Foi examinado o efeito dos surfactantes polisorbato 60 (Tween 60), polisorbato 80 (Tween 80), brometo de cetil trimetil amônio (CTAB) e lauril sulfato de sódio (SDS) na estimativa da densidade de Bactérias Redutoras de Sulfato (BRS) e Bactérias Anaeróbias Heterotróficas Totais (BANHT) em amostras de petróleo. Para a realização dos experimentos, foram selecionadas três amostras com diferentes proporções de óleo e água de forma a representar amostras reais. A primeira amostra contém uma alta proporção de óleo, a segunda uma proporção média e a última amostra uma baixa proporção de óleo. A densidade bacteriana foi estimada através do método do Número Mais Provável (NMP). As concentrações dos surfactantes empregadas neste estudo foram estabelecidas através de estudo anterior. Os resultados demonstram que nas amostras com alta e média proporção de óleo, a adição dos surfactantes não foi favorável a um aumento na quantificação de BRS. Por outro lado, o Tween 60 e o Tween 80 mostraram um aumento significativo na quantificação de BANHT quando aplicados na concentração de 0,01% e 0,03% m/v, respectivamente. O CTAB favoreceu o crescimento de BRS e BANHT na amostra com baixa proporção de óleo quando sua concentração foi de 0,001% m/v e 0,0001% m/v, respectivamente / The effect of the surfactants (Tween 60), polyoxyethylene monooleate (Tween 80), cetyl, trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the estimation of bacterial density (sulfate reducing bacteria SRB and General Anaerobic Bacteria GanB) was examined in the petroleum samples. In order to carry out the experiments, we selected three different mixtures of oil and water to be representative of the real samples. The first one contains a high proportion of oil, the second contains a medium proportion and the last one contains a low proportion. The most probable number (MPN) was used to estimate the bacterial density. The concentrations of the surfactants used in this work were determined in a previous study. The results showed that the addition of surfactants did not improve the SRB quantification for the high or medium proportion of oil of the petroleum samples. On other hand, Tween 60 and Tween 80 showed a significantly increase on the GanB quantification when their concentrations were 0.01% and 0.03% m/v, respectively. CTAB increased the SRB and GanB estimation for the low proportion of oil of the petroleum sample when its concentration was 0.001% and 0.0001% m/v, respectively

A local integrated pulp and paper Kraft mill had come under pressure from the local communities and mill personnel to reduce the odours that were perceived to be generated at the Farm Dams and irrigation farm situated adjacent to the mill. The typical odours associated with Kraft mills are due to the generation of four reduced sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl-mercaptan (CH3SH), dimethyl-sulphide (CH3)2S and dimethyl-disulphide (CH3)2S2. These compounds are collectively referred to as Total Reduced Sulphur (TRS) components which are generated as a direct result of the Kraft pulping and chemical recovery process. These components can either be in the gaseous or aqueous phase depending on the characteristics of the effluent. Gaseous and aqueous TRS profiling of the mill indicated that hydrogen sulphide (H2S) was the main odour component generated and emitted from the Clarifiers and the Treated Effluent Transfer Sump (TETS) at the effluent treatment plant. The hydrogen sulphide (H2S) emission levels were affected by process upsets, sludge removal frequencies, chemical composition of the effluent, Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) activity, pH and temperature fluctuations. Treatment options such as pH control using slaked lime, dosing of biocides, addition of biomodifiers and/or a sulphate reduction inhibitor were investigated. The use of slaked lime, Ca(OH) 2, for pH control was not practical due to continuous pH fluctuations, increasing the pH would increase the scaling tendencies of the effluent and would also affect the soil cation-anion exchange properties of the irrigated farm land. The use of non-oxidising biocides was effective in reducing SRB activity between 99.2% and 99.8% at dosages between 4 mg/l and 25 mg/l. However, the use of biocides was not considered as a long term treatment option due to the various disadvantages such as the stability of the biocides at fluctuating pH and temperatures, half-life, environmental accumulation, toxicity and costs. The aqueous H2S level was reduced by 79% using different combinations of biomodifiers (nitrates, nitrites, molybdenum). Increasing the dosages of the