<p>Spray drying is a method with a high potential in the preparation of protein particles suitable for pulmonary delivery. However, surface induced denaturation of bio-molecules during atomization and subsequent drying can be substantial and it is therefore important to develop new formulation concept for concurrent encapsulation and stabilization of proteins during spray drying. Hence, with an overall objective to increase the knowledge of the formation of particulate systems for systemic administration of proteins by spray drying, the first part of this thesis, systematically investigated the particle formation by droplet size and particle size measurements. It was described how specific properties, such as the solubility and the crystallization propensity of the solute, can affect the product, e.g. the particle size, internal structures, and possibly particle density. A new method using atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the assessment of the effective particle density of individual spray-dried particles was demonstrated. In the second part, two different formulation concepts for encapsulation of protein during spray drying were developed. Both systems used non-ionic polymers for competitive adsorption and displacement of protein from the air/water interface during spray drying. The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and dextran, and the surface-active polymers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and triblock co-polymer (poloxamer 188) used for in situ coating, proved efficient in encapsulation of a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Inclusion of polymeric materials in a carbohydrate matrix also influenced several particle properties, such as the particle shape and the surface morphology, and was caused by changes in the chemical composition of the particle surface and possibly the surface rheology. In addition, powder performance of pharmaceutical relevance, such as dissolution and flowability, were affected.</p>

La lipase de Yarrowia lipolytica (EC 3.1.1.3) est une enzyme appartenant à la classe des hydrolases. La non pathogénicité et le caractère hyperproducteur en lipase de cette levure lui confèrent une place de choix au sein de lunité de Bio-industries du Centre Wallon de Biologie Industrielle. Ce présent travail sinscrit dans le cadre général du développement industriel de la lipase de Yarrowia lipolytica et concerne plus particulièrement le traitement post-culture de lenzyme afin de réaliser des formes liquides, poudres atomisées, immobilisées et enrobées à laide des polymères acryliques. Latomisation de la lipase en présence ou en absence de poudre de lait a permis lacquisition de poudres fluentes, stables à 4 et 20°C et présentant des températures de transition vitreuse comprises entre 51 et 79°C. Lactivité deau de conservation des poudres était ≤ 0.4. La stabilisation de lenzyme sous forme de liquide concentré réalisée avec le monopropylène glycol (MPG), les inhibiteurs de protéases et lirradiation aux rayons gamma ont révélé que le MPG à 50% et la technique dirradiation au rayon gamma permettaient la stérilisation et la préservation de lactivité enzymatique. Par ailleurs, limmobilisation de cette enzyme par trois techniques (adsorption, inclusion et liaison covalente) a révélé une amélioration de ses propriétés caractéristiques telles que la thermostabilté et la résistance aux solvants. La technique dimmobilisation par adsorption et par liaison covalente a permis une utilisation multiple de lenzyme. Létude préliminaire de faisabilité des formes galéniques à base de la lipase de Y. lipolytica a montré la capacité de cette enzyme à être mise sous forme de comprimés et de poudres encapsulées. La comparaison réalisée in vitro entre le Créon 150mg (produit pharmaceutique) et les formes galéniques à base de la lipase a montré des temps de gastro-résistance et de délitage similaires. Ces différentes formules de la lipase posent des jalons nécessaires pour leurs applications dans des secteurs agroalimentaires, environnementaux et pharmaceutiques. Yarrowia lipolytica lipase (EC.3.1.1.3) is an enzyme which belongs to the class of hydrolases. Nonpathogenicity and the high-lipase producing character of this yeast have emphasised its use within the laboratory of Bio-industry of the Walloon Center of Industrial Biology. The present work lies within the general scope of the industrial development of the lipase from Yarrowia lipolytica. More particularly it relates to the post-culture treatment of the enzyme in order to obtain liquid forms, atomized powders, immobilized and coated enzymes using acrylic polymers. The atomization of lipase in presence or absence of milk powder allowed the achievement of flowing, stable powders at 4 and 20°C, with glass transition temperatures ranging between 51 and 79°C. The water activity of preservation of the powders was ≤ 0.4. Stabilization of the enzyme under the form of concentrated liquid carried out with monopropylen glycol (MPG), proteases inhibitors and gamma irradiation revealed that MPG (50%) and gamma irradiation allowed sterilization and conservation of the enzymatic activity. In addition, the immobilization of the enzyme through three techniques (adsorption, inclusion and covalent bond) revealed an improvement of some properties such as thermostability and resistance to solvents. Immobilization by adsorption and covalent bond allowed multiple uses of the enzyme. The preliminary study of feasibility of galenic forms containing the lipase from Y. lipolytica showed the capacity of this enzyme to be put under the form of tablets and encapsulated powders. The in vitro comparison of Creon 150mg (pharmaceutical product) and galenic forms containing the lipase, showed similar times of acid-resistance and of disintegration. These various formulas of the lipase constitute milestones necessary for their applications in food, environmental and pharmaceutical industries.

