This thesis consists of four papers, of which paper 1 and 4 are co-written with Mikael Bask. Paper [1] implements chartists trading in a sticky-price monetary model for determining the exchange rate. It is demonstrated that chartists cause the exchange rate to "overshoot the overshooting equilibrium" of a sticky-price monetary model. Chartists base their trading on a short-long moving average. The importance of technical trading depends inversely on the time horizon in currency trade. The exchange rate's perfect foresight path near long-run equilibrium is derived and it is demonstrated that the shorter the time horizon, the greater the exchange rate overshooting. The aim of Paper [2] is to see how the dynamics of the basic target zone model changes when chartists and fundamentalists are introduced. Chartists use technical trading and the relative importance of technical and fundamental analyses depend on the time horizon in currency trade. The model also includes realignment expectations, which increase with the weight of chartists. The introduction of chartists may significantly reduce and reverse, the so-called "honeymoon effect" of a fully credible target zone. Further, chartists may cause the correlation between the exchange rate and the instantaneous interest rate differential to become either positive or negative. Using a chartist-fundamentalist set-up, Paper [3] derives the effects on the current exchange rate of central bank intervention. Fundamentalists have rational expectations and chartists use so called support and resistance levels in their trading. This technique results in chartists having both bandwagon expectations and regressive expectations. Chartists may enhance or suppress the effect of intervention depending on their expectations. The results indicate that a chartist channel exists. The aim of Paper [4] is threefold; (i) to investigate if there is a unique rational expectations equilibrium (REE) in a new Keynesian macroeconomic model augmented with technical trading, (ii), to investigate if the unique REE is adaptively learnable and, (iii), to investigate if this unique and adaptively learnable REE is desirable in an inflation rate targeting regime. The monetary authority is using a Taylor rule when setting the interest rate. A main conclusion is that a robust Taylor rule implies that the monetary authority should increase (decrease) the interest rate when the CPI inflation rate increases (decreases) and when the currency gets stronger (weaker).

Submitted by Fabiana Gonçalves Pinto (benf@ndc.uff.br) on 2015-12-21T12:03:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Calado da Silva Gonçalves.pdf: 1984853 bytes, checksum: 24758c95e14e6b3d50284303fec3a219 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-21T12:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Calado da Silva Gonçalves.pdf: 1984853 bytes, checksum: 24758c95e14e6b3d50284303fec3a219 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Mestrado Profissional em Enfermagem Assistencial / Introdução: Objetivos: Geral: Validar em forma e conteúdo a proposta diagnóstica “Risco para contaminação de artigos”. Específicos: Identificar a proposta diagnóstica a partir da revisão integrativa da literatura; identificar os fatores de risco, bem como a pertinência dos títulos, conceitos e a disposição em domínios, através da análise por especialistas. Método: Estudo de validação, seguindo o método de validação de conteúdo, realizado em duas etapas: 1 - Análise do conceito e revisão integrativa; 2 - Validação de conteúdo por especialistas. Utilizou-se a definição da estimativa do tamanho amostral e a proporção esperada de peritos composta por 38 enfermeiros, considerando-se um erro amostral aceitável de 15%, nível de confiança de 99% e proporção de especialistas de 85% para validação do diagnóstico. Estes responderam Instrumento de validação do tipo likert, contendo os itens a serem validados e sua definição para os seguintes critérios: Adequação; Pertinência; Clareza; Precisão; e Objetividade. Para análise dos dados calculou-se o número de especialistas que consideraram adequado o indicador clínico, com aplicação do teste estatístico binominal. Ressalta-se à apreciação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa local, sob o número CAAE: 04960612.5.0000.5243. Resultados: Obteve-se concordância entre o proposto e o validado pelos peritos, com escore acima de 0,80, para os itens: Domínio, Falha na bomba de vácuo; Uso de autoclaves sem o controle microbiológico; Esterilização de cargas sem o uso do pacote teste desafio (PCD); Limpeza manual de instrumental com lúmen; Utilização de autoclaves sem a realização periódica de manutenções preventivas e/ou corretivas; Pacotes não identificados corretamente; Armazenamento dos pacotes estéreis em área não restrita; e Transporte dos pacotes estéreis em carro de transporte aberto. A presença e a detecção precoce de falhas no maquinário mostraram-se relevante tanto na literatura como na avaliação dos peritos: ‘Falha na bomba de