biomodifiers (> 500mg/l) would be required to increase the reduction of H2S levels by more than 79%. The increased dosages would significantly increase the cost of the treatment programme. The accumulation of nitrates, nitrites and molybdenum could affect the soil texture, cation-anion exchange capacity, permeability, Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and nutrient availability. A more environmentally friendly and cost effective treatment was found using sodium nitrate (biomodifier) together with AQ (sulphate reduction inhibitor). The continuous dosing of 50 mg/l sodium nitrate together with 4 mg/l AQ would be effective in reducing the average aqueous H2S levels (40 mg/l) by at least 92%. This treatment would also be compatible with aeration or oxidation procedures to further increase the removal of H2S to achieve an aqueous H2S level of <1 mg/l. Aeration or oxidation would also increase the dissolved oxygen and COD levels, increase the inhibition of SRB activity and oxidise any reduced sulphur. The dosing of sodium nitrate and AQ to control the generation of H2S is not patented in South Africa. It can, therefore, be used to treat the Kraft mill effluent without violating any intellectual property rights in South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc(Applied Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

M.Tech. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology), Vaal University of Technology / Corrosion responses of some carbon steels, stainless steel and copper alloys in the presence of a culture of bacteria (referred to as SRB-Sulphate-reducing bacteria) found in industrial heat exchangers, was studied to recommend best alloys under this service condition, with techno-economic consideration. Water from cooling towers in three plants in a petrochemical processing complex were analysed for SRB presence. Two of the water samples showed positive indication of SRB presence. The mixed cultures obtained from plant one were grown in prepared media and incubated at 35 °C for 18 days. Potentiodynamic polarisation studies in anaerobic conditions were done on the selected alloys in aqueous media with and without the grown SRB. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were then used to study the corrosion morphology and corrosion products formation. The voltamograms show higher icorr for alloys under the SRB compared to the control media, indicating the SRB indeed increased the corrosion rates. The surface analysis showed pitting on steel alloy ASTM A106-B. Localised attack to the grain boundaries on a selective area, was seen on ASTM A516-70 dislodging the grains, and intergranular corrosion was seen throughout the exposed area of ASTM A179. Copper alloys showed pitting on ASTM B111 grade C71500 (70-30), and denickelification on ASTM B111 grade C70600 (90-10), and is a good alternative material for use apart from carbon steel alloys, recording a low corrosion rate of 0.05 mm/year. The EDS analysis supported the findings showing higher weight percent of iron and sulphur on surface of the alloys after exposure to the SRB media. This implies that the presence of the sulphur ion indeed increased the corrosion rate. ASTM A516-70 carbon steel was chosen as a suitable alternative material to the stainless steel in this environment. The Tafel plot recorded a corrosion rate of 1.08 mm/year for ASTM A516-70 when exposed to SRB media.

In this dissertation, we study the complicated dynamics of two classes of systems: Anosov systems driven by an external force and partially hyperbolic systems driven by an external force. For smooth Anosov systems driven by an external force, we first study the random specification property, which is on the approximation of an N−spaced arbitrary long finite random orbit segments within given precision by a random periodic point. We prove that if such system is topological mixing on fibers, then it has the random specification property. Furthermore, we prove that the homeomorphism induced by such a system on the space of random probability measures also has the specification property. We note that the random specification property implies the positivity of topological fiber entropy. Secondly, we show that if the system is topological mixing on fibers, then its past and future random correlation for Hölder observable functions decay exponentially with respect to the system and the unique random SRB measure. For smooth partially hyperbolic systems driven by an external force, we prove the existence of the random Gibbs u−state, which has absolutely continuous conditional measure on the strong unstable manifolds.

