Estudamos as bandas de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos policíclicos (PAHs), linhas iônicas e contínuo de uma amostra composta por 98 galáxias com núcleo ativo (AGNs) e 88 galáxias Starburst (SB) usando espectros na região do infravermelho médio (MIR) observados com o telescópio espacial Spitzer. A forma do contínuo dessas galáxias aumenta para comprimentos de ondas maiores (_ 15μm) e segue uma distribuição de corpo-negro com temperaturas T_150 - 300K. As bandas de PAHs em 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.3, 12.7μm e linhas em emissão de [Si ii] 34.8μm, [Ar ii] 6.9μm, [S iii] 18.7 e 33.4μm são detectadas em todas as galáxias SB e em _80% das galáxias Seyfert 2. Considerando apenas os PAHs em 7.7μm, 11.3μm e 12.7μm, encontramos que elas estão presentes em 80% das Seyfert 1, enquanto que apenas _50% delas apresentam as bandas de PAHs em 6.2μm e 8.6μm. As razões das bandas de PAHs neutros para ionizados (6.2μm/7.7μm×11.3μm/7.7μm) foram comparados com modelos teóricos e mostraram que as moléculas de PAHs em AGNs são maiores (> 180 átomos de carbono) que nas galáxias SB, além disso, os AGNs possuem alta fração de PAHs ionizados, enquanto que nas galáxias SB os PAHs tem baixo grau de ionização. Os valores da razão 7.7μm/11.3μm são aproximadamente constantes com o aumento de [Ne iii] 15.5μm/[Ne ii] 12.8μm, indicando que a fração das bandas de PAHs ionizados para neutros não depende da dureza do campo de radiação. Entretanto, as larguras equivalentes de ambos os PAHs diminuem com [Ne iii]/[Ne ii], sugerindo que as moléculas de PAHs, ionizadas (7.7μm) ou neutras (11.3μm), podem ser destruídas com o aumento da dureza do campo de radiação. Analisamos espectros com alta resolução espacial na banda N, observados com o Thermal- Region Camera Spectrograph (T-ReCS) e Michelle instalados nos telescópios Gemini, e comparamos com dados do Spitzer. Encontramos que AGNs com formação estelar circum-nuclear possuem bandas de PAHs e AGNs com intensa emissão de raio-X apresentam profunda absorção de silicato em 9.7μm. Também vemos que os espectros observados com o Gemini tem o mesmo comportamento que aqueles observados com o Spitzer. Entretanto, as bandas de PAHs nos dados do Spitzer são mais intensas que nos dados do Gemini. Além disso, existe emissão de PAHs próximo do núcleo ativo da NGC1808 (_ 26 pc), sugerindo que essas moléculas poderiam sobreviver próximas do AGN. Também realizamos um estudo com espectro no MIR, das galáxias Seyfert 2 NGC3281 e Mrk 3 classificadas como Compton-thick, obtidos com o T-ReCS e Michelle. Ambos espectros apresentam absorção de silicato em 9.7μm e linhas em emissão do [S iv] 10.5μm e [Ne ii] 12.7μm, porém, os espectros dessas galáxias não apresentam bandas de PAHs. Inferimos que a extin¸c˜ao no visual dessas gal´axias ´e AV _83mag (NGC3281) e AV _5.5mag (Mrk 3). Descrevemos os espectros nucleares dessas galáxias usando modelos de torus formados por nuvens. Os resultados sugerem que o núcleo dessas galáxias possui uma estrutura toroidal composta por poeira. Entretanto, as propriedades físicas do torus de NGC3281 e Mrk 3 são muito diferentes. Em NGC3281 o torus tem um raio de R0 _11 pc, 10 nuvens no equador, _V =40mag cada e estaríamos olhando na direção do equador (i = 60_). Na Mrk 3 o torus tem R0 _34 pc, 14 nuvens com _V =30mag e i = 90_. Usando estes modelos determinamos os valores da densidade colunar de hidrogênio (NH > 1024 cm−2) que são similares as inferidas a partir de dados do raio-X, que classificaram as galáxias NGC3281 e Mrk 3 como fontes Compton-thick. Este fato pode indicar que o material que absorve luz em raio-X também pode ser o responsável pela absorção em 9.7μm, além disso, também mostra uma forte evidência que a poeira de silicato, responsável por essa absorção, está localizada no torus. / We study polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bands, ionic emission lines, and mid-infrared (MIR) continuum properties in a sample of 98 active galactic nucleus (AGNs) and 88 Starburst (SB) with Spitzer spectra. The continuum rises steeply for longer wavelengths ( 15μm) and follow a warm blackbody distribution of T 150 - 300K. The brightest PAH spectral bands (6.2, 7.7, 8.6, 11.3, and 12.7μm) and the forbidden emission lines [Si ii] 34.8μm, [Ar ii] 6.9μm [S iii] 18.7 and 33.4μm were detected in all the SB and in 80% of the Seyfert 2s. Considering only the PAH bands at 7.7μm, 11.3μm, and 12.7μm, we find that they are present in 80% of the Seyfert 1s, but only half of them shows the 6.2μm and 8.6μm PAH bands. The observed intensity line ratios for neutral and ionized PAHs (6.2μm/7.7μm×11.3μm/7.7μm) were compared to theoretical ratios, showing that AGNs have higher ionization fraction and larger PAH molecules (> 180 carbon atoms) than SB galaxies. The ratios between the ionized (7.7μm) and the neutral PAH bands (8.6μm and 11.3μm) are distributed over different ranges in AGNs and SB galaxies, suggesting that these ratios depend on the ionization fraction, and on the hardness of the radiation field. The ratio between the 7.7μm and 11.3μm bands is nearly constant with the increase of [Ne iii] 15.5μm/[Ne ii] 12.8μm, indicating that the fraction of ionized to neutral PAH bands does not depend on the hardness of the radiation field. The equivalent widths of both PAH features show the same dependence (strongly decreasing) with [Ne iii]/[Ne ii], suggesting that the PAH molecules, emitting either ionized (7.7μm) or neutral (11.3μm) bands, may be destroyed with the increase of the hardness of the radiation field. We investigate Seyfert galaxies that are powered by starburst and AGN emission using N band high resolution spectra taken with the Thermal-Region Camera Spectrograph (T-ReCS) and Michelle at the Gemini South and North telescopes. Also, Spitzer observations including emission of the nucleus and most of the host galaxy are compared with Gemini spectra of the nuclear region. We find that AGNs with circum-nuclear star formation show stronger PAHs than those with hard X-ray emission, the latter presenting deep silicate features at 9.7μm. We also find that Gemini spectra follow the same feature observed in Spitzer spectra. However, Spitzer data show stronger PAH bands than Gemini’s. In addition, we find PAH bands close ( 26 pc) to the NGC1808 active nucleus, suggesting that these molecules survive near an AGN. We also analyse MIR spectra of the Compton-thick Seyfert 2 galaxies NGC3281 and Mrk 3, obtained with T-ReCS and Michelle. Both spectra present silicate absorption at 9.7μm, as well as [S iv] 10.5μm and [Ne ii] 12.7μm ionic lines, but with no evidence of PAH emission. We find that the nuclear optical extinctions are AV 83mag (NGC3281) and AV 5.5mag (Mrk 3). We describe their nuclear spectra with a clumpy torus model. However, the torus physical properties in NGC3281 and Mrk 3 are very different. While in NGC3281 the torus has a radius of R0 11 pc, 10 clouds in the equatorial radius with optical depth of V =40mag each, and we would be looking in the direction of the torus equatorial radius (i = 60 ), in Mrk 3 it has R0 34 pc, 14 clouds in the equator with each cloud having V =30mag. In addition, according to these models, Mrk 3 torus would be “edge-on” with observer angle equal i = 90. Using silicate absorption modeling with a clumpy torus model we also retrieve the values of hydrogen column density (NH > 1024 cm−2) that classify NGC3281 and Mrk 3 as Compton-thick sources from X-ray data. Our findings indicate that the X-ray absorbing column densities, which classify NGC3281 and Mrk 3 as a Compton-thick sources, may also be responsible for the absorption at 9.7μm, providing strong evidence that the silicate dust responsible for this absorption is located in the AGN torus.

