<p>Detta är en kapacitets- och känslighetsanalys av bagagehanteringssystem vid Arlanda flygplats. Studien är ett examensarbete för civilingenjörsutbildningen Kommunikations- och Transportsystem vid Linköpings universitet och är utförd på uppdrag av Luftfartsverket, LFV Teknik under 2004 och 2005. </p><p>Studien har gjorts med datorstödd simulering som analysverktyg. Studien har gjorts genom att en simuleringsmodell av det studerade systemet har byggts i simuleringsprogrammet Arena. Denna modell har matats med trafikunderlag från en normalvecka under 2004. Utifrån denna modell och utifrån förväntade trafikökningar har sedan ett antal kapacitets- och känslighetsanalysscenarier formulerats och dessa har sedan simulerats och resultaten har tolkats och analyserats samt jämförts med resultaten från grundmodellen. </p><p>Kapacitetsanalysen visar att anläggningen är väl rustad för att ta emot den annalkande trafikökning som förväntas under de närmaste åren, eftersom den ökade trafiken inte innebär några signifikanta problem genom ökat antal väskor som inte hinner med sina flighter. Det som dock kan vara en begränsande faktor är att fickallokeringssystemet inte är effektivt och det sänker anläggningens verkliga kapacitet. För att kunna nyttja anläggningen maximalt bör fickallokeringssystemet ses över. </p><p>Känslighetsanalysen visar att systemet är mycket sårbart för störningar, särskilt om kommunikationen med BSM-centralen går ner eller om en Röntgen Level 2-maskin går sönder. Sådana händelser resulterar i att anläggningens kapacitet minskar kraftigt och i vissa fall klarar anläggningen inte av att hantera dagens trafikmängd. En handlingsplan för hur dessa störningar och konsekvenserna av dem ska minimeras bör införas snarast. </p> / <p>This is a capacity and sensitivity analysis of a baggage handling system at Stockholm-Arlanda airport. The study is a Master's Thesis in Communication and Transport Systems Engineering at the University of Linköping. The study was done on behalf of the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration. The analysis tool that was used is simulation. </p><p>In the study, a simulation model of the baggage handling system was implemented in the simulation program Arena. A base scenario containing the traffic program from one week in 2004 was created and used as a reference scenario. A total of 8 different scenarios were created to form the capacity and sensitivity analyses. </p><p>The capacity analysis showed that the baggage handling system will be able to handle the forecasted increases in traffic over the next few years with relative ease. The X-ray machines are currently not working at anywhere near full capacity. However, the system is currently not being used in an efficient way. The pocket allocation method is far from optimal because flights that use more than one pocket are allocated adjacent pockets only which can be very inefficient. This method needs to be revised for the system to work efficiently. </p><p>The sensitivity analysis showed that the system is very vulnerable if certain things happen. In particular if the communication link with the Baggage Source Message-central in London is lost there will be big problems because all luggage will go to the Manual Encoding Station (MES). The MES will then be very digested and it will take a considerably larger amount of time for the baggage to pass through the system. Problems will also occur if one of the two Level 2 X-ray-machines break down. The remaining machine cannot handle all the baggage by itself, especially not if there are flights to the USA about to depart since baggage heading for the USA must be run through X-ray Level 2. It is strongly recommended that handling plans are formed to minimise the effects of such events.</p>