Des études ont récemment mis en évidence le rôle des lipopolysaccharides (LPS) des bactéries à Gram négatif de la flore intestinale dans le processus de l’inflammation conduisant à l’obésité et au diabète de type 2.Le présent travail est réalisé dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre les équipes du Dr. Caroff (U. Paris-Sud, Orsay) et du Pr. Zhao (U. Jiao Tong, Shanghai). Les expériences présentées ont été réalisées lors de séjours dans les deux laboratoires.Il a été démontré en Chine que des bactéries Sulfato-réductrices (SRB) à Gram négatif étaient présentes en plus forte proportion dans la flore intestinale chez les souris suivant un régime gras. Les mêmes résultats ont été observés chez l'homme. L’hypothèse selon laquelle des SRB seraient à l’origine de grandes quantités d’endotoxines chez les obèses et les patients diabétiques a été émise. Plusieurs souches de SRB isolées de la flore intestinale humaine d’un sujet sain et d’un sujet diabétique ont été cultivées en Chine. Des études de relation structure/activité des LPS isolés de ces bactéries ont été réalisées dans le laboratoire Français pour déterminer leur rôle dans le développement des maladies métaboliques. Les souches isolées des deux sujets ont pu être classées dans le genre Desulfovibrio. Les LPS correspondants ont été extraits et purifiés par des méthodes mises au point dans l’équipe d’Orsay. La structure chimique a été élucidée par les méthodes suivantes : Electrophorèse, Chromatographie sur couche mince, Chromatographie en phase gazeuse et Spectrométrie de masse MALDI. C’est ainsi que des spectres de masse ont été obtenus et que la structure des lipides A, principes actifs des LPS, isolés de SRB a été décrite pour la première fois. Les activités biologiques testées (TNFα, IL-6) varient en fonction du nombre d’acides gras présents. Les LPS de SRB du patient sain ont une structure variable (Smooth versus Rough) en fonction de la quantité de fer présent dans le milieu, et ceux isolés du patient diabétique présentent des structures atypiques qui ne sont pas toutes inflamogènes. Une molécule membranaire inconnue, que nous avons nommée « Glycosyl’X » était co-extraite avec les LPS. Elle joue apparemment un rôle important dans la croissance des SRB et a été étudiée après des étapes de purification complexes. Les structures et le pouvoir inflammatoire de ces molécules dont la structure varie avec les souches, et qui chélatent le fer, ont été étudiées. Elles sont de nature principalement osidique et fixées à la membrane. La proportion de ces molécules par rapport aux LPS varie avec la quantité de fer disponible dans le milieu. Un milieu riche en fer favorise la croissance des Desulfovibrio portant les Glycosyl’X qui n’ont pas de pouvoir inflammatoire eux-mêmes, mais entrent en compétition avec les LPS, modulant ainsi indirectement l’activité de ces derniers. L’augmentation du nombre de Desulfovibrio conduisant à l’augmentation des molécules Glycosyl’X pourrait aussi moduler positivement (par présentation) ou négativement (par élimination des bactéries) l’adsorption du fer dans les intestins dont l’équilibre est essentiel pour l’homéostasie métabolique.Par ailleurs, la croissance des Desulfovibrio augmente la production d’Hydrogène Sulfuré connu pour son action délétère sur les cellules. Nous favorisons l’hypothèse selon laquelle son action sur la disjonction des cellules épithéliales permettrait le passage des différents LPS relargués par la flore Gram-négative intestinale, et même des bactéries entières, vers la circulation sanguine. / Recent studies have highlighted the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the intestinal flora (gut microbiota) which could contribute to the inflammation process leading to obesity and type 2 diabetes. This thesis is part of a collaborative project between the laboratories of Dr. Caroff (U. Paris -Sud, Orsay, France) and Prof. Zhao (U. Jiao Tong , Shanghai, China). It has been shown by Pr.Zhao’s team in 2010 that the Sulfate -Reducing Bacteria (SRB) were presented in greater proportion in the intestinal mice flora following a fat diet compared to mice following a normal diet. The same results were observed in humans. The starting hypothesis was that SRB could produce a large amount of endotoxin in obese and diabetic patients and play a role in the development of metabolic diseases. Several SRB strains isolated from the human intestinal flora of a healthy subject and of a diabetic subject were grown in the Chinese laboratory. Studies of their LPS structure / activity relationships were carried out in the French laboratory. The aim of this study was to determine their roles in the development of metabolic diseases.Strains isolated from the two subjects could be classified in the Desulfovibrio genus. The corresponding LPS were extracted and purified by the methods developed in the French laboratory. The chemical structure was elucidated by the following methods: Electrophoresis, Thin layer chromatography, Gas chromatography and MALDI mass spectrometry. The mass spectra were obtained and the structure of lipid A, the active part of LPS isolated from SRB was described here for the first time. The biological activities test (TNFα, IL-6) vary depending on the number of fatty acids present in their lipid A structure. The LPS