Problem: A lot of attention is given to the safety of the driving and the possibility to register fatigue of the drivers. Driving cars is monotony and static. Vibration loading, which causes changes in the axial system. This causes discomfort and fatigue to drivers after some time of exposure to the loading. Hypothesis: It is possible to prove the changes of mechanical characteristics (indicators) of the axial system using the TVS (transfer vibration through spine) method. By using TVS method before and after different types of loading or before and after relaxation it is possible to detect changes of the viscoelastic properties. This can be done by checking changes in the way of waves transfer through the axial system of the observed participants. Objective: Verify the possibility of use of TVS method to register changes of the viscoelastic characteristics of the axial system. Method: The TVS was chosen as a detection method. The method is based on the use of five-msec semi-bandwidth γ pulse stimuli and consequent application of continuously changing harmonic stimuli which periodically differ between 5Hz and 160Hz to the vertebrae C7 and L5. This wave is carried through the axial system and its acceleration on the spinous processes between C7 and S1 is scanned with the help of accelerometric...

Title: Comparison of the effectiveness of manual therapy and therapy using exercises in muscle postural strings for painful neck syndromes. Objective: The main aim of this work is to compare the effect of active and passive approaches, combinations thereof, used in normal physiotherapy practice for painful neck syndromes. Active physiotherapy techniques represent the concept of Dr. Raševa, exercises in open and closed kinematic strings and elements of developmental kinesiology. Passive physiotherapy techniques are soft tissue techniques, mobilization and manipulation. The combination of these techniques is the application of active and passive techniques, i.e. the concept of Dr. Rašev, exercises in open and closed kinematic strings, elements of developmental kinesiology and soft tissue techniques, mobilization and manipulation. Methods: The study involved a total of 30 probands with chronic neck pain, randomly divided into three groups of 10. The first group (LTV - health exercise) included active treatment approaches, i.e. the concept of Dr. Raševa, exercises in open and closed kinematic strings and elements of developmental kinesiology. In the second group (TMT - soft tissue techniques) the contents were passive therapeutic approaches, i.e. soft tissue techniques, mobilization and manipulation....

Made available in DSpace on 2011-11-09T14:45:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1648 bytes, checksum: e095249ac7cacefbfe39684dfe45e706 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A instabilidade atlanto-axial(IAA) é o excesso de mobilidade do atlas sobre o áxis, tendo sido descrita uma prevalência de 10 a 30 por cento dentre os pacientes com Síndrome de Down Este estudo teve como objetivo consolidar um protocolo de investigação da IAA através da revisão da literatura e do estudo radiológico de 745 pacientes com faixa etária de 2 meses a 19 anos, atendidos pelo Departamento de Genética Médica do Instituto Fernandes Figueira (IFF-FIOCRUZ),em 2001.Dentre estes 40 pacientes foram submetidos a pelo menos um exame radiográfico da coluna cervical, onde a prevalência da IAA foi de 17,2 (IC 95 por cento-14,2 a 20,7), de forma assintomática em 95 por cento dos casos. Em segundo exame radiográfico, realizado em 121 pacientes com idade mediana de 8 anos, a prevalência da IAA foi de 17,5(IC 95 por cento -11,1 a 25,3). Tomografia computadorizada cervical em 95 pacientes com idade mediana de 4 anos confirmou 4 casos de IAA diagnosticados na primeira radiografia. A revisão da literatura revelou controvérsias e a análise destes artigos não forneceu fortes evidências sobre qual seria o melhor processo de investigação. Apesar destes limites, foi possível destacar alguns aspectos comuns a diferentes trabalhos para definir um protocolo: o screening radiográfico inicial para IAA deve ser realizado a partir dos 3 anos de idade, conforme rotina proposta pelo Comitê Parolímpico Americano e pela Academia Americana de Pediatria; não há necessidade de outros exames se este screening inicial for normal; pacientes com IAA e sintomas de compressão medular precisam de complementação com tomografia computadorizada (TC) ou ressonância magnética (RM); exames neurológicos deverão ser freqüentes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5121.pdf: 13124971 bytes, checksum: 6e287fe7f29cdce25264d37ed5bc3045 