vácuo’, ‘Uso de autoclaves sem o controle microbiológico’, ‘Esterilização de cargas sem o uso do pacote teste desafio (PCD)’ e ‘Utilização de autoclaves sem a realização periódica de manutenções preventivas e/ou corretivas’. Classificaram-se como menores (escore geral entre 0,71 e 0,79) os itens Classe; Enunciado diagnóstico; Definição; Presença de sujidades no artigo após a limpeza; Parâmetros físicos inadequados ao final do ciclo; Falha no indicador químico após a esterilização; Uso de material implantável antes do resultado do indicador biológico; e, Esterilização de implantes em ciclo para uso imediato. Outros dois itens não foram validados: ‘Parâmetros físicos inadequados ao final do ciclo’ e o ‘Falha no indicador químico após a esterilização’, que obtiveram valores marginais de 0,76 e 0,78, respectivamente. Os itens Definição (0,0066) e ‘Esterilização de implantes em ciclo para uso imediato’ (0,0396), foram classificados como inadequado pelos peritos. Conclusões: Conclui-se que a proposta diagnóstica “Risco para contaminação de artigos” está adequada, uma vez que os peritos validaram os itens propostos. Dois itens foram considerados inadequados e devem ser revisados antes da submissão e da validação clínica / Introduction: Objectives: General: Validating in form and content the diagnostic proposal "risk for contamination of articles". Specifics: Identifying the proposal from the integrative review diagnostic of literature; identify the risk factors, as well as the relevance of the titles, concepts and disposition in domains, through analysis by experts. Method: A validation study, following the content validation method, performed in two steps: 1-concept analysis and integrative review; 2-content validation by experts. It was used the definition of sample size estimate and the expected proportion of experts composed by 38 nurses, considering an acceptable sampling error of 15%, 99% confidence level, and proportion of specialists 85% for validation of the diagnosis. These answered as Instrument of validation of Likert type, containing the items to be validated and its definition to the following criteria: Suitability; Relevance; Clarity; Precision; and Objectivity. For data analysis it was calculated the number of specialists who considered appropriate the clinical indicator, with application of the binomial statistical test. It was emphasized to the local Research Ethics Committee, under the CAAE number: 04960612.5.0000.5243. Results: An agreement was obtained between the proposed and the validated by experts, with score above 0.80, for the items: domain, vacuum pump failure; Use of autoclaves without the microbiological control; Sterilization of loads without the use of challenge test package; Manual cleaning of instruments with lumen; Use of autoclaves without performing periodic preventive and/or corrective maintenance; Unidentified packages correctly; Storage of sterile packages in unrestricted area; and transport of sterile packages in open transport car. The presence and the early detection of faults in machinery were relevant both in literature as in the assessment of the experts: ' vacuum pump failure ', ' use of autoclaves without the microbiological control ', ' sterilization of loads without the use of challenge test package (PCD) ' and ' use of autoclaves without performing periodic preventive and/or corrective maintenance '. Qualified as minors (General score between 0.71 and 0.79) the Class items; Statement diagnosis; Definition; Presence of dirt in the article after cleanup; Inadequate physical parameters at the end of the cycle; Chemical indicator failed after sterilization; Use of implantable material before the biological indicator's result; and implant Sterilization cycle for immediate use. The other two items were not validated: ' inappropriate physical parameters at the end of the cycle ' and the ' chemical indicator failed after sterilization, which achieved marginal values of 0.76 and 0.78, respectively. The items Definition (0.0066) and 'implant Sterilization in cycle for immediate use' (0.0396) were classified as inadequate by the experts. Conclusions: it is concluded that the proposed diagnosis "Risk for contamination of articles" is appropriate, since the experts validated the proposed items. Two items were considered inappropriate and should be reviewed before submission and clinical validation