of SRB isolated from the healthy patient had a variable structure (Smooth versus Rough) depending on the amount of iron present in the medium, and those isolated from diabetic patients had atypical structures are not all inflamogenic .An unknown membrane molecule, which we named "Glycosyl'X" was co-extracted with the LPS. It apparently plays an important role in the growth of SRB was investigated after complex purification steps. The structures and the inflammatory power of these molecules variying with strains chelating iron were studied. They are mainly of glycosidic nature and linked to the bacterial membrane.The proportion of these molecules relatively to LPS varies with the amount of iron in the medium. An environment rich in iron promotes the growth of Desulfovibrio Glycosyl'X, molecules but competes with LPS and indirectly modulates the activity of the latter. The increase number of Desulfovibrio leading to increased Glycosyl'X molecules may also modulate positively (by presentation) or negatively (by killing bacteria) the absorption of iron in the intestines which balance is essential for metabolic homeostasis.Furthermore, the growth of Desulfovibrio increasing the production of Hydrogen Sulfide is known for its deleterious effects on the cells. We favor the hypothesis that its action on the separation of epithelial cells favors the passage of different LPS released by the Gram- negative of intestinal flora and even whole cell bacteria into the bloodstream.

[pt] Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a morfologia de biofilmes, formados em superfície de aço API 5L X80 submetida a um fluido com baixo BSW (Basic Sediment Water), ou seja, baixo teor de água em óleo, através de análise por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), determinar a cinética e quantificar os grupos bacterianos de formação destes biofilmes, e avaliar a biocorrosão causada por estes microrganismos. Foram realizadas alterações no protocolo original de preparo de amostras, com a finalidade de obter melhor definição das morfologias avaliadas. Realizaram-se estudos dinâmicos (looping) e em condições estáticas, com e sem a adição de agente biocida. Utilizando-se como fluido de processo o óleo coletado no terminal da Petrobras em Barra do Furado que tem como característica um BSW de aproximadamente 1 por cento de água. Para alcançar os objetivos descritos foram quantificadas bactérias sésseis (bactérias facultativas heterotróficas, bactérias precipitantes do ferro, bactérias anaeróbias heterotróficas e bactérias redutoras de sulfato) através da técnica do número mais provável (NMP). A intensidade do processo corrosivo foi avaliada através da análise dos pites formados nos cupons por microscopia óptica. A seqüência de fixação com alteração do protocolo inicial, permitiu uma melhor preservação estrutural do biofilme obtendo-se assim imagens com melhor resolução, tendo em vista que a fixação primária com glutaraldeído fixa principalmente proteínas pelo estabelecimento de ligações divalentes com grupamento amino, e a pós-fixação em tetróxido de ósmio reage com os lipídios. Quanto a cinética, observou-se também que na presença de fluido oleoso, a formação do biofilme só é detectada após 15 dias de exposição. A adição do agente biocida inibiu o crescimento do biofilme, não sendo detectada a presença de células cultiváveis após 7 dias em contato com o fluido contendo o agente químico. / [en] This study aims to evaluate the morphology of biofilms formed on the surface of API 5L X80 steel exposed to a low BSW (Basic Sediment Water) fluid comprising oil of a low water content. The analisys was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to determine the formation kinetics, to quantify and identify the bacterial groups present as the film formed, and to evaluate the biocorrosion caused by these organisms. Modifications were made to the original sample preparation protocol, in order to better define the film morphologies. Studies were undertaken applying either static or dynamic (looping) conditions, bith with and without the addition of biocides. The process fluid used was oil collected from the Petrobras Barra do Furado Terminal, characterized by its 1 percent BSW. The evaluation was performed quantifying the sessile bacteria present in the film (heterotrophic bacteria, iron bacteria, anaerobic bacteria e sulphate reducing bacteria) via the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. The intensity of the corrosion process was determined by the analysis of pits forme in the testpieces, by optical microscopy. The application of a sample fixation sequence, in addition to modifications of the inicial sample preparation protocol, permitted the improved preservation of the biofilm structures, thereby permitting higher resolution images. The primary fixing agent, containing gluteraldehyde, principally fixes proteins, by establishing divalent bonds with amino groups, while the post-fixation stage with osmium tetroxide invloves reactions with lipid groups.With regard to the film deposition kinetics, it was observed that biofilm formation could only be detected after 15 day s exposure to the oily fluid. The addition of a biocide, inhibited the growth of the film, no cultivatable cells being present after 7 days contact with the treated fluid.