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-21 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Background: There is a lack of studies that evaluated within day and between day reliabilities of 3-D scapular kinematics during elevation and lowering of the arm in different shoulder conditions, as well as studies about low-amplitude and high-velocity thoracic spine manipulation (TSM) effects on scapular kinematics in subjects with shoulder dysfunctions. Objective: To establish within day and between day reliability of scapular motion during elevation and lowering of the arm and at rest position and to evaluate the immediate effects of a TSM on pain and scapular kinematics during elevation and lowering of the arm, both in subjects with and without shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS). Methods: Kinematic data were collected using Flock of Birds® electromagnetic device. Subjects were divided in 2 groups: control and impingement. For reliability kinematic data were collected during elevation and lowering of the arm and at rest position on 2 different occasions separated by 3 to 5 days. Forty-nine subjects were tested for within day reliability. Forty-three subjects were reassessed for between day reliability. For kinematic evaluation pre- and ppost-manipulation, scapular kinematics was collected during elevation and lowering of the arm before and immediately after the intervention. Numeric pain rating scale was used to assess shoulder pain during arm movement at pre- and post- intervention. Fifty subjects (31.76 ± 10.91 years) with SIS and 47 subjects (25.76 ± 5.01 years) asymptomatic for shoulder dysfunctions were randomly assigned to one of the groups: manipulation or sham. Results: There was very good within day reliability for assessing scapular internal and upward rotations and tilt from both groups during elevation and lowering of the arm (ICC=0.92-0.99). In general, there was good between day reliability for assessing scapular motion during elevation and lowering of the arm from both groups (ICC=0.54-0.88). There was also good and very good between day reliability for assessing scapular rest position in both groups (ICC=0.66-0.95). Study 2: Subjects with SIS experienced reduced shoulder pain (from 3.29 to 2.45, p<0.01) during arm movement immediately after TSM. Subjects with and without SIS who received TSM and asymptomatic subjects who received sham intervention showed significant increase in scapular upward rotation at post-intervention. Increase in scapular anterior tilt at postmanipulation was also observed in asymptomatic subjects who received TSM. Conclusion: Flock of Birds® electromagnetic tracking system is a reliable device for measuring 3-D scapular motion during elevation and lowering of the arm and at rest position in subjects with and without impingement symptoms over time. TSM is associated with improved shoulder pain and scapular upward rotation in subjects with SIS. Although with questionable clinical relevance, TSM may not be immediately favorable to scapular tilt in asymptomatic subjects. / Além da escassez de evidências a respeito da confiabilidade entre repetições e dias da avaliação cinemática 3-D da escápula durante a elevação e descida do braço em diferentes condições do ombro, estudos sobre os efeitos da manipulação torácica de alta velocidade e baixa amplitude (MT) na cinemática escapular em sujeitos assintomáticos e portadores de disfunções no ombro também são bastante escassos. Objetivo: Determinar a confiabilidade entre repetições e entre dias das medidas do movimento 3-D da escápula durante a elevação e descida do braço e na posição de repouso e avaliar os efeitos imediatos de uma MT na dor e na cinemática da escápula durante a elevação e descida do braço, ambos em sujeitos assintomáticos e portadores da síndrome do impacto (SI). Métodos: Para a avaliação cinemática foi utilizado o dispositivo eletromagnético Flock of Birds®. Os sujeitos foram divididos em 2 grupos (controle e impacto). Os dados cinemáticos para a confiabilidade foram coletados durante a elevação e descida do braço e na posição de repouso em duas ocasiões diferentes separadas por 3 a 5 dias. Quarenta e nove sujeitos foram avaliados para a confiabilidade entre repetições e quarenta e três sujeitos foram avaliados para a confiabilidade entre dias. Para a avaliação pré e pós-manipulação os dados cinemáticos foram coletados durante a elevação e descida do braço antes e imediatamente após a intervenção. A escala numérica de dor mediu a dor durante o movimento do braço antes e após a intervenção. Cinquenta sujeitos (31,76 ± 10,91 anos) com SI e 47 sujeitos (25,76 ± 5,01 