Local delivery of medication to the lung is highly desirable as the principal advantages include reduced systemic side effects and higher dose levels of the applicable medication at the site of drug action. This administration could be particularly useful for patients with specifically chronic pulmonary infections or pulmonary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma or lung cancer. In order to deliver a high dose range of medication for highly-dosed drugs such as antibiotics, “carrier-free” DPI formulations of tobramycin were developed with the aim of minimizing the use of excipients. Briefly, dry powders were prepared by spray drying various suspensions of tobramycin in isopropanol. First, as particle size is a key parameter in defining drug deposition in the lungs, the new Spraytec® laser diffraction method specifically modified for measuring the PSD of aerosolized drug was evaluated. The dispersion properties of various dry powder formulations were investigated using different laser diffraction and impaction apparatuses at different flow rates and using different inhalator devices. Different correlations between geometric and aerodynamic size data were demonstrated in this study. As a potential application, for the flow rate, the different inhalation devices and the drug formulations examined, the tobramycin fine particle fraction could be predicted from measurements obtained from the Spraytec® using linear relationships. Correlations (R² > 0.9) between the MMAD and the percentage of particles with a diameter below 5 µm could be demonstrated between the results obtained from the laser diffraction technique and the impaction method. Consequently, the Spraytec® laser diffraction technique was proved to be an important tool for initial formulation and process screening during formulation development of DPIs. In order to modify the surface properties of the raw tobramycin powder, different powder compositions were formulated with the aim of studying the influence of the concentration of tobramycin in drug suspensions used for spray-drying, the lipid film composition (cholesterol:Phospholipon ratio) and the coating level (in percentage) on the physicochemical and aerodynamic characteristics of the antibiotic. The results indicated that the application of a lipid coating around the active particles allowed an improvement in particle dispersion from the inhalator, decreasing raw powder agglomeration and thus enhancing drug deposition deep in the lungs. Moreover, these results seemed to be influenced by the amount and composition of the lipids in the formulations. The evaluation of the influence of the coating level showed that the deposition of only 5% w/w lipids (on a dry basis) was sufficient to improve particle dispersion properties during inhalation. The FPF, which is around 36% for the uncoated micronized tobramycin, was increased to up to about 68% for the most effective lipid-coated formulation. Of particular importance, these results revealed the need to add sufficient amounts of covering material in order to significantly modify the particle surface properties and reduce their tendency to agglomeration, while limiting the lipid level in the formulations in order to avoid any undesirable sticking and to allow the delivery of more of the active drug to the deep lung. Another approach used to modify the surface properties of raw tobramycin was to coat the micronized particles with nanoparticles of the drug, produced by high pressure homogenization. The evaluation of the influence of the level of nanoparticle coating of the micronized particles showed that the presence of nanoparticles in the formulations improved the particle dispersion properties during inhalation. One microparticle was completely covered with a single layer or several layers of nanoparticles, in function of the percentage of nanoparticles in the mixture. Coating the fine drug particles with particles in the nanometer range was believed to reduce Van Der Waals forces and powder agglomeration. These various layers of nanoparticles also allowed a decrease in the cohesion of the powder by improving the slip between the particles. On the other hand, suspensions containing solely nanoparticles were spray dried with various concentrations of surfactant in order to produce easily dispersible and reproducible micron-size agglomerates of nanoparticles during inhalation. The evaluation of the influence of the concentration of surfactant showed that deposition of only 2% w/w (on a dry basis) of Na glycocholate is sufficient to improve particle dispersion properties during inhalation. Consequently, the use of nanoparticles in dry powder formulations increased the FPF from 36% for the uncoated micronized tobramycin to about 61% for this latter formulation. To modify the balance between the different forces of interactions without the need for any excipient, the influence of formulation components on the aerosolization characteristics of spray-dried tobramycin through the use of various proportions of water in the solvent used to prepare initial suspensions was investigated. These results showed that it is possible to modify the