[pt] A Corrosão Influenciada por Microrganismos (CIM) ou biocorrosão é reconhecida como um dos fenômenos causadores de inúmeros problemas nas indústrias de petróleo e gás, pois causa sérios danos ao material reduzindo sua vida útil. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos da biocorrosão caracterizado pela cinética de formação de biofilme em uma junta soldada longitudinal de aço API X80 obtida pelo processo de arco submerso (SAW). Durante o processo de soldagem forma-se uma região com características microestruturais distintas do metal de base e do metal de adição, denominada de zona termicamente afetada (ZTA). Assim essa zona poderá ter uma adesão microbiana diferenciada, visto que diferenças superficiais em um material, seja por natureza química ou física, podem limitar ou facilitar a adesão microbiológica. Por esse motivo foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre a cinética da formação de biofilme na junta soldada de um aço API X80. Também foi avaliada a influência das características físicas da superfície na adesão microbiana utilizando dois tipos de superfície: com a rugosidade original e polido com pasta de diamante com granulação de 6μm. Estas superfícies foram expostas ao fluido de processo (água do mar da Baía de Guanabara) em um sistema dinâmico. Foram realizadas tanto a quantificação microbiana, como também a quantificação dos ácidos orgânicos, sulfato depletado e ferro total para avaliar os nutrientes disponíveis e a bioatividade das reações bacterianas. A rugosidade superficial e o biofilme formado foram caracterizados morfologicamente e a sua presença correlacionada com a formação de pites. / [en] The Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) or bio-corrosion is recognized as one of the phenomena that cause a lot of problems in petroleum and gas industries, because it causes serious damages to the materials, reducing its life cycle. This study evaluated the effects of bio-corrosion characterized by the biofilm formation kinetics in longitudinal welds of API 5L X80 steel obtained by the process of submerged arc welding (SAW). During the welding process a region with different microstructural characteristics of the base metal and weld metal is formed, called heat affected zone (HAZ). Thus this zone can have a differentiated microbial adhesion since the different surfaces of a material, either by chemical and physical nature, can limit or facilitate the microbial adhesion. For this reason a comparative study of biofilm formation kinetic on the welded joint was conducted. The influence of the physical characteristics of the surface in microbial adhesion was also evaluated using two kinds of surface: steel with real roughness and steel polished with diamond paste with grain size of 6 μm. These surfaces were exposed to the process fluid (Guanabara Bay seawater) in a dynamic flow system. The microbial quantification was held. Organic acids, depleted sulfate and total iron were also measured to evaluate the available nutrients bioactivity of bacterial reactions. Surface roughness and biofilm were characterized morphologically and correlated with pitting formation.