anos) assintomáticos para disfunções no ombro foram aleatoriamente designados a um dos seguintes grupos : manipulação ou sham. Resultados: A confiabilidade das medidas entre as repetições foi excelente para as rotações medial e superior e para a inclinação da escápula em ambos os grupos durante a elevação e a descida do braço (CCI=0,92-0,99). No geral, confiabilidade entre dias para avaliar os movimentos escapulares durante a elevação e a descida do braço para ambos os grupos foi boa (CCI=0,54-0,88). A confiabilidade entre dias também foi boa e excelente para as rotações escapulares durante a posição de repouso em ambos os grupos (ICC=0,66-0,95). Houve melhora significativa da dor nos sujeitos com SI (de 3,29 para 2,45, p<0,01) durante o movimento do braço imediatamente após a MT. Os sujeitos com e sem SI que receberam a MT e os sujeitos assintomáticos que receberam a intervenção sham apresentaram significativo aumento na rotação superior da escápula após a intervenção. O aumento na inclinação anterior após a manipulação também foi observado nos sujeitos assintomáticos que receberam a MT. Conclusão: O Flock of Birds® é um dispositivo eletromagnético confiável para medir ao longo do tempo o movimento 3-D da escápula durante a elevação e descida do braço e na posição de repouso em sujeitos assintomáticos e portadores de SI ao longo do tempo. A MT está associada com a melhora da dor e da rotação superior da escápula nos sujeitos com SI. E, apesar da questionável relevância clínica, a MT pode não ser imediatamente favorável para a inclinação escapular nos sujeitos assintomáticos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 duque_lhm_dr_guara.pdf: 1861000 bytes, checksum: 826224c8ed71ff732f9aa6af40eab143 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Um modelo fundamentado nos sistemas multicorpos, com sete corpos rígidos e oito corpos flexíveis, com três graus de liberdade para cada um dos corpos rígidos está sendo proposto. Os corpos rígidos são providos de inércia e os corpos flexíveis trabalham como juntas e não são providos de inércia. A solução numérica do modelo foi obtida com o método Runge-Kutta. Os parâmetros de influência, curvatura inicial da espinha lombar, posições dos centros geométricos das vértebras, tórax e da sacrum-pélvis, e o ponto de aplicação da força póstero-anterior (PA), foram obtidos de radiografia digital de cada paciente. O modelo foi simulado com dados de literaturas (obtidos de experimentos in vivo e em peças anatômicas). Os resultados foram satisfatórios do ponto de vista dos terapeutas e apresentam-se em conformidade com outros modelos propostos. O modelo oferece vantagem na aplicação individualizada a cada paciente pelos terapeutas, e foi construído com a metodologia de análise das forças aplicadas e suas reações diferentemente de outros modelos que apoiam-se nos métodos de análise das energias. O objetivo principal deste trabalho será o de avaliar o comportamento dinâmico do segmento lombar da coluna vertebral humana incluindo as massas do tórax e da pelve, por um modelo não-linear da rigidez viscoelástica estabelecido a partir da relação força-deslocamento obtida por experimentação in vivo. / Evaluate a dynamic behavior of the human lumbar spine, with non-linear viscoelastic stiffness model followed by experimental data. Many of the techniques for the clinical treatment of dysfunction acting on lumber segments of the human spine have been based in the application of a postero anterior forces. Existing models to predict the state of lumber segments are restricted to evaluate general characteristic, furthermore, they use unrealistic boundary condition for its analysis. Periodic oscillatory posteroanterior forces were applied on each vertebra with initial lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine. A model is based on the multibody system of seven rigid bodies and eight deformable bodies representing human spine composed of thoratic, lumber and sacrum-pelvis segments. On each lumber were considered three degree of freedom(posterior - anterior, axial and flexion - extension). The rigid bodies are provided with inerti and the deformable bodies, wich would as joints with no inertia provided. Numerical solution of proposed model was solved with Ringe-Kutta methods. Parameter of influence, initial lordotic curvature, positions of the geometric centers of the vertebras, thorax and of the sacrum-pelvis, and point of application of the posteroanterior force (PA) were evaluated from x-ray image of patients. Nonlinear stiffness character introducedin the model affects the motion stability when periodic posteroanterior forces are applied to one vertebra.