surface properties of the particles by coating the particles of drug with a homogeneously distributed film of the active compound dissolved in a solvent system containing a mixture of different solvents such as isopropanol and water. During nebulization of the suspension, droplets are composed of one or more particles in solid state surrounded with solvent containing the dissolved drug. It is hypothesized that during the drying step, dissolved tobramycin forms a coating of the amorphous drug around particles in suspension. The coating of drug particles can thus be used as an alternative approach that permits the modification of the surface properties of the particles, increasing the flowability, the desagglomeration tendency and the fine particle fraction deposited in the deep lung. So, the evaluation of the influence of the water content of the suspensions and the effect of the inlet temperature during spray-drying showed that the addition of 2% water v/v is sufficient to improve particle dispersion during inhalation. Of particular interest, as tobramycin is a very hygroscopic drug, the addition of water turned out to be a critical step. It was thus important to add a small amount of water to the solvent system and to process the drying step at a high temperature to produce formulations containing solely the active drug and showing a FPF of up to 50%. Moreover, stability studies demonstrated that these optimized formulations (lipid-coated formulation, nanoparticle formulation and amorphous drug-coated formulation) were stable over a long time period at various ICH temperature and relative humidity storage conditions (25°C/60% RH, 30°C/65% RH and 40°C/75% RH). The formulations were shown to keep their crystalline state, initial PSD, redispersion characteristics and deposition results for more than twelve months. In order to confirm these encouraging results, two optimized formulations (one with a lipid coating and another with amorphous drug coating) were selected and compared to the only commercially available tobramycin formulation for inhalation, Tobi® (nebulizer solution), by performing a combined in vivo scintigraphic and pharmacokinetic evaluation of tobramycin DPIs in nine CF patients. In comparison with Tobi®, it was estimated that lung deposition, expressed as a percentage of the nominal dose, was 7.0 and 4.5 times higher for the lipid-coated and amorphous tobramycin-coated formulations, respectively. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic data, adjusted to the same drug dose as that of the Tobi® deposited in the lungs, showed that the AUC values were found to be 1.6 times higher for Tobi® than for DPI formulations. So this evaluation confirmed the superiority of dry powder formulations in terms of drug deposition and reduced systemic exposure in comparison with the conventional comparator product, Tobi®. Thus, these new and orginal tobramycin DPI formulations based on the use of very low excipient levels and presenting very high lung deposition properties, were shown to offer very good prospects for improving the delivery of drugs to the pulmonary tract and to the widest possible patient population.

Spray drying is a method with a high potential in the preparation of protein particles suitable for pulmonary delivery. However, surface induced denaturation of bio-molecules during atomization and subsequent drying can be substantial and it is therefore important to develop new formulation concept for concurrent encapsulation and stabilization of proteins during spray drying. Hence, with an overall objective to increase the knowledge of the formation of particulate systems for systemic administration of proteins by spray drying, the first part of this thesis, systematically investigated the particle formation by droplet size and particle size measurements. It was described how specific properties, such as the solubility and the crystallization propensity of the solute, can affect the product, e.g. the particle size, internal structures, and possibly particle density. A new method using atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the assessment of the effective particle density of individual spray-dried particles was demonstrated. In the second part, two different formulation concepts for encapsulation of protein during spray drying were developed. Both systems used non-ionic polymers for competitive adsorption and displacement of protein from the air/water interface during spray drying. The aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and dextran, and the surface-active polymers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and triblock co-polymer (poloxamer 188) used for in situ coating, proved efficient in encapsulation of a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Inclusion of polymeric materials in a carbohydrate matrix also influenced several particle properties, such as the particle shape and the surface morphology, and was caused by changes in the chemical composition of the particle surface and possibly the surface rheology. In addition, powder performance of pharmaceutical relevance, such as dissolution and flowability, were affected.