<p>I SLUTET AV 1980-talet och början av 90-talet skedde stora omvälvningar i svensk skolpolitik som fick följder för den lokala skolan. Detta kom att bli införandet av fristående skolor. En nya era i svensk skolpolitik hade börjat. En era där konkurrens mellan skolor skulle bli vardag. I Sverige har det gjort väldigt lite forskning om konkurrens mellan skolor och den forskning som gjorts har uteslutande handlat om huruvida konkurrens är något positivt eller negativt för skolor. Länder som USA och England har kommit längre inom denna forskning. I den forskning som finns i Sverige finns det därmed ett tomrum att fylla därför är det denna studies syfte att jämföra hur två olika personer med ansvar för marknadsföring på två olika skolor, (kommunal icke-fristående skola samt fristående icke-kommunal skola) resonerar kring följderna av föräldrars och elevers rätt till fritt val av skola. Ett vidare syfte är att få en bild av hur medvetna dessa skolor är om behovet av konkurrens och marknadsföring.</p><p>Studien bygger på primärdata bestående utav intervjuer med två olika personer som representerar två olika skolor baserade i Stockholm och Botkyrka kommun. Dessa personers tankar och idéer om det fria valet av skola, konkurrens och marknadsföring har sedan analyserats och jämförts med varandra för att få fram respektive skillnader och likheter dem emellan. Resultaten har sedan diskuterats i ljuset av Christian Grönroos relationsmarknadsföringsteori samt tidigare forskning på området.</p><p>Genomgången av empirin gav vid handen att båda skolorna uppfattar konkurrens och det fria valet av skola som något positivt men att båda skolor drabbas av det olika. Storvretsskolan har svårare att konkurrera med andra skolor då de ej vill stöta sig med andra kommunala skolor i samma kommun. Detta problem har inte Sverigefinska skolan.</p><p>Undersökningen visade också att ett samband mellan valfrihet, konkurrens och marknadsföring föreligger, ett samband som mycket påverkas av skolans rykte. De båda skolorna uppfattar rykte som något man bör ha kontroll över. Hur de eftersträvar detta skiljer sig men båda informanterna anser att en god kommunikation med föräldrar är det viktigaste verktyget i kampen mot ett dåligt rykte som i sin tur påverkar skolans förutsättningar att marknadsföra sig, då båda menar att ett gott rykte är den bästa marknadsföringen.</p> / <p>IN THE END of the 1980th and the early beginning of -90th, revolutionary changes in Swedish school politic took place which influenced the local school agenda all over the country.</p><p>The school was to be governed by local authorities and independent schools became new actors. A new era in Swedish schools were to begin, an era of competition.</p><p>In Sweden very little research in competition between schools has been done comparing to USA and England. Research made in Sweden, has only been about whether competition between schools are positive or negative thing. Consequently the very reason for this study and the purpose is: To compare two different persons in charge of marketing on two different schools, (public non-independent school along with independent non-public school) how these two people discuss and reason about the consequences of parents’ legal right of choice of school. Moreover, to get these schools awareness of the need of competition and marketing.</p><p>This essay is based on primary data such as interviews with two persons representing two different types of schools in Stockholm and Botkyrka. Each interview has been analysed and compared with each other in the light of Christian Grönroos theories of relation-marketing to reach eventually similarities and divergence, in these two representatives way of discussing and reason about marketing as consequence of being exposed to competition.</p><p>The results of the study shows that both representatives of the schools think positive about competition and parents’ legal right of choice of school, even though both schools are differently affected.</p><p>In the case of Storvretsskolan, competing is harder because it doesn’t want to get on the wrong side of other public schools. This problem doesn’t affect Sverigefinska skolan. The study also showed a link between free choice, competition and marketing, a link that is highly influenced by the word of mouth of each school.</p><p>Both schools regard word of mouth as something that one has to get in control with. The achievement in this matter differ, but both schools consider a good communication with parents, the best way of controlling negative word of mouth, which in turn has an influence in both schools prerequisite of marketing. Further more, both schools think that a positive word of mouth is the best way of marketing. Sverigefinska skolan is the one of the two that has spent most resources in marketing and also the one that has been doing it longest time.</p>

<p>Denna uppsats syftar till att beskriva och analysera styrningen av det offentliga kulturstödet samt hur detta påverkar organiseringen och verksamheten hos fria kulturorganisationer. En teoretisk utgångspunkt tas i de förändringar av den offentliga verksamhetens styrning och kontroll, som pågått sedan 1980-talet och som av forskarvärlden samlas under begreppet New Public Management. Studien är avgränsad till Stockholms stads kulturstöd; verksamhetsstödet, projektstödet och den år 2008 införda så kallade incitamentsstrukturen. Studien, som är en flerfallsstudie, är också avgränsad till fyra fria kulturorganisationer. Med fria kulturorganisationer menar vi organisationer som är sin egen huvudman och vars verksamhet inte syftar till att generera vinst. Organisationerna i studien är Biografteatern Rio/Framtidens Mötesplats AB, Dramalabbet, Musikföreningen Fritz’s Corner samt Orionteatern AB. Empirin bygger främst på intervjuer med representanter för dessa kulturorganisationer samt en intervju med en handläggare på Stockholm stads kulturförvaltning.</p><p>I studien framkommer bland annat att Stockholms stads fördelning av verksamhets- och projektstöd fortfarande i första hand baseras på kvalitativa bedömningar av de sökande och deras verksamheter även om ansökningshandlingar blivit mer och mer kvantitativt inriktade i sin utformning. Införandet av incitamentsstrukturen har lett till en förändrad instrumentell syn på kulturen och kulturpolitiken, med ett ökat fokus på att företagisera den fria kulturlivet. Studien visar upp en bild av att Stockholms kulturpolitik under den senaste mandatperioden blivit mer polariserad. Där det tidigare rått en generell samsyn kring kulturpolitiska satsningar har det under den senaste mandatperioden, och framför allt kopplat till införandet av incitamentsstrukturen, skapats en tydligare kulturpolitisk skillnad mellan de politiska blocken.</p><p>I studien framkommer också att kulturorganisationernas finansieringstradition, som bland annat är kopplat till hur det offentliga anslagen ser ut, starkt har påverkat verksamheternas organisering, bland annat syns detta i att organisationerna utvecklat ett managementstyre. Organisationerna i studien skiljer sig i hur starkt deras verksamhet är beroende av offentliga medel. En sak som framkommer är dock att samtliga verksamheter på något sätt skulle behöva ändra sin grundläggande konstnärliga inriktning om stödet skulle försvinna.</p>

