Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06872.pdf: 4167574 bytes, checksum: 52f6a850bb9e5261861d1ba84fb83a28 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NarjaraWNF_DISSERT.pdf: 1011663 bytes, checksum: 8b5a76f3aa8b469f3f415a0da0da04bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Germination and vigor expression of a seed lot, depends both on factors intrinsic to the plant (such as numbness and physiological maturity), as well as extrinsic factors (proper range of temperature, substrate suitable amount of water and light). Being extremely important to know the factors that influence seed germination, so they can be controlled and manipulated to optimize the percentage, speed and uniformity of germination, resulting in production of more vigorous seedlings for planting and minimizing expenses. In this sense, experiments were carried out to evaluate: a) the effect of different maturation stages on physiological dormancy, germination and vigor of Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth. b)the effect of temperature and substrate on the germination Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth.seed. and to define the best methodology for conducting germination tests with this species; c) the effect of different substrates in the emergence and initial seedling development of Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis (LAS) and in the greenhouse of the Department of Plant Sciences of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA). The statistical design was completely randomized (CRD), in experiment I adopted the 2x5 factorial arrangement (with and without dormancy x five maturity stages), constituting 10 treatments, in the second experiment a 2x3 factorial, with two substrates (paper roll and on paper), three temperatures (25ºC, 30ºC and 35ºC), thus six treatments and in experiment III treatments were composed of nine different substrates (T1: vermiculite, T2: coconut fiber, T3: trade Hortimix®, T4: vermiculite, coconut fiber and organic compounds (1:1:1), T5: coconut fiber and compost (1:1), T6: coconut fiber and compost (1:2), T7 vermiculite and compost (1:1), T8, vermiculite and compost (1:2) and T9: organic compound). All treatments were represented by four replications of 25 seeds. Data were submitted to Tukey and Scott-Knott tests at 5% probability. In the first experiment, it was found that the seed robin become dormant as decrease their moisture content and physiologically mature. The higher physiological quality and vigor of seeds are obtained during the ripening and drying of the seed, since dormancy processes are conducted; in experiment II, germination and vigor of thrush was much influenced by temperature, as the substrate used for germination, and the use of rolled paper at a constant temperature of 30°C most suitable for driving the germination, in experiment III, it was found that for good emergence and early development of seedlings robin can be used coconut fiber substrates, commercial hortimix® or vermiculite, and is not recommended to use the organic compound alone or in mixtures / A germinação, bem como a expressão do vigor de um lote de sementes, depende tanto de fatores intrínsecos à planta (tais como maturação fisiológica e dormência), como de fatores extrínsecos (faixa adequada de temperatura, substrato adequado, quantidade de água e luz). É de extrema importância o conhecimento dos fatores que influenciam a germinação das sementes, para que possam ser controlados e manipulados, de forma a otimizar a porcentagem, velocidade e uniformidade de germinação, resultando na produção de mudas mais vigorosas para plantio e minimização dos gastos. Neste sentido, foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar:a) o efeito de diferentes estágios de maturação fisiológica sobre a dormência, germinação e vigor de sementes de Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth.;b) o efeito de diferentes temperaturas e substratos sobre a germinação de sementes de Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth., bem como definir a melhor metodologia para condução de testes de germinação com esta espécie; c) o efeito de diferentes substratos na emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth.). Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes (LAS) e em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA). O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC).No experimento I.adotou-se o esquema fatorial 2x5 (com e sem quebra de dormência x cinco estádios de maturação), constituindo, assim, 10 tratamentos; no experimento II, o esquema fatorial 2x3, sendo dois substratos (rolo de papel e sobre papel) x três temperaturas (25ºC, 30ºC e 35ºC), constituindo, assim,seis tratamentos, e no experimento III, os tratamentos foram compostos por nove diferentes substratos (T1: vermiculita; T2: fibra de coco; T3: comercial Hortimix®; T4: Vermiculita, Fibra de Coco e Composto orgânico (1:1:1); T5: fibra de coco e composto orgânico (1:1); T6: fibra de coco e composto orgânico (1:2); T7: vermiculita e composto orgânico (1:1); T8: vermiculita e composto orgânico (1:2) e T9: composto orgânico). Todos os tratamentos foram representados por quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes de Tukey e Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. No experimento I, constatou-se que as sementes de sabiá tornam-se dormentes à medida que diminuem seu teor de água e amadurecem fisiologicamente. A maior qualidade fisiológica e vigor de sementes são obtidas por ocasião de sua maturação e secagem, desde que processos de quebra de dormência sejam realizados; no experimento II, a germinação e vigor de sementes de sabiá foram influenciadas tanto pela temperatura como pelo substrato utilizado no teste de germinação, sendo o uso do substrato rolo de papel à temperatura constante de 30ºC o mais adequado para a condução do teste de germinação; no experimento III, verificou-se que, para uma boa emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de sabiá, podem ser utilizados os substratos fibra de coco, comercialhortimix® ou vermiculita, não sendo recomendado o uso do composto orgânico puro ou em misturas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NarjaraWNF_DISSERT.pdf: 1011663 bytes, checksum: 8b5a76f3aa8b469f3f415a0da0da04bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Germination and vigor expression of a seed lot, depends both on factors intrinsic to the plant (such as numbness and physiological maturity), as well as extrinsic factors (proper range of temperature, substrate suitable amount of water and light). Being extremely important to know the factors that influence seed germination, so they can be controlled and manipulated to optimize the percentage, speed and uniformity of germination, resulting in production of more vigorous seedlings for planting and minimizing expenses. In this sense, experiments were carried out to evaluate: a) the effect of different maturation stages on physiological dormancy, germination and vigor of Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth. b)the effect of temperature and substrate on the germination Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth.seed. and to define the best methodology for conducting germination tests with this species; c) the effect of different substrates in the emergence and initial seedling development of Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth. The experiments were conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis (LAS) and in the greenhouse of the Department of Plant Sciences of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA). The statistical design was completely randomized (CRD), in experiment I adopted the 2x5 factorial arrangement (with and without dormancy x five maturity stages), constituting 10 treatments, in the second experiment a 2x3 factorial, with two substrates (paper roll and on paper), three temperatures (25ºC, 30ºC and 35ºC), thus six treatments and in experiment III treatments were composed of nine different substrates (T1: vermiculite, T2: coconut fiber, T3: trade Hortimix®, T4: vermiculite, coconut fiber and organic compounds (1:1:1), T5: coconut fiber and compost (1:1), T6: coconut fiber and compost (1:2), T7 vermiculite and compost (1:1), T8, vermiculite and compost (1:2) and T9: organic compound). All treatments were represented by four replications of 25 seeds. Data were submitted to Tukey and Scott-Knott tests at 5% probability. In the first experiment, it was found that the seed robin become dormant as decrease their moisture content and physiologically mature. The higher physiological quality and vigor of seeds are obtained during the ripening and drying of the seed, since dormancy processes are conducted; in experiment II, germination and vigor of thrush was much influenced by temperature, as the substrate used for germination, and the use of rolled paper at a constant temperature of 30°C most suitable for driving the germination, in experiment III, it was found that for good emergence and early development of seedlings robin can be used coconut fiber substrates, commercial hortimix® or vermiculite, and is not recommended to use the organic compound alone or in mixtures / A germinação, bem como a expressão do vigor de um lote de sementes, depende tanto de fatores intrínsecos à planta (tais como maturação fisiológica e dormência), como de fatores extrínsecos (faixa adequada de temperatura, substrato adequado, quantidade de água e luz). É de extrema importância o conhecimento dos fatores que influenciam a germinação das sementes, para que possam ser controlados e manipulados, de forma a otimizar a porcentagem, velocidade e uniformidade de germinação, resultando na produção de mudas mais vigorosas para plantio e minimização dos gastos. Neste sentido, foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar:a) o efeito de diferentes estágios de maturação fisiológica sobre a dormência, germinação e vigor de sementes de Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth.;b) o efeito de diferentes temperaturas e substratos sobre a germinação de sementes de Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth., bem como definir a melhor metodologia para condução de testes de germinação com esta espécie; c) o efeito de diferentes substratos na emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifoliaBenth.). Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes (LAS) e em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciências Vegetais da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA). O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC).No experimento I.adotou-se o esquema fatorial 2x5 (com e sem quebra de dormência x cinco estádios de maturação), constituindo, assim, 10 tratamentos; no experimento II, o esquema fatorial 2x3, sendo dois substratos (rolo de papel e sobre papel) x três temperaturas (25ºC, 30ºC e 35ºC), constituindo, assim,seis tratamentos, e no experimento III, os tratamentos foram compostos por nove diferentes substratos (T1: vermiculita; T2: fibra de coco; T3: comercial Hortimix®; T4: Vermiculita, Fibra de Coco e Composto orgânico (1:1:1); T5: fibra de coco e composto orgânico (1:1); T6: fibra de coco e composto orgânico (1:2); T7: vermiculita e composto orgânico (1:1); T8: vermiculita e composto orgânico (1:2) e T9: composto orgânico). Todos os tratamentos foram representados por quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes de Tukey e Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. No experimento I, constatou-se que as sementes de sabiá tornam-se dormentes à medida que diminuem seu teor de água e amadurecem fisiologicamente. A maior qualidade fisiológica e vigor de sementes são obtidas por ocasião de sua maturação e secagem, desde que processos de quebra de dormência sejam realizados; no experimento II, a germinação e vigor de sementes de sabiá foram influenciadas tanto pela temperatura como pelo substrato utilizado no teste de germinação, sendo o uso do substrato rolo de papel à temperatura constante de 30ºC o mais adequado para a condução do teste de germinação; no experimento III, verificou-se que, para uma boa emergência e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de sabiá, podem ser utilizados os substratos fibra de coco, comercialhortimix® ou vermiculita, não sendo recomendado o uso do composto orgânico puro ou em misturas

Ce travail vise à développer un modèle générique capable de mieux rendre compte et de prédire les transferts de radionucléides dans le système sol/solution du sol/plante. La première partie de ce travail a été consacrée à l’analyse critique des modèles disponibles dans la littérature pour décrire l’adsorption du césium par les minéraux argileux (principal processus contrôlant sa disponibilité dans les sols). Cette analyse a débouché sur la formulation d’un nouveau modèle mécaniste combinant deux approches: la complexation de surface et l’échange d’ions. Cette approche, a été testée afin de modéliser l’adsorption du Cs sur plusieurs substrats argileux naturels. Ce travail a permis de valider le modèle proposé et de démontrer qu’il constitue un avantage majeur par rapport aux différents modèles existants. La deuxième partie a été consacrée, à la réalisation d’une série d’expérimentations, conduite en milieux contrôlés sur des systèmes dynamiques, et la modélisation de la (bio)disponibilité du Cs dans ces systèmes. A la suite de ces essais, les interactions entre solide et solution observées ont pu être correctement reproduites à partir du modèle proposé en prenant en compte la fraction argileuse du sol uniquement. Ces simulations ont également été comparées aux simulations obtenues à partir des modèles empirique (Kd) et cinétique (EK). Enfin, le développement d’un outil numérique permettant de coupler la description des interactions géochimiques au transfert vers la plante (approche cinétique) a permis de reproduire correctement les essais réalisés en Rhizotests couplant sol, solution et plante et de mieux caractériser la fraction du Cs disponible pour les plantes. / The overall objective of this work is to develop a generic model able to better account and predict the transfer of radionuclides in the soil / soil solution / plant. The first part of the work was devoted to the critical analysis of the models available in the literature to describe the cesium adsorption on clay minerals (the process that mainly controls its availability in the soils). This analysis enabled us to propose a new mechanistic model combining two approaches: surface complexation and cation exchange. Our approach has been tested in order to model the adsorption of Cs on several natural clay substrates, in a wide range of Cs concentrations and physicochemical conditions. This work allowed to validate the proposed mechanistic model and to demonstrate that it constitutes a major advantage over the various existing models. The second part was devoted, to the performing of a series of experiments, carried out in controlled environments on dynamic systems and modeling the (bio)availability of Cs in these systems. Following these tests, the observed interactions between solid and solution could be correctly reproduced with the proposed model taking into account only the clay fraction of the soil. These simulations were also compared with simulations obtained using a empiric (Kd) kinetic models (E-K approach). Finally, the development of a numerical tool for coupling the description of geochemical interactions with transfer to the plant (Michaelis-Menten approach) allowed to reproduce adequately the trials carried out in Rhizotests coupling soil, solution and plant, and to better characterize of the Cs fraction available for plants.