We present an analysis of high-resolution ALMA interferometry of CO(4-3) line emission and dust continuum in the "Ruby" (PLCK_G244.8+54.9), a bright, gravitationally lensed galaxy at z = 3.0 discovered with the Planck all-sky survey. The Ruby is the brightest of Planck's dusty GEMS, a sample of 11 of the brightest gravitationally lensed high-redshift galaxies on the extragalactic sub-mm sky. We resolve the high-surface-brightness continuum and CO line emission of the Ruby in several extended clumps along a partial, nearly circular Einstein ring with 1.4 '' diameter around a massive galaxy at z = 1.5. Local star-formation intensities are up to 2000 M-circle dot yr(-1) kpc(-2), amongst the highest observed at high redshift, and clearly in the range of maximal starbursts. Gas-mass surface densities are a few x10(4) M-circle dot pc(-2). The Ruby lies at, and in part even above, the starburst sequence in the Schmidt-Kennicutt diagram, and at the limit expected for star formation that is self-regulated through the kinetic energy injection from radiation pressure, stellar winds, and supernovae. We show that these processes can also inject sufficient kinetic energy and momentum into the gas to explain the turbulent line widths, which are consistent with marginally gravitationally bound molecular clouds embedded in a critically Toomre-stable disk. The star-formation efficiency is in the range 1-10% per free-fall time, consistent with the notion that the pressure balance that sets the local star-formation law in the Milky Way may well be universal out to the highest star-formation intensities. AGN feedback is not necessary to regulate the star formation in the Ruby, in agreement with the absence of a bright AGN component in the infrared and radio regimes.