High step-down dc/dc converters are widely adopted in a variety of areas such as industrial, automotive, and telecommunication. The 48 V power delivery system becomes increasingly popular for powering high-current and low-voltage chips. The Series-Capacitor Buck (SCB) converter doubles the duty ratio and equalizes the current between the two phases. Hard switching has hindered efforts to reduce volume via increased switching frequency, although a monolithically integrated SCB converter has boosted current density. A Series-Resonator Buck (SRB) converter is realized by adding a resonant tank in series with the series capacitor Cs. All switches turn on at zero-voltage (ZVOn), and the low-side switches turn off at zero-current (ZCOff). The design of the SRB converter includes characterizing the design variables' impacts on the converter performances and designing low-loss resonant components as the series resonator. The Series-Resonator Buck converter belongs to the class of quasi-resonant converters. Its resonant frequency is higher than the switching frequency, and its waveforms are quasi-sinusoidal. This work develops a steady-state model of the SRB converter to calculate voltage gain, component peak voltages, and resonant inductor peak current. Each switching cycle is modeled based on the concept of generalized state-space averaging. The soft-switching condition of the high-side switches is derived. The ZVS condition depends on the normalized control variable and the load condition. The gain equation models the load-dependent characteristic and the peak gain boundary. The theoretical peak voltage gain of the SRB converter is smaller than the maximum gain of the SCB converter. A smaller normalized load condition results in a larger peak voltage gain of the SRB converter. The large-signal model of the SRB converter characterizes the low-frequency behavior of the low-pass filters with the series capacitor and the high-frequency behavior of the resonant elements. A design recommendation of t_off f_r<0.5 is suggested to avoid the oscillation between the series capacitor Cs and the output inductors Lo. In other words, the off-duration of the low-side switches is less than half of 1/fr, and therefore the negative damping effect from the parallel resonant tank to the vCs response is reduced. The transfer functions of the SRB converter are presented and compared with those of the SCB converter. The series resonator brings in an extra damping effect to the response of output capacitor voltage. The understanding of the analytical relationships among the resonant tank energy, voltage gain, and component stresses was utilized to guide the converter design of the converter's parameters. A normalized load condition at √2 minimizes the stresses of the series resonator by balancing the peak energy in the resonant elements Lr and Cr. The f_s variation with voltage gain M is less than 10%. The non-resonant components C_s, L_oa, and L_ob are designed according to the specified switching ripples. The ac winding loss complicates the winding design of a resonant inductor. This work replaces the rectangular window with a rhombic window to reduce the eddy current loss caused by the fringing effect. The window ratio k_y is added as a design variable. The impacts of the design variables on the inductance, core loss, and winding loss are discussed. The air-gap length l_g is designed to control the inductance. A larger k_y design results in a short inductor length l_c and a smaller winding loss. The disadvantages include a smaller energy density design and a larger core loss due to the smaller cross-sectional area. In the design example presented in the thesis, the presence of the rhombic shape increases the gap-to-winding distance by two times, and also reduces the y-component of the magnetic field by a factor of two. The total inductor loss is reduced by 56% compared to a conventional design with a rectangular winding window while keeping the same inductance and the same inductor volume. This dissertation implements a resonator, replacing the series capacitor, in an SCB converter. The resultant SRB converter shows a 30% reduction in loss and a 50% increase in power density. The root cause of the divergence issue is identified by modeling the negative damping effect caused by resonant elements. The presented transient design guideline clears the barriers to closed-loop regulation and commercialization of the SRB converter. This work also reshapes winding windows from rectangle to rhombus which is a low-cost change that reduces magnetic loss by half. The theoretical analysis and design procedures are demonstrated in a 200 W prototype with 7% peak efficiency increase compared to the commonly used 30 W commercial SCB product. / Doctor of Philosophy / High step-down dc/dc converters are widely adopted in a variety of areas such as industrial, automotive, and telecommunication areas. The 48 V power delivery system becomes increasingly popular for powering high-current and low-voltage chips. The Series-Capacitor Buck (SCB) converter doubles the duty ratio and equalizes the current between the two phases. Hard switching has hindered efforts to reduce volume via increased switching frequency although a monolithically integrated SCB converter has boosted current density. A Series-Resonator Buck (SRB) converter is realized by adding a resonant tank in series with the series capacitor Cs. All switches turn on at zero-voltage (ZVOn), and the low-side switches turn off at zero-current (ZCOff). The challenges to designing the SRB converter include characterizing the design variables' impacts on the converter performances and designing low-loss resonant components as the series resonator. The resultant SRB converter shows a 30% reduction in loss and a 50% increase in power density. The root cause of the divergence issue is identified by modeling the negative damping effect caused by the resonant elements. The presented transient design guideline clears the barriers of closed-loop regulation and commercialization of the SRB converter. This work also reshapes winding windows from rectangle to rhombus, which is a low-cost change that reduces magnetic loss by half. The theoretical analysis and design procedures are demonstrated in a 200 W prototype with 7% peak efficiency increase compared to the commonly used 30 W commercial SCB product.