Les champignons décomposeurs du bois jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone en participant notamment au recyclage de la matière organique. Outre leur aptitude à minéraliser la biomasse lignocellulosique, ces organismes ont la capacité de dégrader des molécules potentiellement toxiques libérées lors de ce processus. Leur système de détoxication comprend différentes familles multigéniques dont les glutathion transférases. Ces enzymes ubiquitaires, sont regroupées en différentes classes dans le règne fongique, certaines d’entre elles étant étendues chez ces champignons. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de cette thèse consistait à appréhender les fonctions des glutathion transférases de la classe Omega (GSTOs) étendue chez Trametes versicolor, un champignon de pourriture blanche. Une approche biochimique et structurale a été menée sur neuf protéines produites de façon recombinante. Dans un premier temps, une caractérisation enzymatique de ces isoformes a été réalisée à l’aide de substrats synthétiques montrant une similarité des propriétés catalytiques. Puis, à partir d’une banque de molécules pures et de mélanges complexes issus de différentes essences forestières, une méthode de screening à haut débit a permis d’identifier des ligands potentiels de ces enzymes. La résolution de la structure tridimensionnelle de trois isoformes a démontré l’état homodimérique de ces protéines et l’implication de deux sites de fixation dans la reconnaissance de ces ligands : le site H (présent dans chaque monomère) et le site L (à l’interface du dimère). Par exemple, l’isoforme TvGSTO3S est capable de fixer dans son site H plusieurs hydroxybenzophénones, mais également un flavonoïde, la dihydrowogonine. Dans ce dernier cas, cette interaction avec un ligand naturel issu d’extraits de bois de merisier a été démontré par une approche de cristallographie d’affinité. D’autre part, des expériences de co-cristallisation ont permis de détecter deux molécules d’un autre flavonoïde, la naringénine, dans le site L de l’isoforme TvGSTO6S. Enfin, une interaction spécifique impliquant les sites H et L de l’isoforme TvGSTO2S a été démontrée avec l’oxyresvératrol. L’analyse structurale a révélé que les deux configurations du stilbène étaient liées à la protéine : la configuration trans dans le site H et la configuration cis dans le site L. Ainsi, malgré une redondance fonctionnelle partielle, ces recherches ont démontré l’existence d’un spectre d’interactions spécifiques pour chaque isoforme testée. Le caractère étendu de la classe Omega indiquerait que ces enzymes seraient impliquées dans l’adaptation du champignon à son environnement. En effet, les ligands identifiés au cours de ces travaux suggèrent que les propriétés « ligandines » des TvGSTOs joueraient un rôle dans la détoxication des produits issus de dégradation du bois / Wood decaying fungi play an important role in the carbon cycle by participating in the recycling of organic matter. In addition to their ability to mineralize lignocellulosic biomass, these organisms have the ability to degrade potentially toxic molecules released during this process. Their detoxification system involves several multigenic families including glutathione transferases. These ubiquitous enzymes are grouped into several classes in the fungal kingdom, some of them are widespread in these fungi. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to understand the functions of glutathione transferases of the Omega class (GSTOs) extended in Trametes versicolor, a white rot fungus. A biochemical and structural approach was led using nine recombinant proteins. Firstly, enzymatic characterization of these isoforms was performed using synthetic substrates, the obtained results demonstrating a similarity of catalytic properties. Then, using a library of pure molecules and another one of complex mixtures from different forest species, a high throughput screening method was applied to identify potential ligands