This research deals with impacts of pesticide substances on spider populations. In this case pesticides of the neonicotinoids classes were tested. Specific neonicotinoids were applied to different of spiders which were collected in various localities and at some stage of development - nymph, adult or subadult individuals. The diploma thesis analyzes and the documents the effects of neonicotinoids to spiders. The results show that some pesticides can have a significant negative effect to locomotion, predation, ballooning, drop or to spiders mortality. Keywords: spider, arthropod, pesticides, insecticides, neonicotinoids, sublethal effects, mortality, EthoVision XT, locomotion, drop, ballooning, predation, Philodromus, Oedothorax, Pardosa, Xerolycosa, Phylloneta

Os protocolos de Avaliação de Risco Ambiental (ERA) de Fármacos e Produtos de Cuidados Pessoais (FPCP) recomendam o uso de ensaios ecotoxicológicos tradicionais (por exemplo algas, bactérias, invertebrados, peixes) e a avaliação de efeitos em um único nível de organização biológica para a determinação dos efeitos potenciais dos FPCP à biota. Considerando que efeitos em nível de sub-indivíduo pode afetar igualmente a aptidão ecológica de organismos marinhos, e que os mesmos estão cronicamente expostos aos FPCP, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o risco ambiental de triclosan (TCS), ibuprofeno (IBU) e 17&alpha;-etinilestradiol (EE2) em sedimentos marinhos utilizando respostas de efeitos sub-individuais e populacionais. Por meio do HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, as concentrações ambientais de TCS e IBU foram quantificadas em sedimentos marinhos coletados no entorno do emissário submarino de esgoto de Santos (Baía de Santos, São Paulo - Brasil) com 15,14 e 49,0 ng.g-1, respectivamente, enquanto o EE2 não foi detectado (<33 ng.g-1). Uma bateria de ensaios de toxicidade crônica (desenvolvimento embriolarval) com ouriços-do-mar (Lytechinus variegatus) e bivalves (Perna perna) foi realizada (efeito a nível de indivíduo) após exposição a sedimentos contaminados com os FPCP. Além disso, foram analisados alguns biomarcadores de Fase I (etoxiresorufina O-deetilase EROD e dibenzilfluoresceína DBF), de Fase II (glutationa S-transferase GST) do metabolismo, do sistema antioxidante (glutationa peroxidase GPx), de neurotoxicidade (colinesterase ChE), de estresse oxidativo (peroxidação lipídica LPO e danos em DNA) e de citotoxicidade que foram selecionados para avaliação das respostas a nível de sub-indivíduo em mexilhões Mytella charruana. Todos os compostos analisados apresentaram efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento embriolarval de L. variegatus e P. perna em concentrações ambientalmente relevantes. Em nível de sub-indivíuo foi possível observar que o TCS causou efeitos cito-genotóxicos (diminuição da estabilidade da membrana lisossomal, peroxidação lipídica e danos em DNA) e neurotóxicos. O IBU causou efeitos citotóxicos e neurotóxicos, enquanto o EE2 apresentou efeitos citotóxicos e danos em DNA. Nesse sentido, mesmo em baixas concentrações os FPCP são potencialmente capazes de alterar os mecanismos de manutenção da homeostase. Os dados químicos e ecotoxicológicos foram integrados e os quocientes de risco estimados para TCS, IBU e EE2 apresentaram valores superiores a 1,0, indicando alto risco ambiental destes compostos em sedimentos marinhos. Estes são os primeiros dados de avaliação de risco ambiental de FPCP em sedimentos de uma zona costeira brasileira. Os resultados sugerem que a ERA de fármacos e produtos de cuidados pessoais deve contemplar, além dos ensaios de toxicidade tradicionais o uso de biomarcadores como indicadores dos primeiros sinais de efeitos e, assim, estabelecer uma avaliação de risco mais efetiva que assegure a proteção e funcionamento dos ecossistemas aquáticos. / The guidelines for the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) usually recommend the use of standard ecotoxicity assays (e.g. algae, bacteria, invertebrate, fish) and the assessment of endpoints at individual level for the evaluation of potential effects of PPCPs on biota. Considering that effects at sub-individual level can also affect the ecological fitness of marine organisms, and that marine organisms are chronically exposed to PPCPs, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the environmental risk of triclosan (TCS), ibuprofen (IBU) and 17&alpha;-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in marine sediments using sub-individual and population endpoints. Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, the environmental levels of TCS and IBU were quantified in marine sediments from the vicinities of the Santos submarine sewage outfall (Bay of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil) at 15.14 and 49.0 ng g-1, respectively, while EE2 was not detected (<33ng g-1). A battery (n=3) of chronic bioassays (embryo-larval development) with a sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) and a bivalve (Perna perna) were performed at populational level after exposure to spiked sediment. Phases I (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase EROD and dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase DBF) and II (glutathione S-transferase GST) of the metabolism, antioxidant system (glutathione peroxidase GPX), neurotoxicity (cholinesterase ChE), oxidative effects (lipid peroxidation LPO and DNA damage strand breaks) and cytotoxicity were selected to evaluate the sublethal responses in the bivalve Mytella charruana. These compounds showed developmental effects on L. variegatus and P. perna at environmentally relevant concentrations. At sub-individual level TCS induced cyto-genotoxic (reduction on stability of lysosome membrane, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage) and neurotoxic effects. IBU caused cyto and neurotoxic effect, while EE2 caused cytotoxic and DNA damage. Chemical and ecotoxicological data were integrated and the quotient risk estimated for TCS, IBU and EE2 showed values higher than 1.0, indicating high environmental risks of these compounds in sediments. These are the first data of risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sediments of a Brazilian coastal zone. The results suggests that the ERA of pharmaceuticals and personal care products must include, in addition to the standard toxicity tests, the use of biomarkers as indicators of the early warning signs and thus provide a more effective risk assessment to security the protection and functioning of aquatic ecosystems.

