Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-13T12:17:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 agatha.pdf: 2569302 bytes, checksum: 4c5e044fb07ad5cf968c796fcb054eba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The valuation of vegetal residues proceeding from productive processes reveals an alternative of profits for generating companies of these materials. However, analysis how much to the income and efficiency it promotes a systemic vision of the performance for the agro-industrial residues. Stipe discarded in abates it of the adult palms is proceeding from productive processes of the agricultural activity, becoming the environmental liabilities. The 15 divided years and in three sections had been selected 15 individuals with average ages of 10 (apex, way and base), being removed of each section 50 cm and had suffered two longitudinal cuts with the aid from chainsaw, for withdrawal of the spongy material, with drying of in 103 greenhouse ± 2oC.I unfold it occurred at two moments (transformation in refilos and removes of the rind and vestige of the medullary portion), executed in the buzz saw, band saw and sander. They had been determined the income for the relation of the rude volume and unfolded volume and the efficiency for the relation enters the volume of samples sawed for one determined period or turn and the number of involved laborers. When dealing with the income of the experiment. The section of the way presented greater percentile income with 41,78%, and the samples of the base and the extras had presented percentages of 23,86% and 29,07% with 94,07% total. And 16,71 obtained efficiency was of 3,43 and m3/worker/bout. However, the viability of the use of the peripheral part of stipe the referring data to the income and efficiency of the experiment lead to the exploitation for development of new products and devices. / A valoração de resíduos vegetais provenientes de processos produtivos mostra-se uma alternativa de ganhos para empresas geradoras destes materiais. No entanto, análise quanto ao rendimento e eficiência promove uma visão sistêmica do desempenho para os resíduos agroindustriais. O estipe descartado no abate das palmáceas adultas é proveniente de processos produtivos da atividade agrícola, tornando os passiveis ambientais. Foram selecionados 15 indivíduos com idades médias de 10 a 15 anos e divididos em três secções (ápice, meio e base), sendo retirada de cada secção 50 cm e sofreram dois cortes longitudinais com o auxílio do motosserra, para retirada do material esponjoso, com secagem de em estufa 103 ± 2oC. O desdobro ocorreu em dois momentos (transformação em refilos e retira da casca e resquício da parte medular), executados na serra de fita, serra circular e lixadeira. Foram determinados o rendimento pela relação do volume bruto e volume desdobrado e a eficiência pela relação entre o volume de amostras serradas por um determinado período ou turno e o número de operários envolvidos. Ao tratarmos do rendimento do experimento. A secção do meio apresentou maior rendimento percentual com 41,78 %,e as amostras da base e as extras apresentaram percentuais de 23,86 % e 29,07% com total de 94,07%. E eficiência técnica conseguida foi de 3,43 e 16,71 m3/operário/turno. Contudo, a viabilidade do uso da parte periférica do estipe os dados referentes ao rendimento e eficiência do experimento conduzem ao aproveitamento para desenvolvimento de novos produtos e artefatos.

M.Com. (Informatics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido sobre o tema da sustentabilidade na indústria de palmito, propondo a utilização dos estipes de palmeira como substrato para o desenvolvimento do cogumelo Shiitake [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler], comparativamente ao uso tradicional de toras de eucalipto. Sendo o cogumelo shiitake um biodecompositor natural, seu aproveitamento nos processos de destinação dos resíduos agroflorestais e agroindustriais representa uma alternativa viável no aproveitamento para transformação em alimentos destinados ao consumo humano. Essa alternativa vem de encontro às expectativas ambientais, retirando do campo os resíduos que podem causar o aparecimento de pragas e doenças em áreas de cultivo em função do processo de decomposição natural, onerando custos e comprometendo produtividade e qualidade. Após a constatação da viabilidade de uso dos resíduos como substrato, procedeu-se a análise bromatológica, cujos resultados, foram compatíveis aqueles encontrados na literatura. As análises econômicas também apontam para uma alternativa de trabalho e renda para o pequeno produtor, com produtos de maior valor agregado. / This work was developed on the theme related to the sustainability of the cabbage palm industry, considering the use of palm stipes as substrate for the development of the shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes (Berk.Pegler), in comparison to the traditional use of eucalyptus logs. As a natural biodecomposition agent, its exploitation in the bioconversion processes help to prevent environmental impact caused by the accumulation of forest and agricultural wastes and can also provide uses of the residues for mushroom production intended to human consumption. This alternative comes up to the environmental expectations, by removing the residues that can be responsible for plagues and illnesses in the field cultures, because of the natural decomposition process; this situation can be responsible for raising costs and compromising productivity and quality. After certification of the viability of the palm residues as substrate for shiitake mushroom cultivation, the product was submitted to bromatologic analysis and the results showed to be compatible to the literature date. The economic analyses also point out to an alternative income activity for the small producer, providing opportunity of offering products with higher aggregated value.