Interactions between pairs of isolated dwarf galaxies provide a critical window into low-mass hierarchical, gas-dominated galaxy assembly and the build-up of stellar mass in low-metallicity systems. We present the first Very Large Telescope/Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (VLT/MUSE) optical integral field unit (IFU) observations of the interacting dwarf pair dm1647+21 selected from the TiNy Titans survey. The Ha emission is widespread and corresponds to a total unobscured star formation rate (SFR) of 0.44 M-circle dot yr(-1), which is 2.7 times higher than the SFR inferred from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data. The implied specific SFR (sSFR) for the system is elevated by more than an order of magnitude above non-interacting dwarfs in the same mass range. This increase is dominated by the lower-mass galaxy, which has a sSFR enhancement of > 50. Examining the spatially resolved maps of classic optical line diagnostics, we find that the interstellar medium (ISM) excitation can be fully explained by star formation. The velocity field of the ionized gas is not consistent with simple rotation. Dynamical simulations indicate that the irregular velocity field and the stellar structure is consistent with the identification of this system as an ongoing interaction between two dwarf galaxies. The widespread, clumpy enhancements in the star formation in this system point to important differences in the effect of mergers on dwarf galaxies, compared to massive galaxies; rather than the funneling of gas to the nucleus and giving rise to a nuclear starburst, starbursts in low-mass galaxy mergers may be triggered by large-scale ISM compression, and thus may be more distributed.

Post-starbursts (PSBs) are candidate for rapidly transitioning from starbursting to quiescent galaxies. We study the molecular gas evolution of PSBs at z similar to 0.03-0.2. We undertook new CO (2-1) observations of 22 Seyfert PSB candidates using the Arizona Radio Observatory Submillimeter Telescope. This sample complements previous samples of PSBs by including green-valley PSBs with Seyfert-like emission, allowing us to analyse for the first time the molecular gas properties of 116 PSBs with a variety of AGN properties. The distribution of molecular gas to stellar mass fractions in PSBs is significantly different from normal star-forming galaxies in the CO Legacy Database (COLD) GASS survey. The combined samples of PSBs with Seyfert-like emission line ratios have a gas fraction distribution that is even more significantly different and is broader (similar to 0.03-0.3). Most of them have lower gas fractions than normal star-forming galaxies. We find a highly significant correlation between the WISE 12 and 4.6 mu m flux ratios and molecular gas fractions in both PSBs and normal galaxies. We detect molecular gas in 27 per cent of our Seyfert PSBs. Taking into account the upper limits, the mean and the dispersion of the distribution of the gas fraction in our Seyfert PSB sample are much smaller (mu = 0.025, sigma = 0.018) than previous samples of Seyfert PSBs or PSBs in general (mu similar to 0.1-0.2, sigma similar to 0.1-0.2).

