This diploma thesis tries to find the most suitable optical system for measuring deformation displacements on the surfaces of bodies. The first chapter describes the systems and methods that will be used. The second chapter is devoted to the design of the experiment. It describes the preparation of the experiment from the point of view of software and hardware and what are the important preliminary preparations. The last chapter contains the results of experiments and evaluation of the systems.

Ce travail expérimental s’est intéressé aux lésions osseuses produites par des scies et par une hachette, sur des échantillons humains et animaux. En ce qui concerne les scies, 170 faux départs ont été étudiés au stéréomicroscope en utilisant cinq scies différentes. Les scies universelles se comportent comme les scies à tronçonner, du fait de l’inclinaison vers l’arrière de chaque dent. La largeur minimum du faux départ permet de classer les lésions selon les catégories de Symes. Les profils convexes indiquent l’utilisation d’une scie universelle ou d’une scie à tronçonner. Les profils concaves sont beaucoup plus variés, et indiquent l’utilisation d’une scie à refendre. La forme des murs permet de déterminer le type d’avoyage sauf quand ils sont droits ou difficiles à analyser. Parmi les critères secondaires, l’aspect des stries au fond de la lésion s’est révélé de grande importance pour identifier le type d’avoyage. En ce qui concerne la hachette, nous avons utilisé un protocole standardisé produisant des lésions osseuses de petites dimensions. Le stéréomicroscope a constaté le caractère vertical des stries, qui s’explique par le mouvement vertical effectué par l’instrument au moment de l’impact. Le microscope électronique à balayage a permis de décrire parfaitement les lésions, de comprendre la surélévation des berges (« uprising ») et l’effet exercé à distance (« lateral pushing back »). La présence du latéral pushing back et de stries verticales permet d’affirmer que les lésions osseuses ont été produites par un instrument tranchant contondant. Ces caractères se pérennisent même après carbonisation. / In this experimental work bone lesions produced by saws and a hatchet on human and animal samples were analyzed. With regard to the saws, 170 experimental false starts lesions were studied under stereomicroscope produced by five different saws. Universal saws behave like crosscut saws, because each tooth displays a tilt backwards. The minimum width of the kerf makes it possible to classify bone lesions according to Symes’ categories. Convex profiles indicate the use of a universal or crosscut saw. Concave profiles vary a great deal and indicate the use of a rip saw. The shape of the walls allows for determining the type of set except when they are straight or difficult to analyze. Among the secondary criteria, the appearance of the striae on the kerf floor is able to point the type of set. For the study of bone lesions by a hatchet a standardized device was used to produce small bone lesions. The stereomicroscope was able to observe the vertical striae explained by the vertical movement of the instrument at the time of impact. The scanning electron microscope allowed for a detailed analysis of bone lesions and made it possible to understand the uprising and the lateral pushing back. The presence of a lateral pushing back and of vertical striae is sufficient to determine that the bone lesions were achieved by a sharp blunt instrument. These characters are visible even after carbonization.

The diploma thesis deals with the observation and diagnostics of transformations that take place in stone slabs of different mineralogical composition during heating to high temperatures. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with a summary of available information about selected types of rocks. Furthermore, it presents findings from the experimental thermal loading of a granite sample. The principles and instruments of laboratory experimental methods that are used to judge the resistance of rocks are described in detail. In the experimental part, the testing methodology is proposed, the procedure of production of rock test specimens is described and the way in which the thermal loading of stone slabs took place is explained. The results of the experiments are shown in the tables and graphs. A comparison of individual tests and properties of selected samples and evaluation of the obtained results is performed.