The overall accuracy, efficiency and profitability of livestock improvement strategies can be greatly increased by incorporating quantitative genetics into livestock selection and breeding. Since the introduction of quantitative genetics, a range of traits describing the animal e.g. in terms of health, growth, fecundity, production, have been extensively evaluated in terms of genetics and are now commonly manipulated through breeding to achieve specific selection goals. An industry led enquiry as to the possibility of including spine traits in genetic selection to increase back length in sheep was the basis of the present thesis. Collecting information on spine traits (spine length, vertebrae length and vertebrae number) is of particular interest and use to the sheep breeding industry as there may be the potential to increase meat yield from the highly valuable longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL or loin), located parallel to the spine, with little associated change in production costs. The thesis focusses on the use of X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning as a technique which would allow spine traits to be measured in vivo, hence being useful for genetic selection. The topogram scans produced from the CT scanning procedure were analysed to derive spine trait information for the thesis. The scans were from Scottish Blackface (maternal breed stock), Texel (terminal sire breed), Texel cross Mule and Poll Dorset cross Mule (three-way cross slaughter lambs) so as to represent the divergent genotypes found across the different levels of the United Kingdom’s (UK) three-tier crossbreeding structure of sheep. The present study explored as a first step intra- and inter-operator repeatability of assessment of spine traits from CT derived topograms, as a means to investigate the suitability of the approach for widespread uptake within industry where operators will vary. The results showed that there was high repeatability for intra- and inter-operator assessment of spine trait measurements verifying that the CT method could be accepted as a reliable alternative (to slaughter for example) to quantify spine traits. To determine whether spine traits are similar across the range of breeds representing the key genotypes and crosses in the UK sheep industry, numerous CT topograms were analysed. The results showed marked variation in spine traits within and between Scottish Blackface, Texel, Texel cross Mule and Poll Dorset cross Mule breeds and crosses. For example, the Texel breed was found to have the largest within-breed range for thoracolumbar vertebrae number (17 – 21; the majority possessing 19), but the spine length of these animals was, on average, significantly shorter than the other breed/cross groups. The present study concluded that the significant differences between the breeds and breed types for the particular spine traits were possibly indicative of a genetic control for these traits. Furthermore, investigation into the phenotypic correlations between spine and production traits revealed some directional associations which may prove beneficial for meat production. For example, Scottish Blackface lambs which had a longer length of a specific spine region had an associated decrease in the volume of carcass fat. Texel lambs which had a longer length of a specific spine region had a slightly larger loin muscle area, at a given weight. The present study also examined animals from a population of Texel lambs already heavily selected for increased muscling. The Texel muscling quantitative trait locus (TM-QTL), segregating in these animals and generally in the UK’s Texel sheep population, is expressed through a polar overdominance pattern of inheritance and its effect on the loin (localised muscle hypertrophy) is commonly utilised in the selection and breeding of Texel sheep to improve meat production. Examination of topograms from lambs bearing the whole range of TM-QTL genotypes showed little evidence to suggest that the change in loin shape/increased loin muscling, as a result of the TM-QTL and its inheritance, has led to any associated change in the underlying spine characteristics. This suggests that selection for increased muscling associated with the TM-QTL may be achieved independently of changes in the spine traits studied. The potential to breed for certain spine traits to increase vertebrae number and hence chops or loin yield can be enhanced by establishing the genetic parameters for the traits. The present study employed a collection of performance trait records from Texel lambs to provide the basis for genetic analysis. The results showed different levels of heritability for the different spine traits but also high standard errors. For example, heritability of vertebrae number was dependent on vertebra location: for thoracic vertebrae heritability was high (ℎ2 = 0.99; SE = 0.42), for lumbar vertebrae heritability was low (ℎ2 = 0.08; SE = 0.12), whereas in contrast, thoracolumbar vertebrae heritability was moderate (ℎ2 = 0.44; SE = 0.27). Phenotypic and genetic correlations between all combinations of traits were also obtained. Accurate predictions of the size and direction of response to selection can be achieved through such genetic analysis of traits. The more that is known of the genetic characteristics of traits and their genetic correlations with other economically important traits, the more efficiently it can be built into breeding programmes improving the overall performance of stock. The results of this study showed that providing spine measurements can contribute to the diversity of trait information available to breeders. The present study also suggests that there may be opportunities to select for increased spine length/vertebrae number which would benefit the sheep industry in terms of increased chop number/loin yield. Although more data are needed prior to implementation. Practical uptake of selection for spine traits would be enhanced due to the straightforward nature of the measurements and the high operator repeatability.

