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In this thesis a study is made of the space X of all step functions on [0,1]. This investigation includes determining a completion space, X*, for the incomplete space X, defining integration for X*, and proving some theorems about integration in X*.

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Washington University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-49). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Washington University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-49).

Thesis (M.M.) Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Alice-Ann Darrow, Florida State University, College of Music. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed 6-26-07). Document formatted into pages; contains 71 pages. Includes biographical sketch. Includes bibliographical references.

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Background: Running is one of the most popular branches of athletics. Running has several physiological benefits, such as a higher maximal oxygen consumption, increased muscle mass and reduced blood pressure. There have been plenty of discussions about what the most efficient running technique might be, should you use a short step length and a high step frequency or vice versa. It is generally known that you can increase your running speed by increasing your step frequency or your step length, and also both. However, maximal speed is achieved by increasing your step frequency rather than your step length. For endurance runners it is important to have a good running economy, because runners with a good running economy use less energy while running, and therefore require less oxygen than a runner with poor running economy. Previous research have not found any correlations between the length of the leg with step frequency or step length.  Aim: The aim of this study was to examine whether there are any significant correlations between the length of the leg in relation to the step frequency or the step length while running in different speeds.  Method: 15 trained males participated in this correlation study. All participants’ leg length were measured with a measuring tape. Three running trials, with the speeds of 12, 16 and 20 km/h were performed on a treadmill during 1 minute each. Between each trial the participants rested for 3 minutes. The trials were recorded with a video camera, and the participants individual step frequency, step length and heel or fore foot strike were collected. Persons coefficient of correlation test was used to analyze if there were any significant correlations between the length of the leg with step frequency and step length. Also a paired samples T test was performed to see if there was a significant increase between step frequency and step length with the speeds.  Result: There were no significant correlations (p>0,05) found between the length of the leg and the step frequency or the length of the leg and step length in any of the different speeds. The paired samples t-test showed a significant (p<0,001) increase in step frequency and step length with the different speeds.  Conclusion: In conclusion, according to the present study, there were no significant correlations found between the length of the leg with step frequency or step length, which is in consensus with previous research.  Therefore, it is not advisable to predict an individual’s step length based on their leg length. There are various factors involved in determining a person’s step length and step frequency, and this study showed that running speed is one important factor. This information may be useful for runners and their coaches to apply, so they avoid making interventions involving alternations in the runners step length based on their body dimensions, such as leg length.

Music appears to have advantageous effects during exercise as it has been shown to increase motivation, decrease ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and improve exercise performance. The improvement of running performance in particular, is the main effect recreational runners want to focus on as many want to improve their time in road races. Running velocity, indicated by a faster time to completion is thought to improve with an increase in step frequency, step length, or a combination of these variables. Currently, there is limited research that observes methods to help increase step frequency or step length. The manipulation of music cadence may be considered an effective training method that influences step frequency. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect of music cadence on step frequency in the recreational runner. A total of 30 recreational runners (15 male, 15 female) with a mean age of 31.0 ± 5.8 (range= 20-39), a BMI of 24.0 ± 3.3 (range= 19-32), and an estimated VO2 max of 49.6 ± 5.4 (range= 41-60) participated in this study. Individually, runners completed four 1600-meter time trials on an outdoor track at maximal effort. The first trial was a familiarization trial where participants ran 1600 meters with no music. Two music conditions were then created for each runner based on their natural step frequency obtained during the familiarization trial. The first condition represented music at natural step cadence and the second condition represented music at increased step cadence. The next three 1600 meter time trials were randomized and included a control condition of no music, a natural cadence music condition at the runner's natural step frequency, and an increased cadence music condition of 10-20 beats per minute (bpm) above the natural cadence music condition. Results indicated that step frequency was significantly higher during the increased cadence music condition compared to both the natural cadence music and no music conditions (p < 0.05). Additionally, time to completion was significantly lower in the increased cadence music condition compared to both the natural cadence music and no music conditions (p < 0.05). Lastly, there was no significant difference in step length among music conditions. These results indicate that music cadence had a positive influence on running performance as it was able to increase step frequency and improve time to completion in a group of recreational runners. Therefore, for practical application, recreational runners can alter music cadence to help improve running performance.

This thesis deals with the design and realization of a DC/DC converter, which allows power conversion from 10-52 V input voltage to 10-52 V output voltage at a maximum output current of 3 A. The converter can communicate with the superior system via the CAN. In the first chapter I deal with the available integrated circuits of DC/DC converters, from which I choose one for my application. In the second chapter, I propose a block scheme of the converter, which includes the requirements from the assignment as well as my additional ones. In the third chapter I deal with the design of an electronic circuit and with the calculation of control loops. In the fourth chapter I propose firmware for the STM32 MCU, which controls the device and communicates with the superior system. In the last chapter the DC/DC converter is tested.

In recent decades there has been a rapid development of technology in manufacturing industries, in particular through the increasing use of ever more powerful and sophisticated Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) machines to manufacture complex parts. These machines are supported by a chain of computer based software solutions amongst which manufacturing information is exchanged. With the need for information exchange, interoperability between various computer-aided systems (CAx) has become an important research area. In CNC part programing, innovations by various hardware manufacturers and their reflection in their software have led to the necessity for the existence of different part programs for each machine. Creating these is a time consuming and economically inefficient activity. Implementing genuine interoperability between CNC machines is a way of eliminating this deficiency but, to achieve this, CNC programmers must be able to write a CNC program for a specific machine and effortlessly convert that program to work for other machines. The aim of this research was to enable the exchange of CNC programmes across machines with different technologies and demonstrate this between a C-axis CNC turn-mill machine and a 4-axis CNC machining centre. This has been achieved by designing a cross-technology interoperability framework that is capable of supporting systems that can work with the different types of CNC machines. This framework is the core contribution to knowledge from this PhD research. In order to fully identify the context for the research, this thesis presents a review of existing literature on machining of turn-mill parts and interoperability for CNC manufacturing. This is followed by the specification and realisation of a novel framework for cross-technology interoperability for CNC manufacturing. The demonstration is conducted using test components that can be manufactured using different CNC technologies.