Consumption forms and is formed by the city. How, when and where commodities are transacted is essential in this urban drama of mutual relationships. This thesis explores how consumption and everyday life in cities are interrelated. The specific objective is to analyse how commodity transaction situations are configured and constrained in time and space, and, how consumer service spaces are formed in and are part of city formation. Transactions are conceptualised as economically and socially situated material projects constituted by consumers, commodities and producers. Commodities and values are transferred and created through transaction spaces. The theoretical perspective is framed around consumption and production of spaces, and particularly informed by Hägerstrand’s time-geographical thinking and Lefebvre’s work on urban space. Methodologically different examples of consumption projects and spaces are used to discuss configurations and formations for commodity transactions. The thesis stresses material and time-spatial constraints for commodity transaction and it discusses the blurring of boundaries between what conventionally has been separate social and economic activities and places. Changing transaction configurations and the formation of consumer service spaces in the city are explored through analysis of different consumption places and commodities such as books, coffee and clothes and property development projects in Stockholm city centre. Transaction configurations display geographical and historical continuities and changes as well as time-spatial flexibility and spatial fixity. Transactions spaces are continuously formed and reformed through processes embedded in the global cultural economy, urban development and politics, as well as through people’s everyday life. Producers’ strategic production and consumers’ tactical appropriation of transactions spaces are accentuated as crucial in the spatial practice of transactions, places and city formation.

This volume is a collection of three essays relating to the pricing of securities in financial markets, such as stock markets, where a large number of individual securities are traded. Lead-Lag Effects in a Competitive REE MarketThis essay introduces a model of cross-security information aggregation. The model is essentially an extension of Chan (Journal of Finance, 1993) to the case of simultaneous auction markets where revealed information is correlated across securities.The model provides clear predictions of lead-lag effects between securities returns. Several of the model's predictions are confirmed empirically using data from the Paris Bourse. Other models of price formation, including the basic Chan model and nonsynchronous trading, are rejected as they cannot account for observed return patterns. Learning the True Index LevelThis essay extends the model of cross-security information aggregation by deriving implications for autocorrelation in index returns. Both time series and cross-sectional predictions are confirmed by empirical evidence from the Paris Bourse. In addition, the time series predictions are consistent with earlier, partly unexplained, empirical evidence from the US market. An Empirical Study of Index Return AutocorrelationThis essay studies return autocorrelation on the Stockholm Stock Exchange focusing on the relation between index returns and indvidual stock returns. It is demonstrated that the two return types have similar time series properties, and it is concluded that the causes of autocorrelation are the same in both cases. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 1997</p>

The purpose of this master thesis has been to develop a baggage handling process at Stockholm Skavsta Airport that is cost-efficient, in order to prepare for the expected expansion of the airport. When developing the new process it was a directive to examine the possibilities of using radio frequency identification, RFID, technology and also that the required investment for the new process should have a payback time of no more than two to three years. The current process contains a completely manual sorting activity, which is both costly in terms of personnel and creates some mishandling of baggage due to the human factor. Our recommendation is a baggage handling process that use automatic sorting through RFID technology that eliminates the mishandling of baggage and reduce the personnel costs and at the same time have a payback period of less than three years. The main cost driver is the RFID tag costs and therefore our process is a so called closed-loop system, where the tags are reused several times and require very little work in between uses. The proposed physical layout consists of a drawing of the physical layout of the baggage sorting hall, a description of the RFID system, and the required information system software.