The aim of the work was to design, manufacture, and characterize targeted multi-component dry powder aerosols of (non-destructive) mucolytic agent (mannitol), antimicrobial drug (tobramycin or azithromycin), and lung surfactant mimic phospholipids (DPPC:DPPG=4:1 in molar ratio). The targeted dry powder for inhalation formulation for deep lung delivery with a built-in rationale of specifically interfering several disease factors of chronic infection diseases in deep lungs such as cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and etc. The dry powder aerosols consisting of selected chemical agents in one single formulation was generated by using spray drying from organic solution. The physicochemical properties of multi-component dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation were characterized by a number of techniques. In addition, the in vitro aerosol dispersion performance, storage stability test, and in vitro drug release of selected spray-dried (SD) multi-component systems were conducted. The physicochemical study revealed that multi-component aerosol particles possessed essential particle properties suitable for deep lung delivery. In general, the multi-component particles (typically 0.5 to 2 µm) indicated that the designed SD aerosol particles could potentially penetrate deep lung regions (such as respiratory bronchiolar and alveolar regions) by sedimentation and diffusion, respectively. The essential particle properties including narrow size distribution, spherical particle and smooth surface morphologies, and low water content (or water vapor sorption) could potentially minimize interparticulate interactions. The study of in vitro aerosol dispersion performance showed that majority of SD multi-component aerosols exhibited low values (less than 5µm) of MMAD, high values (approximately above 30% up to 60.4%) of FPF, and high values (approximately above 90%) of ED, respectively. The storage stability study showed that azithromycin–incorporated multi-component aerosol particles stored at 11 and 40% RH with no partial crystallization were still suitable for deep lung delivery. Compared to SD pure azithromycin particles, the azithromycin-incorporated multi-component particles exhibited an enhanced initial release. The targeted microparticulate and nanoparticulate multi-component dry powder aerosol formulations with essential particle properties for deep lung pulmonary delivery were successfully produced by using spray drying from organic solution. The promising experimental data suggest the multi-component formulations could be further investigated in in vivo studies for the purpose of commercialization.

Constituiu objetivo deste trabalho o desenvolvimento tecnológico de formas farmacêuticas obtidas a partir de Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae), incluso no Projeto de Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais da Central de Medicamentos. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas metodologias analíticas capazes de avaliar a qualidade da matéria-prima, das ações de transformação, dos produtos intermediários e do produto final. Estudaram-se técnicas de preparação de soluções extrativas e de produto seco por aspersão. O estudo da metodologia adaptada para quantificação de flavonóides na matéria-prima, demonstrou desvio da linearidade de resposta com o aumento da massa da amostra, limitando o seu emprego as condições fixadas neste trabalho. O teor de flavonóides totais do material vegetal foi de 0,80 g % (m/m). A solução extrativa empregada no desenvolvimento do produto seco foi selecionada através da realização do planejamento fatorial 2 3, onde foram avaliados os fatores: método de extração (decocção e infusão), relação droga solvente (2,5 e 7,5:100) e tempo de extração (5 e 15 min), utilizando como parâmetro de decisão o teor de flavonóides totais. A solução extrativa selecionada foi obtida através de decocção durante 15 minutos das partes aéreas moídas na proporção 7,5:100 (m/V). O emprego da mesma metodologia quantitativa aplicada a matéria-prima e ao produto intermediário mostrou a existência de erro sistemático proporcional com o aumento da concentração das amostras. Entretanto, alcançou-se comportamento linear, com ausência de erros sistemáticos, empregando-se amostras de menor concentração. O produto seco por aspersão foi obtido em torre de secagem, a partir da solução extrativa selecionada, adicionada de dióxido de silício coloidal a 30% do resíduo seco. Tanto a operação de secagem quanto a adição de dióxido de silício coloidal não causaram interferência nas análises qualitativas e quantitativas, obtendo-se uma taxa de recuperação, calculado como flavonóides totais, de 99%. / Phyllanthus niruri L. is a medicinal plant used