No description available.

Diese Dissertation ist ein Beitrag zum Forschungsfeld der Stressökologie, im Spe-ziellen der Verhaltensökotoxikologie. Das spontane lokomotorische Verhalten der Fischarten Danio rerio und Leucaspius delineatus wurde unter sublethaler Expo-sition mit dem Cyanobakterientoxin Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) und dem Xenobio-tikums 2.4.4`-Trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 28) quantifiziert. Die Schwimmgeschwin-digkeit und Anzahl der Wendungen wurden kontinuierlich mit einem automati-schen Video-Monitoringsystem unter Laborbedingungen aufgezeichnet. In Hin-blick auf zyklische Aspekte wurden die Verhaltensanalysen mit chronobiologi-schen Methoden kombiniert. Hiermit wurde gezeigt, dass MC-LR und PCB 28 zu signifikanten Effekten in Verhalten und Aktivitätsrhythmik beider Fischarten führten. Höhere Konzentrati-onen beider Untersuchungssubstanzen verursachten eine deutliche Aktivitätsredu-zierung bei Danio rerio und Leucaspius delineatus. Einige der festgestellten Do-sis-Wirkungsbeziehungen entsprechen der Hormesistheorie, z. B. war bei geringe-ren MC-LR Konzentrationen ein Aktivitätsanstieg und bei höheren ein Aktivitäts-abfall beider Fischarten zu verzeichnen. Die Exposition mit MC-LR und PCB 28 verringerte bei beiden Testfischarten die Synchronisation der Aktivität mit dem Zeitgeber Licht. Dies führte bei beiden Fischarten zu einer Phasenverschiebung. Bei Leucaspius delineatus war unter dem Einfluss von MC-LR eine Phasenumkehr zu verzeichnen, die Fische wechselten von Tag- zu Nachtaktivität. Die Cosinor Analyse zeigte Dosis abhängige Veränderungen der circadianen Rhythmen der Schwimmaktivität (z.B. MESOR, Akrophase) unter Einfluss von MC-LR und PCB 28 an. Die Power Spektral Analyse indizierte für beide Fischar-ten unter Einwirkung von MC-LR and PCB 28 eine reduzierte Dominanz des cir-cadianen Rhythmuspeaks. Da die registrierten Unterschiede in der Reaktion beider Fischarten auf MC-LR und PCB 28 eher gering waren, sind Ergebnisse der Art Danio rerio, die häufig in Toxizitätstests verwendet wird, mit denen der einheimischen Art Leucaspius deli-neatus vergleichbar. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass Verhaltensuntersuchungen in Kombination mit chronobiologischen Auswertemethoden eine sensitive und zuverlässige Abschät-zung des Gefährdungspotentials von Substanzen sowohl auf dem Gebiet der Öko-toxikologie als auch für Biomonitoring ermöglichen. / This thesis contributes to the field of stress ecology specifically behavioural ecotoxicology. The spontaneous locomotor behavior of two fish species Danio re-rio and Leucaspius delineatus was recorded and quantified continuously under sublethal exposure to the cyanotoxin microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and the xenobioti-cum 2.4.4`-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 28). By using an automated video-monitoring system, the swimming velocity and the number of turns were assessed under labo-ratory conditions. For analysing cyclic aspects basic behavioural analyses were combined with chronobiological procedures as cosinor analysis and power spec-tral analysis. Both MC-LR and PCB 28 acted as stressors and caused significant changes in the behaviour and circadian activity rhythms of Danio rerio as well as Leucaspius de-lineatus. So for both species elevated concentrations of the stressors led to a re-duction of their activity. Some dose-responses correspond to the hormesis theory, e.g., there was an increase of daytime activity at lower MC-LR concentrations and a decrease at elevated concentrations of MC-LR for both species. A degree of desynchronisation of activity to the zeitgeber light, which led to a phase shift was caused by the chemicals in both fish species. In Leucaspius de-lineatus this shift was so drastic that this species reversed their significant diurnal activity and became nocturnal under the influence of MC-LR. The Cosinor analysis revealed MC-LR- and PCB 28-induced, dose-dependent al-terations of the circadian rhythms of activity (e.g., MESOR, acrophase). The power spectral analysis showed that the dominance of the circadian rhythmic peak (of 24 h) was reduced under MC-LR and PCB 28 for both species. Since the observed differences in the reactions of both species to MC-LR and PCB 28 were rather small, the results of the species Danio rerio which is widely used for environmental risk assessment tests, are comparable to those of the native European species Leucaspius delineatus. The findings of this study proved that the basic behavioural analyses combined with chronobiological procedures could be valuable tools for the study of stressful or even harmful environmental factors in the field of ecotoxicology as well as for biomonitoring.