Les macroalgues Palmaria palmata et Saccharina longicruris sont riches en nutriments et contiennent des molécules antioxydantes ainsi que des inhibiteurs de l’enzyme de conversion de l’angiotensine (ECA). C’est également le cas du fromage de type Camembert. Cependant, l’impact de la combinaison de ces deux aliments sur la bioactivité globale est inconnu. Une analyse de la composition nutritionnelle des algues montre que P. palmata était la plus riche en protéines et en sucres totaux. S. longicruris avait un contenu plus élevé en fibres totales, minéraux totaux, sodium, potassium et lipides. Les capacités antioxydante et inhibitrice de l’ECA de l’extrait soluble > 1 kDa de S. longicruris étaient supérieures à celle de P. palmata. Trois différents traitements de fromages modèles ont été étudiés : un contrôle (CC), un modèle contenant 2 % de P. palmata (C2PP) et un autre contenant 2 % de S. longicruris (C2SL). Durant l’affinage (20 jours), l’évolution du pH du caillé des trois traitements était significativement similaire, partant de 4,89 et terminant à 6,77. La même tendance a été observée pour la capacité antioxydante (ORAC), débutant de 0 pour finir à 41,28 mmol TE/g de fromage. La capacité inhibitrice de l’ECA des trois traitements était significativement similaire au jour 0 (13,20%) et au jour 20 (58,27%). Par contre, C2SL n’avait pas la même courbe d’évolution que CC et C2PP. Ces résultats ont permis de valider la richesse nutritionnelle et des bioactivités des macroalgues. Aucun changement n’a été observé sur le développement et la bioactivité finale des deux fromages aux algues. / Seaweeds Palmaria palmata and Saccharina longicruris have high nutritional value and contain antioxidants and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor compounds. This is also applicable to Camembert-type cheese. However, the impact of combining these two foods on the global bioactivity is unknown. The nutritional composition of the two dried seaweeds was characterized. P. palmata had the highest protein and total carbohydrate contents. S. longicruris had the highest contents in total fiber, total minerals, sodium, potassium and lipids. The antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and ACE-inhibitor activity of S. longicruris soluble extract > 1 kDa were higher than P. palmata. Three different types of cheese were studied: cheese control (CC) without seaweeds, cheese with 2% of P. palmata (C2PP) and cheese with 2% of S. longicruris (C2SL). During ripening (20 days), the curd pH of all treatments was significantly similar, starting from 4.89 and finishing at 6.77. The same trend was observed for their ORAC values, starting at 0 and then reached 41.28 mmol TE/g of cheese. The ACE-inhibitor capacity of the three treatments was significantly similar, at day 0 (13.20%) and day 20 (58.27%). On the other hand, C2SL did not have the same evolution curve as CC and C2PP. These results have shown and validated the nutritional value and bioactivities of seaweeds. Also, at the concentration of 2% of seaweeds, no impact was observed on the development and final bioactivities of the two seaweeds cheeses.

La plus ancienne tige fossile de palmier (Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl) provient des terrains Crétacés de l'Anjou (Turonien). En raison de l'absence de référentiel sur l'anatomie du stipe des palmiers, presque aucune identification n'a été réalisée en dessous du rang familial tant pour le matériel fossile que pour les restes archéologiques. Dans cette étude, à partir de l'analyse de l'anatomie des stipes de palmiers actuels, un système descriptif est mis en place afin de réaliser des identifications plus précises. L'échantillonnage est réalisé de manière à recouvrir toutes les tribus sur l'ensemble des cinq sous-familles (Calamoideae, Nypoideae, Coryphoideae, Ceroxyloideae, Arecoideae). Ainsi, 154 spécimens appartenant à 81 genres sont analysés. La sous-famille des Coryphoideae est particulièrement étudiée (28/46 genres) et chacune de ses tribus est détaillée. Ces descriptions sont intégrées dans une base de connaissance élaborée avec le logiciel Xper2 (http://www.infosyslab.fr/Palm-ID/) qui permet de réaliser des identifications interactives au niveau sous-familial, tribal ou générique avec l'aide de 32 descripteurs et de 108 états. Cette étude a mis en évidence que les différentes sous-familles et que la plupart des tribus des Coryphoideae peuvent se différencier sur la base de structures anatomiques (faisceaux fibro-vasculaires, nombre de vaisseaux, organisation du parenchyme, répartition générale des faisceaux fibro-vasculaires dans la coupe transver- sale). Les différents modes de croissances sont redéfinis à partir de deux mécanismes : la croissance post-primaire du parenchyme fondamental et la différenciation centrifuge de la partie fibreuse des faisceaux fibro-vasculaires. Celle-ci se manifeste par la formation de nouvelles fibres au niveau de la périphérie de cette partie fibreuse et n'est pas observée chez les Coryphoideae (sauf chez les Caryoteae). Les résultats de cette étude ont ensuite été mis à profit pour l'examen de matériel archéologique avec l'identification de charbons de palmiers (Arabie Saoudite, iie siècle BCE) et d'un filet de pêche en palmier (Pakistan, ive millénaire BCE). Un retour sur quelques Palmoxylon non identifiés de deux sites du Sud-Est de la France (vallée d'Apt, Rupélien et Castellane, Tortonien) a permis d'identifier des tiges fossiles appartenant à la tribu des Cryosophileae. Cette tribu est aujourd'hui endémique au continent américain et n'a jusqu'ici jamais été retrouvée à l'état fossile hors de ce continent. L'étude des fossiles pourra par la suite permettre d'améliorer la compréhension de l'évolution de cette famille et ainsi fournir des informations supplémentaires sur la datation des phylogénies.