constructiviste du genre ouvre comme possibles pour le féminisme et l’action collective. / How is gender constructed and deconstructed in ordinary practices of language? First of all, I demonstrate that ordinary language philosophy – and more specifically the austinian theory of speech acts – can lay the ground for a constructivist approach and help to understand the role of language in the social construction of gender. I show that gender is naturalized both by our representation of language itself – as a mere reflect of reality and as an unequally shared “capacity” – and by ordinary and scientific practices of language. Understanding this idea involves going beyond the dichotomy of ideological and material, in order to analyze construction and representation of gender together in both discursive and non-discursive practices. Butler’s theory of gender performativity makes it possible to understand both construction and deconstruction, or the contingency of gender. But does not highlighting the strength of this construction lead to deny our power and agency? To answer this question, I study feminist discursive practices. I highlight transformative power of subversions and insurrectional speech acts. I analyze discursive practices of denaturalization that challenge both social and discursive orders, and practices that use language performativity to change the social conditions that give power to speech acts. These practices deconstruct gender and produce political and collective subjects: a radical constructivist approach to gender thus opens rich perspectives for feminism and collective activism.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:53:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcela Marabeli Moraes.pdf: 797686 bytes, checksum: 9f394dd20fb155647549af5a41c1a3e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis has the general objective to reflect about some aspects of the language policy that can permeates the speech acts (Armengaud, 2006; Melo, 2014; Ottoni, 1998; Pinto, 2006, 2014) of the novel Vidas secas (Candido, 2012; Moraes, 2012) written by Graciliano Ramos, in order to improve the approaches which refers to language policy (Correa, 2014; Rajagopalan, 2013, 2014) and agencies (Asad, 2000; Ahearn, 2000) from one study proposal of one classic book of the national literature. As the hypothesis of this work, we comprehend that, as the characters discover the language during the narrative, we, as readers and researchers of the work, (re)discover other linguistics resolutions, which are reiterated by the speech acts of the migrants family. To develop this idea, the methodological procedures interleave theoretical research and the analysis of the related work, which features the corpus of this work. In this sense, the research is divided in three axis: linguistics policies, speech acts and the literary text in question, which are interconnected by the mean of specifics objectives: a) discuss the concepts of policy and linguistics politics; b) investigate possible traces of linguistics policy in the literary writing of Graciliano Ramos; c) know the author´s political identity; d) Defend the idea that Vidas secas corresponds to one novel about the language discovery; e) think about the speech acts and the political function of them in this narrative; f) define the characters as social agents and their practice as agencies. As the research results, we comprehend that the “language has, in addition to everything that is believed that it has, one political dimension” (RAJAGOPALAN, 2014) in an emancipatory research or not. This way, we see Fabiano, Sinhá Vitória, Menino mais velho e Menino mais novo as linguistics agents, managers of agencies supported in the critical resolution, especially, related to the power and the hegemonic speech, turning them into agents in civilization process, essentially, by the capacity of auto knowledge and social knowledge of them. We emphasize that the present study is a part of the Works for the Ponta Grossa State University Master Program in Language, Identity and Subjectivity. / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo geral refletir sobre alguns aspectos de política linguística que podem permear os atos de fala (Armengaud, 2006; Melo, 2014; Ottoni, 1998; Pinto, 2006, 2014) do romance Vidas secas (Candido, 2012; Moraes, 2012) de Graciliano Ramos, a fim de aprimorar abordagens que se referem à política linguística (Correa, 2014; Rajagopalan, 2013, 2014) e agenciamentos (Asad, 2000; Ahearn, 2000) a partir de uma proposta de estudo de um clássico da literatura nacional. Como hipótese do trabalho, compreendemos que, na medida em que os personagens descobrem a linguagem no decorrer da narrativa, nós como leitores e pesquisadores da obra (re)descobrimos outras reflexões linguísticas, as quais são reiteradas pelos atos de fala da família de retirantes. Para desenvolver essa ideia, os procedimentos metodológicos intercalam pesquisa teórica e análise da referida obra, a qual caracteriza o corpus do trabalho. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa se divide em três eixos: política linguística, atos de fala e o texto literário em questão, os quais são interligados por meio dos objetivos específicos: a) discutir os conceitos de política e políticas linguísticas; b) investigar possíveis traços de política linguística na escrita literária de Graciliano Ramos; c) conhecer a identidade política do autor; d) Defender a ideia de que Vidas secas corresponde a um romance sobre a descoberta da linguagem; e) pensar sobre os atos de fala e a função política deles nessa narrativa; f) definir os personagens como agentes sociais e suas práticas como agenciamentos. Como resultados da pesquisa, compreendemos que a “linguagem tem, em acréscimo a tudo que se acredita que ela tem, uma dimensão política” (RAJAGOPALAN, 2014) em uma perspectiva emancipatória ou não. Dessa forma, vemos Fabiano, Sinhá Vitória, Menino mais velho e Menino mais novo como agentes linguísticos, gestores de agenciamentos sustentados na reflexão crítica, sobretudo, em relação ao poder e ao discurso hegemônico, tornando-os agentes em processo de civilização, essencialmente, pela capacidade de autoconhecimento e conhecimento social deles. Ressaltamos que o presente estudo faz parte dos trabalhos do Programa de Mestrado em Linguagem, Identidade e Subjetividade da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa.