for these enzymes. The resolution of the three-dimensional structure of three isoforms demonstrated the homodimeric state of these proteins and the involvement of two binding sites in the recognition of these ligands: the H site (present in each monomer) and the L site (at the dimer interface). For example, the isoform TvGSTO3S is able to bind several hydroxybenzophenones in its H site, but also a flavonoid, dihydrowogonin. In this case, this interaction with a natural ligand derived from wild-cherry tree extract was demonstrated by an affinity crystallography approach. On the other hand, co-crystallization experiments detected two molecules of another flavonoid, naringenin, in the L site of the isoform TvGSTO6S. Finally, a specific interaction involving the H and L sites of the isoform TvGSTO2S was demonstrated with oxyresveratrol. Structural analysis revealed that the presence of both configurations of the stilbene in the protein: the trans configuration in the H site and the cis configuration in the L site. Thus, despite partial functional redundancy, this research demonstrated the existence of a specific pattern of interactions for each tested isoform. The expansion of the Omega class could indicate that these enzymes are involved in the adaptation of the fungus in its environment. Indeed, the ligands identified during this work suggest that the "ligandin" properties of TvGSTOs play a role in detoxifying wood degradation products

Submitted by Priscila Nascimento (pnascimento@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-11-14T17:52:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luiz-antonio-da-cunha.pdf: 2013128 bytes, checksum: 0e5dc52de1e8d6ce612c04c856313ff7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-14T17:52:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luiz-antonio-da-cunha.pdf: 2013128 bytes, checksum: 0e5dc52de1e8d6ce612c04c856313ff7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Um acordo internacional de transferência de tecnologia, firmado em 2003, entre a FIOCRUZ e a GlaxoSmithKline permitiu o acesso de Bio-Manguinhos a um moderno processo produtivo da vacina tríplice viral (TVV) contra o sarampo, a caxumba e a rubéola. A produção dessa vacina é parte do compromisso de Bio-Manguinhos com o programa nacional de auto-suficiência em imunobiológicos, tido como uma meta prioritária da política de saúde pública do governobrasileiro. A tecnologia aplicada para a produção da TVV envolve o uso de células MRC-5 como substrato celular para a produção de vírus vacinais da rubéola, particularmente da cepa Wistar RA27/3. A estirpe MRC-5 é reconhecida como um dos mais importantes substratos celulares para a produção de vacinas virais, e também tem sido adotada como modelo de estudo para senescência celular in vitro. A senescência celular é um estágio fisiológico complexo pelo qual, invariavelmente, qualquer população de células somáticas normais passa após atingir um determinado número de mitoses. Esseestágio fisiológico é caracterizado nas células diplóides pela contenção da capacidade de se multiplicar e pelo desenvolvimento de alterações morfológicas peculiares, especialmente quando cultivadas in vitro. Com o objetivo de aprimorar omonitoramento de estirpes de células diplóides humanas (HDCS – do inglês Human Diplóide Cells Strains) e contribuir para o estabelecimento da base de conhecimento necessário para a futura aplicação no processo de produção de TVV em Bio-Manguinhos, nós avaliamos culturas de células MRC-5 condicionadas com carnosina, em três diferentes aspectos: cinética de crescimento, propagação da cepa vacinal, Wistar RA27/3, do vírus da rubéola e a expressão do marcador biológico de senescência, a enzima β-galactosidase AS (β-gal AS). A avaliação do potencial antioxidante e antisenescente atribuído a carnosina, um dipeptídeo ubíquo à fisiologia de todos os animais superiores, sobre as células MRC-5 pode contribuir para aprimorar os procedimentos de qualificação e controle de células