in Brazil mainly against genitourinary disorders. Despite of its wide use in the folk medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry no attempts were done to provide technological knowledge in order to obtain pharmaceutical dosage forms with adequate and constant quality. The governmental program on medicinal, managed by the Brazilian Drug Agency CEME, developed pharmacological, chemical and botanical studies for this plant in a feasible dosage form, the technological development spray-dried product starting from Phyllanthus niruri was the aim of this work. For such purpose quality control and production methods for the plant raw material, aqueous extracts and spray-dried product were proposed and studied. The total flavonoid assay method for the plant raw material showed a lack of linearity at extremes high and low concentration, but, however, linear at the middle values. The extractive solution was selected through a 2 3 factorial design, considering the extraction method (decoction and infusion), plant to solvent proportion (2.5 and 7.5:100 w/v) and extraction time (5 and 15 minutes). The total flavonoids content was employed as decision parameter. The chose extractive solution was obtained by 15 min decoction of a plant to solvent ratio of 7.5 :100 (w/v). The assay method was not influenced by the amount of the plant used in the extract, but by the aliquot size. The spray dried product was prepared using colloidal silicon dioxide as drying excipient. The spray drying process and the excipient did not interfere on the qualitative and quantitative profile of the product.The total flavonoid recovery was around 99 % (w/w). The final product showed a low residual humidity content, but limited stability when exposed to high moisture atmospheres.

O presente trabalho visa desenvolver micropartículas na forma farmacêutica pó inalatório contendo levodopa, um fármaco empregado no tratamento da doença de Parkinson. As micropartículas foram preparadas pela técnica de secagem por aspersão utilizando os polímeros ácido hialurônico, quitosana e hidroxipropilmetilcelulose. Desenvolveu-se método analítico indicativo de estabilidade por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) para o controle de qualidade da formulação, bem como, estudos preliminares de estabilidade e determinação da cinética de fotodegradação. Utilizou-se coluna analítica ACE® RP-18 com tampão fosfato monobásico 0,01 M, ajustado a pH 3,0 como fase móvel, com vazão de 1,0 mL/min e detecção em 280 nm. A linearidade foi obtida na faixa de concentração de 10-60 μg/mL (r2=0,9999) (α=5%). Os limites de quantificação e detecção foram 208 ng/mL e 46,8 ng/mL, respectivamente. Os excipientes e produtos de degradação não apresentaram interferência na eluição da levodopa. Resultados adequados foram encontrados para repetibilidade, precisão intermediária (<2% DPR), exatidão e robustez. Os resultados de recuperação estiveram na faixa de 100,01% a 100,93%. A cinética de fotodegradação em solução frente à luz UVC indicou reação de segunda ordem. A caracterização da formulação demonstrou resultados satisfatórios em relação ao teor, diâmetro aerodinâmico, densidade, teor de umidade e morfologia. A formulação apresentou tamanho de partícula inferior a 16,2 μm e formato arredondado com estrutura oca. A densidade de compactação mostrou valores entre 0,06-0,08 g/cm3 e diâmetro aerodinâmico abaixo de 5 μm, sugerindo que os pós são apropriados para a deposição nas regiões mais profundas do pulmão. Além disso, realizou-se estudo de citotoxicidade pulmonar in vivo, o qual demostrou que a administração intratraqueal das micropartículas não induziu aumentos significativos dos indicadores de toxicidade pulmonar, em comparação ao grupo controle-positivo. Portanto, a avaliação da toxicidade aguda sugere que a liberação pulmonar de levodopa pode ser uma nova e promissora via de administração para este fármaco. / The aim of this study was to develop microparticles containing levodopa for pulmonary delivery, a drug used in the treatment of Parkinson´s disease. The microparticles were prepared by spray-drying using the polymers hyaluronic acid, chitosan and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. A stability-indicating method was developed and validated for quality control by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as well as, stability studies and photodegradation kinetics. The analytical column ACE® RP-18 was operated with 0.01 M monobasic potassium phosphate, adjusted to a pH value 3.0 as mobile phase, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with detection wavelength at 280 nm. Linearity was obtained over the concentration range of 10-60 μg/mL (r2=0.9999) (α=5%). The quantification limit and detection limit were 