I SLUTET AV 1980-talet och början av 90-talet skedde stora omvälvningar i svensk skolpolitik som fick följder för den lokala skolan. Detta kom att bli införandet av fristående skolor. En nya era i svensk skolpolitik hade börjat. En era där konkurrens mellan skolor skulle bli vardag. I Sverige har det gjort väldigt lite forskning om konkurrens mellan skolor och den forskning som gjorts har uteslutande handlat om huruvida konkurrens är något positivt eller negativt för skolor. Länder som USA och England har kommit längre inom denna forskning. I den forskning som finns i Sverige finns det därmed ett tomrum att fylla därför är det denna studies syfte att jämföra hur två olika personer med ansvar för marknadsföring på två olika skolor, (kommunal icke-fristående skola samt fristående icke-kommunal skola) resonerar kring följderna av föräldrars och elevers rätt till fritt val av skola. Ett vidare syfte är att få en bild av hur medvetna dessa skolor är om behovet av konkurrens och marknadsföring. Studien bygger på primärdata bestående utav intervjuer med två olika personer som representerar två olika skolor baserade i Stockholm och Botkyrka kommun. Dessa personers tankar och idéer om det fria valet av skola, konkurrens och marknadsföring har sedan analyserats och jämförts med varandra för att få fram respektive skillnader och likheter dem emellan. Resultaten har sedan diskuterats i ljuset av Christian Grönroos relationsmarknadsföringsteori samt tidigare forskning på området. Genomgången av empirin gav vid handen att båda skolorna uppfattar konkurrens och det fria valet av skola som något positivt men att båda skolor drabbas av det olika. Storvretsskolan har svårare att konkurrera med andra skolor då de ej vill stöta sig med andra kommunala skolor i samma kommun. Detta problem har inte Sverigefinska skolan. Undersökningen visade också att ett samband mellan valfrihet, konkurrens och marknadsföring föreligger, ett samband som mycket påverkas av skolans rykte. De båda skolorna uppfattar rykte som något man bör ha kontroll över. Hur de eftersträvar detta skiljer sig men båda informanterna anser att en god kommunikation med föräldrar är det viktigaste verktyget i kampen mot ett dåligt rykte som i sin tur påverkar skolans förutsättningar att marknadsföra sig, då båda menar att ett gott rykte är den bästa marknadsföringen. / IN THE END of the 1980th and the early beginning of -90th, revolutionary changes in Swedish school politic took place which influenced the local school agenda all over the country. The school was to be governed by local authorities and independent schools became new actors. A new era in Swedish schools were to begin, an era of competition. In Sweden very little research in competition between schools has been done comparing to USA and England. Research made in Sweden, has only been about whether competition between schools are positive or negative thing. Consequently the very reason for this study and the purpose is: To compare two different persons in charge of marketing on two different schools, (public non-independent school along with independent non-public school) how these two people discuss and reason about the consequences of parents’ legal right of choice of school. Moreover, to get these schools awareness of the need of competition and marketing. This essay is based on primary data such as interviews with two persons representing two different types of schools in Stockholm and Botkyrka. Each interview has been analysed and compared with each other in the light of Christian Grönroos theories of relation-marketing to reach eventually similarities and divergence, in these two representatives way of discussing and reason about marketing as consequence of being exposed to competition. The results of the study shows that both representatives of the schools think positive about competition and parents’ legal right of choice of school, even though both schools are differently affected. In the case of Storvretsskolan, competing is harder because it doesn’t want to get on the wrong side of other public schools. This problem doesn’t affect Sverigefinska skolan. The study also showed a link between free choice, competition and marketing, a link that is highly influenced by the word of mouth of each school. Both schools regard word of mouth as something that one has to get in control with. The achievement in this matter differ, but both schools consider a good communication with parents, the best way of controlling negative word of mouth, which in turn has an influence in both schools prerequisite of marketing. Further more, both schools think that a positive word of mouth is the best way of marketing. Sverigefinska skolan is the one of the two that has spent most resources in marketing and also the one that has been doing it longest time.