L’ostéoporose est définie par une diminution de la masse osseuse et une altération de la structure osseuse. L’évaluation de l’architecture de l’os trabéculaire vertébral est un des enjeux majeurs de recherche actuels visant à la caractérisation des modifications du tissu osseux liées au vieillissement. Par ailleurs, le traitement de la fracture vertébrale ostéoporotique par vertébroplastie a démontré son efficacité. Le ciment actuel utilisé pour la vertébroplastie est le polyméthylméthacrylate. Ce ciment est efficace pour stabiliser la vertèbre et diminuer la douleur mais il existe une toxicité pour les tissus mous avoisinant, notamment la moelle en cas de fuite, et des inquiétudes quant au risque de fracture des vertèbres adjacentes. De nouveaux ciments biointégrables du type ciments phosphocalciques supplémentés en bisphosphonates pourraient avoir leur place à l’avenir dans le traitement des vertèbres.Notre travail de thèse s’est inscrit dans un projet pluridisciplinaire de recherche sur les altérations de la structure de l’os trabéculaire vertébral, reposant sur une analyse en imagerie médicale et une étude biomécanique, et sur le développement d’un nouveau ciment phosphocalcique supplémenté en bisphosphonates.L’ensemble de nos résultats pourra nous permettre :-D’améliorer la prédiction du risque de fracture vertébrale ostéoporotique-D’optimiser les nouveaux ciments biointégrables / The current definition of osteoporosis is a low bone mass associated with a microarchitecture deterioration. Vertebral trabecular bone microarchitecture assessment is an important research topic aiming at the characterization of the modifications of the bone tissue bound to ageing. On the other hand, the vertebral fracture treatment by vertebroplasty is known to be effective. Currently the cement used in vertebroplasty is the polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA). This cement stabilizes the vertebral fracture and decreases the pain, but there are a toxicity for nearby soft tissues, in particular spinal marrow in case of leakage, and concerns as for the risk of fracture of the neighboring vertebrae. In the future, new biointegrable calcium phosphate cement supplemented in bisphosphonate could be used in the vertrebrae treatment.Our work was based on a multidisciplinary project which aimed firstly at evaluating trabecular vertebral bone microarchitecture using medical imaging and biomechanical testing in this crucial anatomical region, secondly at developing a new calcium phosphate cement supplemented in bisphosphonate. Our results may lead to:- improve the fracture risk prediction in osteoporotic vertebra- improve the new biointegrable cements

As situações de trabalho que o policial militar está exposto exigem padrões posturais que sobrecarregam as estruturas músculos-esqueléticas podendo desencadear dores na coluna lombar. Na atividade policial militar os indivíduos que desempenham a atividade operacional permanecem 12 horas seguidas utilizando equipamentos obrigatórios de segurança, equipamentos esses que podem totalizar 5,7 kg, essa singularidade da função aliadas a posição sentada na viatura podem levar a sobrecarga da coluna vertebral. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a resposta eletromiográfica em policiais militares operacionais antes e após jornada de trabalho. Foram avaliados 44 indivíduos, do sexo masculino, com uma média de idade de 34,59±8,05 anos. O protocolo utilizado consistiu na avaliação dos músculos paravertebrais e reto abdominal em um teste de contração máxima (CIVM) no movimento de extensão de tronco, partindo da posição sentada. E ainda, foram utilizados o questionário de avaliação funcional Roland-Morris e o diagrama de áreas dolorosas de Corlett e Manenica. Utilizou-se um eletromiógrafo de 16 canais, previamente configurados. O sinais foram processados no domínio temporal (EMGME) e espectral (EMGFM), utilizando o programa MatLab®. Aplicaram-se testes estatísticos de Shapiro-Wilk e Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas através do software SPSS v21.0 e Microsoft Office Excel 2010 considerando como nível de significância p<0,05. