Morphological evaluation of sperm has a long history and is an essential element analysis of semen, which provides breeders invaluable information to assess the health status of animal and its potential fertility. An important role is played by the percentage of healthy sperm due to abnormally developed. This value plays an important role in the usability of quality in breeding stallions. Stallion sperm intended for artificial insemination breeding mares in native form may not contain more than 40 % of defective sperm and the total amount of their activity should not be below 60 %. In the case of benefits intended for deep freezing is allowed only 20 % pathological forms of sperm. Activity selected for cryopreservation of semen should not fall below 80 %. The topic of the thesis was to determine the frequency of morphologic sperm defects in a group of stallions stud farm Tlumačov s.p., included in breeding season for 2013. Sperm morphology examination was performed on 72 samples of ejaculates collected from 12 stallions during the breeding season from May to August. For each stallion sperm activity was recorded of subjective method, immediately after collection, and the correlation was observed with respect to morphological abnormalities of the same sample. To investigate the morphological structure of sperm abnormalities were stained with two methods of cytological stain -- staining of B.T.Farelly and staining of Čeřovský. After staining the preparations were evaluated under a light microscope. Identified defects were divided into 6 categories - defects in the head, acrosome defects, defects of the neck, tail defects, abnormal forms of sperm and immature sperm. We studied a number of normospermia and total sperm pathology also expressed as a percentage. Another part of the analysis was a theoretical comparison of both the staining techniques with respect to suitability for the examination of morphological sperm abnormalities in stallions.

The dog has been accompanying men for eons, according to some literary sources the dog is the very first domesticated animal. My study included 152 dogs of 43 breeds. n total we had 408 ejaculates. We evaluated the proces of collection. Each ejaculate was evaluated on content, sperm count and motility of semen and morphological examination of semen.The evaluation of content and quality of ejaculate brought following average results. Time of ejaculation was 413,16 +- 168,66 seconds; the volume of ejaculate was 8,49 +- 6,51 ml; motility of semen 71,2 +- 16,8 %. There was approximately 69,1 +- 15,7 % of morphologically normal semen in the evaluated ejaculates. The results show, that you can expect quality ejaculate from middle sized sporting dogs. The dogs should be fed with a complete food mixture. The dog should be used for stud from the age of 2 years and in ideal conditions should not mate more often than once a week.

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Alpha zearalenol is a derivative of the mycotoxin zearalenone, which is commonly found in agricultural crops and commercial feed. It is a secondary metabolite of filamentous fungi of the genus Fusarium. The alpha zearalenol is the result of a biotransformation of zearalenone in the liver and intestinal tissue. When the zearalenone is metobolised this way, it is able to compete for the binding sites of estrogen receptors because the structure is very similar to 17 beta estradiol. Toxicity of alpha zearalenol therefore lies in an estrogenic stimulation, which induces morphological and functional changes in the reproductive organs and gametes. Toxicity is manifested on the male gamete by reducing viability, motility and the portion of sperms capable of undergoing acrosome reaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of alpha zearalenol on the hyperactivation and acrosome reaction of boar sperm depending on the concentration and duration of exposure to mycotoxins. For the purposes of this study we used two methodologies and the short term chilled commercial insemination doses which were kept in a box with the temperature of 17 degrees of Celsius. The two methodologies had a different count of used concentrations of alpha zearalenol and exposure time. Acrosome reaction of sperms was assessed in both methodologies, while the share of hyperactive sperm was assessed only in the second methodology. The first methodology did not prove any effect of alpha zearalenol on acrosome reaction, but the second methodology has proven a positive effect of concentrations 5, 10 and 20 uM alpha zearalenol on acrosome reaction of boar sperm. Individual values of parameters from CASA analysis (VCL, ALH, LIN and WOB), which were used for evaluation of hyperactivation of boar sperm, were not affected by any used concentrations of alpha zearalenol.

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The ultrastructure of spermatozoa from six crayfish species were described. The acrosome complex and nucleus are located at the anterior and posterior of the spermatozoon, respectively. The acrosome complex organelle is divided into two main parts: the main body of the acrosome that is a dense inverted cup-shaped structure and organized into three layers of differing electron densities and extended parallel filaments, and the sub-acrosome zone occupying the central part of the acrosome complex, which is divided into two electron dense areas. The spermatozoon of Orconectes limosus is described for the first time. In addition, an acrosome spike in the spermatozoon of Procambarus clarkii is described. Despite a well conserved general structure and similarity of pattern among these spermatozoa, differences in the dimensions of the acrosome within the studied species may be useful to help distinguish the different crayfish. The ultrastructure of the spermatozoon and spermatophore wall of the narrow clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylus during three stages including freshly ejaculated, post-mating, and after release of the spermatozoon were described and compared. The crayfish spermatophore consists of a sperm mass enveloped by a three layered spermatophore wall. After mating, the thickness of the outer layer of the spermatophore is increased. The matrix in the middle layer of the spermatophore becomes reticulated, and granules inside this layer release their contents. Fibers in the inner layer degrade to small particles. The spermatozoon capsule swells and space between the capsule and the spermatozoon appears. The area of the plasma membrane is increased by wrinkling of the surface and alteration from a single to a multilayered structure at the anterior part of the acrosome. The density of the subacrosome zone increases in the vicinity of the main body of the acrosome. With the onset of fertilization, the layers of the spermatophore are dissolved by female glair glands secretions. The capsule, plasma membrane, and membranous lamellae are eliminated, and bundles of filaments are released. The subacrosome zone loses electron density and retracts. The electron-dense material of the innermost layer of the acrosome is discharged and, together with filaments, forms a filament/droplet structure at the anterior part of the spermatozoon. The most important change is observed in the subacrosome zone, which may play a key role in the fertilization. Also, morphological changes of the spermatozoon after release from the capsule, especially formation of the filament/droplet structure, may contribute to the mechanism of egg-spermatozoon binding in the crayfish.