We have conducted a statistical analysis of the ultra-luminous X-ray point sources (ULXs; L X ≥ 10 39 ergs -1) in a sample of galaxies selected from the Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. We find a possible enhancement of a factor of 2-4 in the number of ULXs per blue luminosity for the strongly interacting subset. Such an enhancement would be expected if ULX production is related to star formation, as interacting galaxies tend to have enhanced star formation rates on average. For most of the Arp galaxies in our sample, the total number of ULXs compared to the far-infrared luminosity is consistent with values found earlier for spiral galaxies. This suggests that for these galaxies, ULXs trace recent star formation. However, for the most infrared-luminous galaxies, we find a deficiency of ULXs compared to the infrared luminosity. For these very infrared-luminous galaxies, active galactic nuclei may contribute to powering the far-infrared; alternatively, ULXs may be highly obscured in the X-ray in these galaxies and therefore not detected by these Chandra observations. We determined local UV/optical colors within the galaxies in the vicinity of the candidate ULXs using Galaxy Evolution Explorer UV and Sloan Digitized Sky Survey optical images. In most cases, the distributions of colors are similar to the global colors of interacting galaxies. However, the u - g and r - i colors at the ULX locations tend to be bluer on average than these global colors, suggesting that ULXs are preferentially found in regions with young stellar populations. In the Arp sample there is a possible enhancement of a factor of 2-5 in the fraction of galactic nuclei that are X-ray-bright compared to more normal spirals.

As part of our Spitzer Spirals, Bridges, and Tails project to help understand the effects of galaxy interactions on star formation, we analyze Galaxy Evolution Explorer UV, Southeastern Association for Research in Astronomy optical, and Spitzer IR images of the interacting galaxy pair Arp 82 (NGC 2535/6) and compare to a numerical simulation of the interaction. We investigate the multiwavelength properties of several individual star-forming complexes (clumps). Using optical and UV colors, EW(Hα), and population synthesis models we constrain the ages of the clumps and find that the median clump age is ∼ Myr. The clumps have masses ranging from a few × 106 to 109 M⊙;. In general, the clumps in the tidal features have ages similar to those in the spiral region, but are less massive. The clumps provide 33%, 36%, and 70% of the far-UV, 8.0 μm, and 24 μm emission, respectively. The 8 and 24 μm luminosities are used to estimate the far-IR luminosities and the star formation rates of the clumps. The total clump star formation rate is ∼2.0 ± 0.8 M⊙ yr -1, while the entire Arp 82 system is forming stars at a rate of ·4.9 ± 2.0 M· yr-1. We find, for the first time, stars in the H I arc to the southeast of the NGC 2535 disk. Population synthesis models indicate that all of the observed populations have young to intermediate ages. We conclude that, although the gas disks and some old stars may have formed early on, the progenitors may have been of late-type or low surface brightness, and the evolution of these galaxies seems to have halted until the recent encounter.

We present high spatial resolution X-ray imaging data for the interacting galaxy pair NGC 7714/7715 (Arp 284) from the Chandra X-ray telescope. In addition to the unresolved starburst nucleus, a variable point source with L x ≈ 10 40 ergs s -1 was detected 1.″5 (270 pc) to the northwest of the nucleus, coincident with a blue, extremely optically luminous (M V ≈ -14.1) point source on Hubble Space Telescope images. Eleven other candidate point-like ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) were also detected in the vicinity of NGC 7714/7715, two of which exceed 10 40 ergs s -1. Ten of these appear to be associated with interaction-induced features, but only two are associated with star formation regions. We also found diffuse emission with L x ≈ 3 × 10 40 ergs s -1 extending 11″ (1.9 kpc) to the north of the nucleus. Its spectrum can be fitted with either a two-temperature MEKAL function (kT = 0.59 -0.06+0.05 and 8 -3-10 keV) or a 0.6 keV MEKAL function plus a power law (Γ = 1.8 ± 0.2). The hard component may be due to high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) with possible contributions from inverse Compton radiation, while the soft component is likely from a superwind. Superbubble models imply an expansion age of ≈15 Myr, supporting previous assertions of an intermediate-age nuclear stellar population in addition to a 5 Myr starburst. We also detected extended X-ray emission associated with four extranuclear H II region complexes. The emission from these H II regions and the nuclear starburst could be due to either an enhanced population of HMXBs relative to Local Group galactic averages or to diffuse gas heated by winds from supernovae, if the X-ray production efficiency L x/L mech is high (≈5%). To estimate L x/L mech, we collected published data for well-studied H II regions and superbubbles in nearby galaxies. For H II regions with ages less than 3.5 Myr, the median L x/L mech ≈ 0.02%, while for older star formation regions, L x/L mech ≈ 0.2%-7%. Thus, it is possible that gas heating by supemovae may be sufficient to account for the observed X-rays from these H II regions. In galaxies much more distant than NGC 7714, for example, the Cartwheel galaxy, H II region complexes similar to those in NGC 7714 will be unresolved by Chandra and will mimic ULXs. No X-ray emission was detected from the Type Ib supernova SN 1999dn, with an upper limit of ≈2 × 10 38 ergs s -1.