208 ng/mL and 46.8 ng/mL, respectively. Excipient ingredients and resulting degradation products had no interference in the levodopa elution. Adequate results were found for repeatability, inter-day precision (<2% RSD), accuracy and robustness. The recovery results were in the range of 100.01% to 100.93%. The photodegradation kinetics in solution front to UVC light indicated the second-order reaction. The formulation showed satisfactory results for drug content, aerodynamic diameter, density, water content and morphology. The formulation presented particle size below 16.2 μm and spherical shape presenting a hollow structure. The tapped density ranged from 0.06-0.08 g/cm3 and an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 5 μm, suggesting that the powders are appropriated for deep lung deposition. Besides that, a cytotoxicity study in vivo was performed which showed that microparticles intratracheal administration did not induce significant increases of lung toxicity indicators compared with the positive control. Therefore, the acute lung toxicity evaluation suggests that pulmonary levodopa delivery could be a new and promising administration route for this drug.

FONTES, Claudia Patrícia Mourão Lima. Produção de oligossacarídeos pre-bióticos em suco de frutas. 2013. 119 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia – RENORBIO, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T15:01:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_cpmlfontes.pdf: 1453775 bytes, checksum: 41a991c356e68b4bdf906f873dd5281e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T15:02:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_cpmlfontes.pdf: 1453775 bytes, checksum: 41a991c356e68b4bdf906f873dd5281e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T15:02:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_cpmlfontes.pdf: 1453775 bytes, checksum: 41a991c356e68b4bdf906f873dd5281e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nowadays, people have been concerned with their quality of life and wellness,increasing the consumption of foods, with prebiotic oligosaccharides, which may improve the health and decrease the disease risks. In recent years, a lot of new foods have been developed with these compounds (prebiotic oligosaccharides)including the fruit juices. The aim of this work was the prebiotic oligosaccharides production in orange, pineapple and melon juices, and their spray drying.The dextransucrase, produced by L. mesenteroides NRRL B-512F, was used for enzymatic synthesis following a central composite experimental design, with sucrose and reducing sugars variation, at 30 °C/ 24h. The prebiotic juices obtained were dried by spray drying, varying the maltodextrin and arabic gum concentration (10 and 20%) and the inlet temperatures (160 and 180 °C). Pineapple, orange and melon juices showed better results when maltodextrin(20%) and the inlet temperature 180 °C were utilized. The juice powders obtained showed low water activity, moisture,higroscopicity and rehydration time. These results give better microbiology and physicochemical stability, as well as, fast preparation. There was a decrease of the antioxidant activity at all products. The fruit juices used demonstrated an excellent way to produce, by enzymatic synthesis, prebiotic oligosaccharides with high polymerization degrees. / Atualmente, a preocupação com a qualidade de vida tem aumentado a demanda por alimentos que melhorem a saúde e reduzam os riscos de doenças, dentre os quais destacam-se os oligossacarídeos pré-bióticos. Nos últimos anos, há um crescente interesse no desenvolvimento de novos produtos alimentícios contendo esses compostos, incluindo-se os sucos de frutas. Desta forma, este trabalho visou à produção de oligossacarídeos pré-bióticos em sucos de frutas e a secagem desses produtos pela técnica de spray-driyng. Para a síntese enzimática de oligossacarídeos utilizou-se a enzima dextrana-sacarase produzida pelo microorganismo L. mesenteroides B512F e realizou-se um planejamento experimental composto central, variando-se as concentrações de sacarose e açúcares redutores nos sucos, com os ensaios conduzidos durante 24h a 30°C. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os sucos de abacaxi, melão e laranja apresentaram-se como uma excelente alternativa para a síntese de oligossacarídeos pré-bióticos com elevados graus de polimerização. Os sucos pré-bióticos obtidos das diferentes frutas submetidos ao processo de Spray Drying, no qual variaram-se os agentes encapsulantes utilizados, maltodextrina e goma arábica, assim como, a temperatura do ar de entrada (160 e 180 °C). As melhores condições de secagem dos sucos de abacaxi, melão e laranja pré-bióticos foram verificadas, ao utilizar-se 20% de maltodextrina e temperatura de 180 °C. Foram realizadas secagens dos sucos prébióticos, nas melhores condições de secagem previamente determinadas, e observou-se que os pós obtidos apresentaram baixos valores para atividade de água, umidade, higroscopicidade e tempo de reidratação, conferindo uma maior estabilidade fisico-química e microbiológica ao produto, bem como, rápido preparo. A atividade antioxidante dos sucos também foi avaliada e verificou-se uma redução neste parâmetro. Conforme os resultados obtidos, constatou-se que os sucos de abacaxi, melão e laranja são excelentes substratos para a obtenção de uma bebida pré-biótica inovadora, a apresentar-se na forma líquida para consumo imediato ou na forma desidratada, para preparo instantâneo.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos produzir um extrato seco de Ilex paraguariensis por spray-drying, em escala semi-industrial, e desenvolver grânulos esferoidais a partir do extrato seco, pelo método de extrusão/esferonização, bem como caracterizar as propriedades físicas, químicas e tecnológicas e investigar a estabilidade dos principais constituintes polifenólicos de ambos produtos frente à radiação UVC e ao calor. O extrato seco apresentou partículas esféricas (tamanho médio de 19,6 μm), com superfície lisa, boas propriedades de fluxo e rendimento satisfatório (67 %). No teste de fotoestabilidade, o extrato seco se manteve estável frente à radiação UVC, por 48 h, nos diferentes materiais de acondicionamento (frascos de vidro âmbar, frascos de vidro transparente ou vidros de relógio). No teste de estabilidade acelerada (40 ºC, 75 % de umidade relativa, 4 meses), o extrato seco demonstrou ser higroscópico e sensível ao calor, especialmente quando acondicionado em frascos de polietileno, por serem permeáveis à umidade. Os grânulos esferoidais, por sua vez, apresentaram tamanho médio de 1,10 mm, forma e rendimento (78,7 %) satisfatórios, boa dissolução em água (89,44 a 100,05 %) e adequada recuperação (> 95 %) do conteúdo de polifenóis totais em relação ao extrato seco. Os grânulos esferoidais foram estáveis frente à radiação UVC quando acondicionados em frascos de vidro âmbar, entretanto, o teor de polifenóis totais foi reduzido quando as amostras foram acondicionadas em vidro de relógio ou em frascos de vidro transparente. No teste de estabilidade acelerada, os grânulos esferoidais demonstraram ser higroscópicos e sensíveis ao calor. Este efeito foi mais pronunciado quando as amostras foram acondicionadas em frascos permeáveis (de polietileno) do que em frascos impermeáveis (de vidro transparente). Os resultados apontam para a importância da redução da umidade residual tanto do extrato seco quanto dos grânulos esferoidais, bem como para a necessidade de acondicioná-los em embalagens com proteção contra a umidade e a luz, sob baixas temperaturas. / The present work was designed to produce a dry extract of Ilex paraguariensis by the spray-drying process, in semi-industrial scale, and to develop pellets from dry extract, by the extrusion/spheronization method, as well as to characterize the physical, chemical and technological properties and to investigate the stability of the main polyphenol constituents from both products against UVC radiation and heat. The dry extract presented spherical particles (mean size of 19.6 μm), with smooth surface, good flow properties and satisfactory yield (67 %). In the photo stability test, the dry extract remained stable against UVC radiation, for 48 h, in all packaging material (amber glass bottles, transparent glass bottles or open-dishes). In the accelerated stability testing (40 ºC, 75 % relative humidity, 4 months), the dry extract demonstrated to be hygroscopic and sensible to the heat, especially when conditioned in polyethylene ethyl bottles because they are permeable to the humidity. The pellets presented mean size of 1.10 mm, satisfactory shape and yield (78.7 %), good dissolution in water (89.44 to 100.05 %) and good recovery (> 95 %) of the total polyphenol content in comparison with dry extract, the pellets were stable against UVC radiation when conditioned in amber glass bottles, however, the total polyphenol content was reduced when the samples were conditioned in open-dishes or in transparent glass bottles. In the accelerated stability testing, the pellets demonstrated to be hygroscopic and sensible to the heat. This effect was more pronounced when the samples were conditioned in permeable flasks (polyethylene ethyl bottles) than in semi-permeable flasks (transparent glass bottles). These findings point to the relevance of reducing the residual moisture of both dry extract and pellets, as well as to the necessity of conditioning both into opaque humidity tight packing, at low temperatures.