Brodifacoum is a highly effective anticoagulant rodenticide that presents a secondary hazard to some non-target wildlife. The high acute toxicity of brodifacoum to mammals and birds, and its prolonged persistence in liver predicates secondary risk to predators and scavengers of poisoned rodents. Hence there is a need to improve ability to monitor and predict hazards of brodifacoum to non-targets, and optimise use patterns accordingly. Use of a less persistent anticoagulant rodenticide, diphacinone, is an alternative approach currently under investigation in New Zealand. This thesis describes a series of laboratory and pen studies that address information gaps relevant to the assessment of non-target hazards in continued use of brodifacoum, and of using diphacinone as an alternative. Non-lethal techniques for determining sublethal brodifacoum exposure in birds was investigated in chickens. Elevation of prothrombin time was a less reliable index than residual concentrations in tissues. Samples requiring less invasive procedures, such as dried blood spots or faeces, have potential to detect recent sublethal brodifacoum exposure and refinement of these indices could be useful in proactive monitoring of avian wildlife. Residual brodifacoum in eggs of sublethally-exposed hens raised further questions regarding wider non-target hazard and adverse effects on development of fertile eggs or chicks. A laboratory trial with rats found a positive correlation between residual brodifacoum concentrations in liver and the amount of brodifacoum ingested as bait. An estimated 14-22% of ingested brodifacoum was excreted in rat faeces in the period between ingestion of a lethal dose and death, indicating another potentially significant environmental pathway for brodifacoum transfer. In considering diphacinone as a less persistent alternative rodenticide to brodifacoum, evaluation of residual concentrations and persistence in pig tissues was required to estimate secondary hazard to human consumers and adequate with-holding periods for hunting feral pigs in areas where diphacinone was applied. A pen trial showed that domestic pigs were more susceptible to diphacinone toxicity, and thus primary poisoning risk, than previously estimated. Hepatic half-life of diphacinone in pigs was approximately 14 days, indicating reduced persistence in comparison to brodifacoum and enabling estimates of with-holding periods for hunting feral pigs from areas where diphacinone baits were applied. To investigate potential hazards of diphacinone use to invertebrates a trial using tree weta, a native New Zealand invertebrate, was undertaken. Weta readily ate diphacinone wax block baits with no mortality or weight loss evident, indicating low susceptibility. Residual whole-body diphacinone concentrations did not increase with the amount of diphacinone bait eaten. A simple, deterministic risk assessment suggested that, as a single secondary exposure, the maximum diphacinone concentration measured in weta would present a low risk to non-target birds. Given international recognition of the high secondary hazard and corresponding restrictions on use of brodifacoum, continued availability of brodifacoum to non-licensed users and sustained field applications for possum and rodent control in New Zealand is an exceptional use pattern. New data in this thesis suggest that baiting strategies that minimise the amount of brodifacoum available in the environment are important and regulatory review of some New Zealand brodifacoum applications should address this. In parallel, development of diphacinone as an alternative to brodifacoum should continue, as new data here confirms lower persistence in mammalian liver than brodifacoum, and also indicates low toxicity to invertebrates. However further investigation of multiple-exposure hazard and potential sublethal effects of diphacinone on non-target mammals and birds is warranted before extensive and sustained field applications of diphacinone are undertaken.