Syftet med denna fallstudie är att undersöka hur gymnasielärare utformar respons på elevtexter och vad de kommenterar i texterna. I undersökningen har 1 982 kommentarer från tre lärare i 130 elevtexter analyserats. Genom närläsning av lärarkommentarerna har en innehållsanalys genomförts. Lärarnas kommentarer har undersökts med utgångspunkt i kategorierna textnivå och språkhandling. Analysen visar att lärares respons framförallt handlar om textens lokala nivå, alltså i huvudsak stavning, skiljetecken och ordval kommenteras hos samtliga lärare. I de sammanfattande kommentarerna som lärarna ger ökar dock förekomsten av kommentarer på den globala nivån. Lärarna använder främst påståenden i sina kommentarer. Eftersom påståenden och uppmaningar förekommer mest i kommentarerna intar lärarna i studien en auktoritär roll i sin responsgivning. Lärare 1 använder vidare fler frågor än lärare 2 och 3, som använder fler uppmaningar, vilket resulterar i att lärare 1 kan upplevas som mindre auktoritär i sin responsgivning än lärare 2 och 3.

A língua portuguesa se encontra em processo de expansão (NÓBREGA, 2011); com o acelerado crescimento da procura e oferecimento de cursos de português como língua estrangeira no Brasil e no mundo, é preciso que mais pesquisa seja feita, e que os professores atualizem suas práticas diante das teorias mais recentes. Em nosso cenário atual, onde a comunicação intercultural é uma constante, o tema do ensino intercultural no ensino de português para falantes de outras línguas (PFOL) torna-se fundamental para o desenvolvimento da área. Nosso objetivo com essa pesquisa é mostrar a importância de se atualizar a prática do ensino de PFOL de acordo com as teorias mais recentes sobre educação intercultural crítica e com as ideias da era pós-método no ensino de línguas. Com base na discussão teórica e na descrição de atividades presentes em dois livros didáticos, argumentamos como as teorias sobre linguagem e cultura afetam o ensino de línguas. Utilizamos a teoria dos atos de fala como base de nossa discussão, mostrando como a visão de ato de fala como função social promoveu um tipo de ensino intercultural e argumentando como a visão performativa da linguagem proposta por essa mesma teoria pode promover um ensino intercultural crítico. Entendemos que o aprofundamento teórico é necessário para que se criem condições adequadas para a intervenção na realidade. Por essa razão, ao final da pesquisa, apresentamos algumas sugestões de atividades, elaboradas a partir de nosso próprio contexto e levando em consideração nosso percurso teórico, como formas de possíveis intervenções na realidade. As atividades apresentadas resumem como buscamos usar na prática a construção teórica produzida por esta pesquisa. Esta pesquisa, na verdade, representa nosso próprio percurso teórico e prático como professores e pesquisadores de PFOL. No desenvolvimento, procuramos demonstrar como respondemos à pergunta proposta no início do nosso trabalho: Como a teoria dos atos de fala pode ajudar a promover um ensino intercultural crítico? / There is a growth in the demand and offer of Portuguese courses to speakers of other languages in Brazil and in the world, so the Portuguese language is going through an expansion process (NÓBREGA, 2011). Being so, there is the need of more research in the Portuguese teaching area, so that the teachers can update their practice according to the most recent theories. Besides, in a world where the intercultural communication is everywhere, the topic of intercultural education becomes fundamental to the development of the area. In this research, our aim is to show the importance of teaching Portuguese according to the critical intercultural education and to the ideas of the post-method era in the language teaching. Based on the theoretical discussion and on the description of activities present in two textbooks, we discuss how the theories about language and culture affect the language teaching. In this research, the speech acts theory is the basis of the discussion, as we argue that the view of speech act as a social function promoted a kind of intercultural teaching and that the performative view of language proposed by this same theory can promote a critical intercultural education. The theoretical study is necessary in order to create appropriate conditions for intervention in reality. For this reason, we also present some suggestions of activities, created for our own context and taking into account our theoretical route as possible forms of intervention in reality. The activities presented summarize how we seek to use in practice the theoretical construction produced by this research. This research is, in fact, our own theoretical and practical path as teachers and researchers of Portuguese to speakers of other languages