Constituiu objetivo deste trabalho o desenvolvimento tecnológico de formas farmacêuticas obtidas a partir de Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae), incluso no Projeto de Pesquisa de Plantas Medicinais da Central de Medicamentos. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas metodologias analíticas capazes de avaliar a qualidade da matéria-prima, das ações de transformação, dos produtos intermediários e do produto final. Estudaram-se técnicas de preparação de soluções extrativas e de produto seco por aspersão. O estudo da metodologia adaptada para quantificação de flavonóides na matéria-prima, demonstrou desvio da linearidade de resposta com o aumento da massa da amostra, limitando o seu emprego as condições fixadas neste trabalho. O teor de flavonóides totais do material vegetal foi de 0,80 g % (m/m). A solução extrativa empregada no desenvolvimento do produto seco foi selecionada através da realização do planejamento fatorial 2 3, onde foram avaliados os fatores: método de extração (decocção e infusão), relação droga solvente (2,5 e 7,5:100) e tempo de extração (5 e 15 min), utilizando como parâmetro de decisão o teor de flavonóides totais. A solução extrativa selecionada foi obtida através de decocção durante 15 minutos das partes aéreas moídas na proporção 7,5:100 (m/V). O emprego da mesma metodologia quantitativa aplicada a matéria-prima e ao produto intermediário mostrou a existência de erro sistemático proporcional com o aumento da concentração das amostras. Entretanto, alcançou-se comportamento linear, com ausência de erros sistemáticos, empregando-se amostras de menor concentração. O produto seco por aspersão foi obtido em torre de secagem, a partir da solução extrativa selecionada, adicionada de dióxido de silício coloidal a 30% do resíduo seco. Tanto a operação de secagem quanto a adição de dióxido de silício coloidal não causaram interferência nas análises qualitativas e quantitativas, obtendo-se uma taxa de recuperação, calculado como flavonóides totais, de 99%. / Phyllanthus niruri L. is a medicinal plant used in Brazil mainly against genitourinary disorders. Despite of its wide use in the folk medicine and in the pharmaceutical industry no attempts were done to provide technological knowledge in order to obtain pharmaceutical dosage forms with adequate and constant quality. The governmental program on medicinal, managed by the Brazilian Drug Agency CEME, developed pharmacological, chemical and botanical studies for this plant in a feasible dosage form, the technological development spray-dried product starting from Phyllanthus niruri was the aim of this work. For such purpose quality control and production methods for the plant raw material, aqueous extracts and spray-dried product were proposed and studied. The total flavonoid assay method for the plant raw material showed a lack of linearity at extremes high and low concentration, but, however, linear at the middle values. The extractive solution was selected through a 2 3 factorial design, considering the extraction method (decoction and infusion), plant to solvent proportion (2.5 and 7.5:100 w/v) and extraction time (5 and 15 minutes). The total flavonoids content was employed as decision parameter. The chose extractive solution was obtained by 15 min decoction of a plant to solvent ratio of 7.5 :100 (w/v). The assay method was not influenced by the amount of the plant used in the extract, but by the aliquot size. The spray dried product was prepared using colloidal silicon dioxide as drying excipient. The spray drying process and the excipient did not interfere on the qualitative and quantitative profile of the product.The total flavonoid recovery was around 99 % (w/w). The final product showed a low residual humidity content, but limited stability when exposed to high moisture atmospheres.