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatísticas no pós-turno de trabalho na análise temporal, um decréscimo na EMGME no músculo reto abdominal direito (p= 0,016) e na amostra estratificada por idade, com sujeitos acima de 31 anos de idade, (p= 0,016),na análise espectral, redução na EMGFM no músculo Iliocostal direito (p= 0,027) e lados direito e esquerdo na amostra estratificada, em sujeito com mais de 31 anos de idade e com mais de 10 anos de serviço, 50% dos avaliados assinalaram o nível 4 do diagrama de áreas dolorosas e no questionário Roland-Morris, foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos sujeitos com mais de 10 anos de serviço. O protocolo utilizado evidenciou uma diminuição da amplitude do sinal eletromiográfico bem como uma possível fadiga muscular do lado onde usualmente os policiais utilizam seu armamento no pós-turno de trabalho de policiais militares operacionais bem como desconforto postural na região toracolombar e alteração de funcionalidade da coluna devido à queixa álgica na amostra estudada. / The working situations that a military police officer is exposed demand postural patterns that overload the muscle-skeletal structures leading to lower back pain. During the military police activity the individuals who take part in the operational activity spend 12 hours in a row wearing mandatory safety equipment, that can weight up to 5.7 kg, this function singularity along with sitting position inside the patrol car may lead to an overload on the spine. The objective of this work was to verify the neuromuscular response through electromyography in operational military police officers before and after the working shifts. 44 male subjects have been evaluated, with an average of 34.59±8.05 years of age. The protocol used consisted in the evaluation of the paravertebral muscles and abdominal rectus in a maximum contraction test (CIVM) in the extension movement of the upper body. And yet, the Roland-Morris’ functional evaluation questionnaire and the Corlett and Manenica’s painful areas diagram were used. A previously set 16-channel electromyograph has been used. The signal were processed in the temporal (midline of energy) and spectral domain (midline of frequency), using the computer software MatLab®. Shapiro-Wilk statistical tests and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were applied the analysis were carried out through the software SPSS v21.0 and Microsoft Office Excel 2010 considering as significance level p<0.05. The results showed differences in statistics after work in temporal analysis, a decrease in EMGME in the rectus abdominis muscle (p = 0.016) and in the sample stratified by age, with subject over 31 years of age, (p = 0.016), spectral analysis, reduction in EMGFM in the iliocostalis right (p = 0.027) and right and left sides in stratified sampling, in subject with more than 31 years of age and with more than 10 years of service , 50% of the assessed level 4 noted the painful areas and diagram on the Roland-Morris questionnaire, significant differences were found in subjects with more than 10 years of service. The protocol used showed a decrease in the amplitude of the electromyographic signal as well as a possible muscle fatigue on the side where the cops usuallytheir guns after the military police work well as postural discomfort on thoracolumbar region and change the functionality of the column due to complaint algic in the sample studied.