Os protocolos de Avaliação de Risco Ambiental (ERA) de Fármacos e Produtos de Cuidados Pessoais (FPCP) recomendam o uso de ensaios ecotoxicológicos tradicionais (por exemplo algas, bactérias, invertebrados, peixes) e a avaliação de efeitos em um único nível de organização biológica para a determinação dos efeitos potenciais dos FPCP à biota. Considerando que efeitos em nível de sub-indivíduo pode afetar igualmente a aptidão ecológica de organismos marinhos, e que os mesmos estão cronicamente expostos aos FPCP, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o risco ambiental de triclosan (TCS), ibuprofeno (IBU) e 17&alpha;-etinilestradiol (EE2) em sedimentos marinhos utilizando respostas de efeitos sub-individuais e populacionais. Por meio do HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, as concentrações ambientais de TCS e IBU foram quantificadas em sedimentos marinhos coletados no entorno do emissário submarino de esgoto de Santos (Baía de Santos, São Paulo - Brasil) com 15,14 e 49,0 ng.g-1, respectivamente, enquanto o EE2 não foi detectado (<33 ng.g-1). Uma bateria de ensaios de toxicidade crônica (desenvolvimento embriolarval) com ouriços-do-mar (Lytechinus variegatus) e bivalves (Perna perna) foi realizada (efeito a nível de indivíduo) após exposição a sedimentos contaminados com os FPCP. Além disso, foram analisados alguns biomarcadores de Fase I (etoxiresorufina O-deetilase EROD e dibenzilfluoresceína DBF), de Fase II (glutationa S-transferase GST) do metabolismo, do sistema antioxidante (glutationa peroxidase GPx), de neurotoxicidade (colinesterase ChE), de estresse oxidativo (peroxidação lipídica LPO e danos em DNA) e de citotoxicidade que foram selecionados para avaliação das respostas a nível de sub-indivíduo em mexilhões Mytella charruana. Todos os compostos analisados apresentaram efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento embriolarval de L. variegatus e P. perna em concentrações ambientalmente relevantes. Em nível de sub-indivíuo foi possível observar que o TCS causou efeitos cito-genotóxicos (diminuição da estabilidade da membrana lisossomal, peroxidação lipídica e danos em DNA) e neurotóxicos. O IBU causou efeitos citotóxicos e neurotóxicos, enquanto o EE2 apresentou efeitos citotóxicos e danos em DNA. Nesse sentido, mesmo em baixas concentrações os FPCP são potencialmente capazes de alterar os mecanismos de manutenção da homeostase. Os dados químicos e ecotoxicológicos foram integrados e os quocientes de risco estimados para TCS, IBU e EE2 apresentaram valores superiores a 1,0, indicando alto risco ambiental destes compostos em sedimentos marinhos. Estes são os primeiros dados de avaliação de risco ambiental de FPCP em sedimentos de uma zona costeira brasileira. Os resultados sugerem que a ERA de fármacos e produtos de cuidados pessoais deve contemplar, além dos ensaios de toxicidade tradicionais o uso de biomarcadores como indicadores dos primeiros sinais de efeitos e, assim, estabelecer uma avaliação de risco mais efetiva que assegure a proteção e funcionamento dos ecossistemas aquáticos. / The guidelines for the Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) usually recommend the use of standard ecotoxicity assays (e.g. algae, bacteria, invertebrate, fish) and the assessment of endpoints at individual level for the evaluation of potential effects of PPCPs on biota. Considering that effects at sub-individual level can also affect the ecological fitness of marine organisms, and that marine organisms are chronically exposed to PPCPs, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the environmental risk of triclosan (TCS), ibuprofen (IBU) and 17&alpha;-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in marine sediments using sub-individual and population endpoints. Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, the environmental levels of TCS and IBU were quantified in marine sediments from the vicinities of the Santos submarine sewage outfall (Bay of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil) at 15.14 and 49.0 ng g-1, respectively, while EE2 was not detected (<33ng g-1). A battery (n=3) of chronic bioassays (embryo-larval development) with a sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) and a bivalve (Perna perna) were performed at populational level after exposure to spiked sediment. Phases I (ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase EROD and dibenzylfluorescein dealkylase DBF) and II (glutathione S-transferase GST) of the metabolism, antioxidant system (glutathione peroxidase GPX), neurotoxicity (cholinesterase ChE), oxidative effects (lipid peroxidation LPO and DNA damage strand breaks) and cytotoxicity were selected to evaluate the sublethal responses in the bivalve Mytella charruana. These compounds showed developmental effects on L. variegatus and P. perna at environmentally relevant concentrations. At sub-individual level TCS induced cyto-genotoxic (reduction on stability of lysosome membrane, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage) and neurotoxic effects. IBU caused cyto and neurotoxic effect, while EE2 caused cytotoxic and DNA damage. Chemical and ecotoxicological data were integrated and the quotient risk estimated for TCS, IBU and EE2 showed values higher than 1.0, indicating high environmental risks of these compounds in sediments. These are the first data of risk assessment of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sediments of a Brazilian coastal zone. The results suggests that the ERA of pharmaceuticals and personal care products must include, in addition to the standard toxicity tests, the use of biomarkers as indicators of the early warning signs and thus provide a more effective risk assessment to security the protection and functioning of aquatic ecosystems.