Con el aumento de la población y de la demanda de bienes y servicios a escala global, se ha producido un deterioro en la calidad y disponibilidad del agua, poniendo de manifiesto la necesidad inminente de un cambio de mentalidad en la sociedad. Este cambio debe incluir, tanto la intensificación de las disposiciones legales que permitan prevenir la contaminación, como el desarrollo e implementación de tecnologías de depuración más eficaces, sostenibles y respetuosas con el ambiente. En la actualidad, en la mayoría de países desarrollados el tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas está basado en los sistemas de fangos activados como tratamiento principal. Estos sistemas se caracterizan por presentar un elevado consumo energético y una alta generación de fango biológico, que debe ser sometido a algún tratamiento de estabilización previo a su reutilización o disposición final. Una alternativa a estas tecnologías son los sistemas basados en procesos anaerobios, cuya implementación supone mayor sostenibilidad, menor coste económico y energético, y menor impacto ambiental. Sin embargo, es necesario superar las limitaciones asociadas a las bajas velocidades de crecimiento de la biomasa anaerobia (en comparación con los microorganismos aerobios) y a la baja eficacia en la separación de la biomasa mediante procesos de sedimentación. La combinación del proceso anaerobio de degradación de la materia orgánica con un proceso de filtración con membranas, permite superar los inconvenientes mencionados, pudiéndose establecer tiempos de retención celular elevados sin necesidad de incrementar el volumen de reacción y obtener un efluente de alta calidad. Una de las ventajas de los sistemas anaerobios es la recuperación de parte de la energía contenida en la materia orgánica en forma de metano. Sin embargo, cuando hay presencia de sulfato en el medio se desarrollan bacterias sulfatorreductoras, las cuales compiten por los sustratos, reduciéndose la eficiencia en la conversión de materia orgánica a metano, y generando sulfuro de hidrógeno (sulfurogénesis), que inhibe los procesos biológicos y disminuye la calidad del biogás generado. Debido a la importancia que tiene el proceso de sulfurogénesis en los sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, varios autores han propuesto modelos matemáticos que incluyen los procesos biológicos, físicos y químicos asociados a las bacterias sulfatorreductoras. Sin embargo, no existe un modelo global que permita simular en conjunto los procesos que tienen lugar tanto en la línea de agua como en la de fango, y donde esté incluido este proceso. También es destacable la ausencia de una metodología sistemática para la calibración de los parámetros de los modelos anaerobios de tratamiento de aguas residuales. El objetivo principal de la presente tesis doctoral es la modelación matemática del tratamiento anaerobio de aguas residuales urbanas con elevado contenido de sulfato. Con este fin, se ha desarrollado un modelo matemático capaz de describir el proceso biológico de sulfurogénesis y se ha propuesto una metodología de calibración de los parámetros. El modelo desarrollado ha sido incorporado al modelo global Biological Nutrient Removal Model No. 2 (BNRM2). Tanto el modelo como la metodología de calibración han sido validados mediante simulación con el programa DESASS, comparando los resultados predichos por el modelo con los valores experimentales obtenidos en un biorreactor anaerobio de membranas a escala demostración / Durán Pinzón, F. (2013). Modelación matemática del tratamiento anaerobio de aguas residuales urbanas incluyendo las bacterias sulfatorreductoras. Aplicación a un biorreactor anaeroio de membranas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34778

This thesis focuses on issues of multi-layered identities within a social space. It analyzes ritual (or ceremony) as one of the codified displays of culture within which collective ideas and attitudes regarding identity are manifested, shared, and strengthened. Bosnian Serbs - due to political and social change - were forced to redefine their position in society, as well as their (collective) identities and social ties. Slava is a fundamental ritual seen as an attribute of "Serbianness", and in the context of this study, manifests itself as an indicator of establishment and validity of collective identities. Slava is a traditional celebration practiced by Orthodox believers in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Bulgary, Albania, and Macedonia. It is a festivity of either a family, village, or local church patron. At the center of this research will be an individual slava of a family patron saint, krsna slava, or krsno ime. For Bosnian Serbs, krsna slava is currently a revitalized ritual concurring with local tradition and convening with social ambitions of current inhabitants in the region (otherwise it would not be revitalized). The pertinence of this research subject is given by the nature of ritual itself as it is founded on collective sharing and the manifestation of common ideas1 ....