The production of high-quality foods requires the precise control of factors influencing their quality. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to monitor the influence of sterilization heating and storage time and temperature on selected parameters of model food matrix using suitable physical, chemical and sensory methods. Sterilized processed cheese was chosen as the model matrix. Processed cheeses are milk protein concentrates, produced by melting of mixture of natural cheeses, emulsifying salts, water and other dairy and/or non dairy ingredients. Desirable transformation of this mixture to homogenous, smooth, shiny mass with desired textural, structural, rheologic and sensory properties is caused by using high temperature (about 80-100 °C) during melting. Sterilized processed cheese is subjected to additional sterilization heating (above 100 °C) after production, significantly elongating its durability. The processed cheeses (dry matter 40 % w/w, fat in dry matter 45 % w/w) were analyzed in this work, the part of them was sterilized (117 °C 20 min). Cheeses were stored at various temperatures (cold 6 ± 2 °C, laboratory 23 ± 2 °C and elevated 40 ± 2 °C), sterilized cheeses for 2 years, non sterilized for 1 year. During storage, the samples for physical (instrumental measuring of colour and texture), chemical (assessment of fatty acids and aroma compounds) and sensory (paired preference test, ranking test and evaluation using scale) analyses were taken at regular intervals. The influence of sterilization heating and for another the influence of storage conditions on mentioned parameters were investigated. Non sterilized processed cheese kept their very good quality during all the declared durability (4 months), however, then the significant worsening of most sensory properties was observed. In consequence of sterilization heating the changes of cheese colour and texture were observed, confirmed by both sensory and instrumental assessment. The impairment of taste and aroma was also found. These changes are obvious immediately after production and differences were observed during all the durability. In the case of sterilized processed cheese, the significant impairment of single sensory properties was determined, the highest in the case of texture, taste and aroma. The results of instrumental techniques confirm conclusions from sensory evaluation. The measurements of colour and texture vindicate the formation of darker colour (increasing total difference of colour delta E*) and higher hardness (increasing Fmax) of sterilized processed cheeses, continuing during storage. The worsening of taste and aroma is in accordance with lower content of aroma active compounds and selected fatty acids.

[pt] Esta tese é composta de três ensaios. Os dois primeiros investigam a relação entre a potência da política monetária e a prevalência do crédito direcionado (concedido à taxas de juros insensíveis ao ciclo monetário) na economia. O primeiro mostra que a evidência microeconométrica disponível não é necessariamente informativa sobre o fenômeno macroeconômico de interessee ilustra esse resultado com um modelo Novo-Keynesiano simples com financiamento de capital de giro. Dando sequência, o segundo ensaio estende a análise usando um modelo DSGE de médio porte no qual crédito direcionado é utilizado pelas firmas para financiar a aquisição de capital. O modelo é estimado para o Brasil usando técnicas Bayesianas. Sob a distribuição priori mostra-se que a presença de crédito direcionado não reduz necessariamente a potência da política monetária sobre a inflação. Sob a distribuição posteriori mostra-se que a redução de potência é provável, mas pequena. Finalmente, o terceiro ensaio estuda em que medida o efeito de fluxos de capitais sobre o ciclo de negócios depende do tipo do influxo (e.g., se para títulos ou para ações, se um fluxo de ativo ou de passivo), construindo para tanto um modelo Novo-Keynesiano de economia aberta com fricções financeiras. Identifica-se mecanismos diretos através dos quais o influxo pode ter efeito diferenciado dependendo do seu tipo. Conclui-se, usando uma versão calibrada do modelo, que as diferenças são provavelmente pouco significativas. / [en] This thesis is comprised of three essays. The first two investigate the relationship between monetary policy power and the prevalence of earmarked credit (featuring interest rates that are insensitive to the monetary cycle) in the economy. The first shows that the available microeconometric evidence is not necessarily informative about the macroeconomic phenomenon of interest, and illustrates this result with a simples New-Keynesian model with working capital credit. Giving sequence, the second essay extends the analysis with a medium-sized DSGE model where earmarked credit is used to finance the acquisition of physical capital by firms. The model is estimated to Brazil using Bayesian techniques. Under the prior distribution it is shown that the presence of earmarked credit does not necessarily reduces monetary policy power over inflation. Under the posterior it is shown that a reduction of power is likely, but small. Finally, the third essay studies to what extent the effects of capital flows on a small open economy s business cycle depend on the type of the inflow (e.g., whether a bond or a stock inflow, a liability or an asset flow), and for such it build an open economy New-Keynesian model with financial frictions. Direct mechanisms through which inflows may have differentiated effects depending or their type are identified. Using a calibrated version of the model it concludes that the differences are probably of little significance.