We report the discovery of a dwarf (MB = -13.9) poststarburst galaxy coincident in recession velocity (within uncertainties) with the highest column density absorber (NHI = 1015.85 cm-2 at cz = 1586 km s-1) in the 3C 273 sight line. This galaxy is by far the closest galaxy to this absorber, projected just 71 h70-1 kpc on the sky from the sight line. The mean properties of the stellar populations in this galaxy are consistent with a massive starburst ≈3.5 Gyr ago, whose attendant supernovae, we argue, could have driven sufficient gas from this galaxy to explain the nearby absorber. Beyond its proximity on the sky and in recession velocity, the further evidence in favor of this conclusion includes both a match in the metallicities of absorber and galaxy and the fact that the absorber has an overabundance of Si/C, suggesting recent Type II supernova enrichment. Thus, this galaxy and its ejecta are in the expected intermediate stage in the fading dwarf evolutionary sequence envisioned by Babul & Rees to explain the abundance of faint blue galaxies at intermediate redshifts. While this one instance of a QSO metal-line absorber and a nearby dwarf galaxy is not proof of a trend, a similar dwarf galaxy would be too faint to be observed by galaxy surveys around more distant metal-line absorbers. Thus, we cannot exclude the possibility that dwarf galaxies are primarily responsible for weak (NHI = 1014-1017 cm-2) metal-line absorption systems in general. If a large fraction of the dwarf galaxies expected to exist at high redshift had a similar history (i.e., they had a massive starburst that removed all or most of their gas), these galaxies could account for at least several hundred high-z metal-line absorbers along the line of sight to a high-z QSO. The volume-filling factor for this gas, however, would be less than 1%.

Massive galaxies evolve through different phases including starburst-dominated and active galactic nuclei (AGN)-dominated phases. These phases are predicted to be prevalent at earlier times (z ∼ 2 − 3). In this thesis I present high-sensitivity observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array to investigate mid-J (Jupper = 4 and 5) CO emission in nine Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer-selected hyperluminous, hot dust-obscured galaxies (Hot DOGs). These sources are thought to represent a transition phase between starburst- and AGN-dominated galaxies at z ≈ 2.5 − 5. All nine sources are detected in continuum and line emission. I conclude that the sources are gas-rich with Mgas ≈ 1010−11 M . Previous far-infrared spectral energy distribution decomposition revealed that six of the sources have significant cold dust components suggesting high star-formation rates (SFR ≈ 2000 − 9000 M  yr−1 ). The molecular gas in the sources is shown to follow roughly the same star-formation trend as a smaller sample of Hot DOGs and other populations of star-forming and quasar-host galaxies at low- and high-redshift. The resolved CO emission line data displays large velocity dispersions (FWHM ≈ 400 − 900 km s−1 ) consistent with other high-z star-forming and quasar-host galaxies. For a subset of the sources, the line data shows disturbed morphologies and velocity gradients possibly consistent with rotation or galaxy interaction. The results from this analysis suggest that the studied sources are heavily dust-obscured quasars undergoing extreme starburst episodes. The estimated gas and dynamical masses of the sources are consistent with other populations of massive galaxies at low- and high-z, indicating that they likely represent a stage in the evolution of massive galaxies. / <p>Presentaiton given over zoom platform during COVID-19 pandemic.</p>

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