With accelerating urbanization it is crucial to understand how urban ecosystems play a part in generating ecosystem services for urban dwellers, such as clean water, spaces for recreation, stress relief and improved air quality. An equally important question relate to who gets to enjoy these benefits, i.e. the distribution of ecosystem services, and how issues of power and equity influence the management of ecosystems. Through case studies from the urban landscape of Stockholm, this doctoral thesis engages with these perspectives through combining ecological theory with social theory, including social network analysis, actor-network theory and social movement theory. Strategies for how to improve urban ecosystem management are presented along with frameworks for how to analyze issues of power and equity in relation to natural resource management. <b>Paper I </b>shows that ecosystem management can be studied through analyzing the structure of social networks, i.e. the patterns of relations between agencies, stake-holders and user groups. <b>Paper II</b> and <b>Paper III</b> analyze, based on a network survey of 62 civil society organizations and in-depth interviews, a transformational process of how an urban local movement managed to protect a large urban green area from exploitation (The Stockholm National Urban Park). <b>Paper IV</b> discusses, based on several case studies from Stockholm, a conducive network structure for linking managers and user groups (e.g. allotment gardens, cemetery managers, and urban planners) across spatial ecological scales so as to improve urban green area management. <b>Paper V</b> presents a framework to analyze the social-ecological dynamics behind the generation and distribution of ecosystem services in urban landscapes. The thesis points towards the notion of "a social production of ecosystem services" and argues for deeper engagement with urban political ecology and critical geography to inform governance and collective action in relation to urban ecosystems.

Problem: Interim and annual reports are some of the most crucial sources of information regarding companies’ performances. Interested parties such as analysts and investors assess this information and compare it with expectations. Analysts’ expectations of companies’ interim reports are of great importance when analysing the future development of share movement. Possible deviations between analysts’ expectations and actual presented results from the individual companies might change the perceptions of specific future stock prices. Furthermore business sectors have different characteristics and might respond differently to unexpected earnings news. Over- and underperformance of the presented results in relation to analysts’ expectations could create specific stock price movements over a forthcoming period depending on the nature of the report. The authors label this phenomenon as persistent trends. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to establish whether persistency and trends could be observed in the future development of companies’ stock prices with regard to analysts’ expectations and the true result presented by the companies. Method: With a quantitative approach the authors conducted an event study aiming to fulfill the purpose of this thesis. The study consisted of all fourth quarter reports presented 2001 throughout 2004 by the companies presently listed on the Most traded section of the Stockholm stock exchange A-list. The authors defined the nature of the studied reports as positive or negative depending on whether the pre-tax earning exceeded or were lower than the analysts’ expectations. Furthermore the authors constructed a mathematical formula which distinguished if the possible deviation of actual results compared to expectations was significant. The share price performance for two months subsequent to the earnings announcement was recorded and compared with the OMXS30 development for the equivalent time, thereby the authors gathered empirical evidence to fulfill the purpose. Furthermore the data was also divided into business subcategories to provide answers to whether there was uniform response to unexpected earnings information among business sectors. Results: The authors presented empirically founded evidence for the existence of persistent trends following the presentation of both positive and negative reports. The authors also rejected the presence of a uniform response to deviating earnings information in the business sectors.

Denna studie undersöker inköpen av offentlig konst i fyra kommuner (Botkyrka, Haninge, Järfälla och Solna) i Stockholms län under åren 2009-2011. Målet med undersökningen har varit att jämföra kommunernas inköp och att utifrån resultaten ställa frågan om hur den offentliga konstens praktik och placering förstås i kommunerna. Undersökningen har också ställt frågor om hur denna praktik ser ut i jämförelse med samtida diskussioner om hur offentlig konst kan och skall förstås. En kortare introduktion till enprocentregeln och hur den använts i Stockholms kommuner ges också i denna uppsats. Studien omfattar totalt 199 verk från dessa fyra kommuner inköpt under 2009-2011 och innehåller allt från textilcollage, grafisk konst som litografier och bronsskulpturer till verk som innehåller ”mänsklig aktivitet”. Som resultaten kom att visa så köpte kommunerna mer löskonst, i mer traditionell stil som målningar och litografier. Endast en kommun av de fyra hade köpt in konst som liknade den som förekommer i dagens diskussioner om offentlig konst. / This study examines the purchases of public art in four municipalities (Botkyrka, Haninge, Järfälla and Solna) in Stockholm County during the years 2009-2011. The objective of the study was to compare the municipalities' procurement and raise questions on the practice and position of public in these municipalities. The objective was also to compare these results with contemporary art debates on how public art can be understood today. This essay also gives a short introduction and history to the “one percent rule” and how it has been used, particularly in Stockholm County. The study includes a total of 199 pieces of art from these four municipalities purchased under 2009-2011. The purchased works of art consists of everything from textile collages, graphic art like lithography and bronze sculptures to art containing "human activity". The results of this study showed that these municipalities mainly bought more traditional art in the form of paintings and lithography, than “solid” art like sculptures. Only one of the municipalities had invested in art that reminded of the type of art that is discussed in today’s press.