Uma das aplicações da ergonomia é a prevenção de patologias músculo esqueléticas, dentre as quais a dor na região lombar é uma das mais prevalentes. Pedalar não é um movimento natural na ergonomia humana e, consequentemente, irregularidades no posicionamento levam a desequilíbrios. A postura inadequada altera as características de recrutamento muscular, principalmente na região lombar e nos membros inferiores durante o ato de pedalar, o que torna relevante a investigação das queixas de dor e desconforto na coluna vertebral. O objetivo deste estudo foi de analisar o impacto das adequações ergonômicas no sistema homem-bicicleta na dor lombar de ciclistas, a partir de registros eletromiográficos. Para isso, um estudo descritivo com 35 ciclistas avaliou três protocolos para o ajuste da altura do selim: (a) um protocolo de referência (REF), altura do selim inicialmente apresentada pelo atleta ;(b) P1 baseado em Burke, relacionou a altura do entrepernas multiplicado pela constante 1,09;(c) P2,onde a altura do selim foi regulada pela flexão de joelho quando o pedal encontra-se na parte mais baixa do ciclo da pedalada (PMI). Todos os protocolos foram avaliados por meio da eletromiografia (EMG System do Brasil, modelo 1600-U12) dos músculos quadrado lombar, eretor da coluna lombar, eretor da coluna torácica, reto abdominal, reto femoral, vasto lateral, vasto medial, isquiotibiais, gastrocnêmio. Adicionalmente, foi avaliada a geometria do posicionamento angular das articulações de membros inferiores durante as pedaladas, por meio da Biofotogrametria, onde foram medidos os ângulos de movimento do tornozelo, do joelho e do quadril em duas fases do ciclo da pedalada: (1) no ponto motor superior (PMS); e (2) no PMI. O impacto das recomendações foi avaliado antes do ajuste e em 30 dias e 5 meses após a recomendação ergonômica, pela aplicação da escala visual analógica de dor. Os resultados mostraram uma redução significativa dos relatos de dor pós ajustes, aos 30 dias (p=0,000), que perdurou até os 5 meses (p=0,023). Na comparação eletromiográfica do recrutamento muscular entre os protocolos, foram encontrados: (1) entre REF e P1, um índice significativamente menor de recrutamento muscular para : lombar (p=0,006); posterior de membro inferior (p=0,003) e abdominal (p=0,002);(2) entre REF e P2, recrutamento muscular significativamente menor na região abdominal (p=0,009); (3) entre P1 e P2, menor recrutamento muscular para membro inferior posterior em P1 (p=0,030). Na análise da geometria do movimento, diferenças significantes para o ângulo de joelho no PMS (p=0,003) e no PMI (p=0,012) em P1, apenas. A partir dos resultados encontrados, a hipótese inicial do estudo foi confirmada, uma vez que a média do sinal do traçado eletromiográfico, mostrou-se eficaz na quantificação das modificações do recrutamento muscular específico do esporte, para os diferentes métodos de ajuste do selim, e serviu como base para a recomendação de adequações ergonômicas, visto que foi após estas, foi diminuído a sobrecarga muscular na região lombar. As evidências permitiram concluir que P1 foi o protocolo mais eficaz na recomendação ergonômica de ajuste do selim, e o mesmo pode ser a referência de recomendação para os praticantes de ciclismo em mesmas condições antropométricas e de treinamento que a amostra aqui estudada. Ainda foi possível estabelecer que os músculos eletromiograficamente mais recrutados devem ser o foco do treinamento de força, na preparação dos atletas, de modo a diminuir o risco biomecânico para o desenvolvimento de lesões em treinos e competições. / One of the applications of ergonomics is the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders, among which the low back pain is one the most prevalent. Pedaling isn’t a natural movement in the human ergonomics and, consequently irregularities in the positioning leads to imbalances. The inappropriate posture changes the characteristics of muscle recruitment, especially in the lumbar region and lower limbs during the act of cycling, which makes relevant the investigation of complaint of pain and discomfort in the spine. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of ergonomic adjustments in man-bike system in low back pain of cyclists, from electromyographic records. For this, a descriptive study of 35 cyclists evaluated three protocols for adjusting the saddle height: (a) a protocol of reference (REF), saddle height initially presented by the athlete;(b) P1 based on Burke, related to the crotch height multiplied by the constant 1.09; (c) P2 where the seat height is adjusted by knee flexion when the pedal is in the lower part of the pedal cycle (PMI). All protocols were evaluated using electromyography (EMG System of Brazil, model 1600-U12) of the quadratus lumborum muscles, erector lumbar spine, thoracic spine erector, rectus abdominis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, hamstrings, gastrocnemius . Additionally, the geometry of the angular positioning of the joints of the lower limbs during pedaling was evaluated by means of photogrammetry, where were measured angles of movement of the ankle, knee and hip in two phases of the pedaling cycle: (1) the upper motor point (SMP), and (2) the PMI.The impact of the recommendations was evaluated before adjustment and 30 days and 5 months after the ergonomic recommendation by applying visual analogue pain scale. Results showed a significant reduction in reported pain after adjustments at 30 days (p = 0.000), which lasted until 5 months (p = 0.023).In the electromyography comparison of muscle recruitment between the protocols were found: (1) between REF and P1, a significantly lower level of muscle recruitment for: lumbar (p = 0.006), posterior lower limb (p = 0.003) and abdominal (p = 0.002), (2) between REF and P2, significantly less muscle recruitment in the abdominal region (p = 0.009), (3) between P1 and P2, reduced muscle recruitment for subsequent lower limb in P1 (p = 0.030). The analysis of the movement geometry, significant differences for the knee angle of PMS (p = 0.003) and PMI (p = 0.012) P1 only. From these results, the initial study hypothesis was confirmed, since the mean signal of the EMG tracing, was effective in quantifying changes in specific muscle recruitment of the sport, for the different methods of adjusting the saddle, and served as basis for the recommendation of ergonomic adjustments, since it was after them, was decreased muscle overload in the lumbar region. The evidence allowed to conclude that P1 was the most effective protocol in ergonomic tuning recommendation of the saddle, and the same can be the reference of recommendation for athletes in the same cycling conditions anthropometric and training like on this studied here. It has been possible to establish that recruited more muscles electromyography should be the focus of strength training, the preparation of athletes in order to decrease the biomechanical risk for developing injuries during training and competitions.

A escoliose é considerada a quinta patologia mais comum em desenvolvimento na adolescência. Sendo que no Brasil a prevalência desta patologia varia de 2% a 4% em adolescentes na faixa etária de 10 a 16 anos. O método Pilates pode ser considerado como alternativa no tratamento conservador desse desvio postural. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o método Pilates no alinhamento postural de adolescentes portadores de escoliose, por meio da eletromiografia e da simetrografia. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório no período de Fevereiro a Abril de 2015, com 22 adolescentes, com idade de 12 a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, que apresentaram o desvio postural escoliose, fisicamente ativos, sem experiência em treinamento resistido do Método Pilates e que não tinham realizado cirurgia corretiva ortopédica na coluna vertebral e nem recebido diagnóstico de doença reumática. Os voluntários pesquisados preencheram termo de assentimento informado livre e esclarecido e os responsáveis preencheram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os adolescentes investigados inicialmente foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, percentual de gordura, simetria corporal, teste de Adams e avaliação eletromiográfica nos músculos trapézio, eretores espinhais, oblíquos e reto abdominal, na posição sentada equilibrando um livro sobre a cabeça processados no domínio temporal (EMGAmp) e espectral (EMGFmed). Na sequência foram submetidos á 24 sessões com dois atendimentos semanais de um protocolo de tratamento constituído por exercícios do método Pilates. Após a aplicação deste protocolo, foram novamente submetidos às avaliações iniciais. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA e processados utilizando o software estatístico R versão 3.2.0. e teste de McNemar. Os resultados com relação à escoliose mostraram que nove adolescentes melhoraram o alinhamento postural (40,9%) (p=0,001) e também no encurtamento do trapézio (p=0.031) e nos ombros assimétricos (p=0.001). Relativo à EMGAmp na escoliose postural à direita (EPD) houve diferença entre antes e depois (p=0.081) e também entre os músculos (p=0.031); na escoliose torácica à direita (ETD) houve diferença entre antes e depois (p≈0), o lado direito do esquerdo (p=0.04) e também entre os músculos (p≈0); na escoliose torácica à esquerda (ETE) e na escoliose tóraco-lombar destro convexa (ETLDC) houve diferença entre antes e depois (p≈0) e entre os músculos (p≈0). Referente à EMGFmed na EPD houve diferença entre antes e depois (p≈0) e entre os músculos (p=0.001); na ETD houve diferença entre antes e depois (p≈0) e entre os músculos (p=0.007); na ETE e ETLDC houve diferença apenas entre antes e depois (p≈0); na ETLE houve diferença entre antes e depois (p=0.007). Em todos os casos de escoliose estudados, houve aumento da EMGFmed com destaque para os músculos OBLI e RA. Verificaram-se diferenças estatísticas nas variáveis estatura (p=0,003) e aumento na flexibilidade (p=0,000). Conclui-se que os resultados apontam para a importância dos exercícios do método Pilates como forma de tratamento conservador da escoliose, ocasionando mudanças no padrão de ativação neuromuscular. Porém em relação ao tempo de aplicação terapêutico relativo ao alinhamento postural, sugere-se desenvolvê-lo em prazos maiores. / Scoliosis is considered the fifth most common pathology in development during adolescence. And in Brazil the prevalence of this disease ranges from 2% to 4% in adolescents aged 10-16 years old. The Pilates method can be considered as an alternative to conservative treatment of this postural deviation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Pilates method in the postural alignment of adolescents with scoliosis through electromyography and symmetrography. An exploratory study was conducted from February to April 2015, with 22 12 to 18 year old male and female adolescents who had the scoliosis postural deviation, physically active, without experience in resistance training of Pilates and who had not performed orthopedic corrective surgery on the spine and not been diagnosed with rheumatic disease. Both surveyed volunteers and their parents filled informed consents. The investigated teenagers initially underwent anthropometric measurements, body fat percentage, body symmetry, Adams test and electromyographic assessment in trapezius, erector spinal, obliques and rectus abdominis, in a seated position balancing a book on their heads processed in the time (EMGAmp ) and spectral domains (EMGFmed). After that they were submitted to 24 sessions with two weekly appointments of a treatment protocol consisting of Pilates exercises. After the application of this protocol, they were again subjected to initial assessments. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and processed by using the statistical software R version 3.2.0. and McNemar test. Results regarding scoliosis showed that nine adolescents improved postural alignment (40.9%) (p = 0.001) and there was also an improvement in the shortening of the trapezius (p = 0.031) and asymmetrical shoulders (p = 0.001). Concerning the EMGAmp in right postural scoliosis (EPD), there was a significant difference between before and after (p = 0.081) and also between muscles (p = 0.031); in the right thoracic scoliosis (ETD) there was a difference between before and after (p≈0), the right side of the left (p = 0:04) and between muscles (p≈0); in the left thoracic scoliosis (ETE) and convex left thoracolumbar scoliosis (ETLDC) differences between before and after (p≈0) and between muscles (p≈0) were found. Concerning the EMGFmed in the EPD there was a difference between before and after (p≈0) and between muscles (p = 0.001); in the ETD there was a difference between before and after (p≈0) and between muscles (p = 0.007); in ETE and ETLDC there was a difference only between before and after (p≈0); in ETLE there was a difference between before and after (p = 0.007). In all cases of scoliosis studied here, there was an increase of EMGFmed notably in the OBLI and RA muscles. There were statistical differences in height variables (p = 0.003) and increased flexibility (p = 0.000). One can conclude that the results point to the importance of Pilates exercises as a form of conservative treatment of scoliosis, causing changes in the pattern of neuromuscular activation. However, in relation to the therapeutic application time relative to postural alignment, it is suggested to develop it in longer periods.