diplóides associados à produção de vacinas, e aindaservir para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos e a pesquisa científica. Aspectos dacinética de crescimento da cultura de células condicionadas com carnosina, observados neste estudo, são discutidos sob o ponto de vista da teoria do compromisso celular com a senescência. Todas as culturas de células MRC-5 avaliadas demonstraram a expressão da β-gal AS através do uso de X-Gal ou ONPG como substrato. Não encontramos variações no perfil de propagação de cepas vacinais do vírus da rubéola que possam ser associadas ao condicionamento das células MRC-5 com carnosina, nas condições testadas. / An international technology transfer agreement established between FIOCRUZ and GlaxoSmithKline in 2003, will provide Bio-Manguinhos with access to a modern manufacturing process for the production of the triple viral vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella (TVV). The production of TVV forms part of the Bio-Manguinhos commitment to the self-sufficiency national programin immunobiologicals, within the Brazilian government public health prioritized policies. The TVV technology employs diploid cells derived from normal human lung tissue(MRC-5) as the substrate for production of the attenuated rubella vaccine virus,Wistar RA27/3. The MRC-5 strain is one of the most important cellular substrates for viral vaccine manufacturing and in addition is widely used as a model for in vitrostudies of cell senescence. Cellular senescence is a physiological stage which normal somatic cells beyond certain duplication level go through, invariably. Such physiological stage is characterized by growth arrest and specific morphological changes, commonly, observed in diploid cells under in vitroculture environment. Aiming to contribute with the human diploid cells strains (HDCS) monitoring study and line up with the establishment of the necessaryknowledge base for the conduction of the TVV production process in Bio-Manguinhos, weevaluated MRC-5 cell cultures conditioned with carnosine under three different aspects: growth kinetics, propagation of the attenuated strain of rubella virus Wistar RA27/3 and the expression of the senescence bio-marker, SA β-Galactosidase. An evaluation of the antioxidant and antisenescence features attributed to carnosine, a dipeptide, ubiquitous to the physiology of all superior animals, over MRC-5 may contribute to the improvement of the qualification and control procedures in production of vaccines, product development and scientific research. Aspects of the growth kineticsof MRC-5 cells conditioned with carnosine observed in this study are discussed in relation to the cellular commitment theory. All MRC-5 tested demonstrated SA β-Galactosidase activity, as verified by enzyme processing of X-Gal or ONPG used as substrate. Additionally, no variations in the propagation profile of the attenuated rubella virus by treating cells with carnosine could be characterized in this study.

Au regard de l’amenuisement des ressources primaires et de l’augmentation de la production mondiale de déchets, le concept d’agromine propose de phytoextraire les métaux contenus dans les matériaux délaissés. La solution proposée dans ce concept s’inspire de la Nature (SBN) et des principes de l’agronomie et s’inscrit dans une démarche d’économie circulaire. Ainsi, les plantes hyperaccumulatrices (HA) sont capables de prélever les métaux à partir de leur système racinaire pour les stocker à de hautes concentrations dans leurs parties aériennes. Les enjeux de la thèse sont de valoriser des déchets ou matériaux secondaires par l’extraction des éléments d’intérêt qu’ils contiennent et d’identifier les plantes à même de pouvoir se développer sur ces milieux. L’objectif est de formuler à partir des matériaux choisis un substrat fonctionnel, c’est-à-dire capable de rendre un service de fourniture en nickel (Ni). Dans cette optique, le substrat doit permettre l’installation et le développement des HA pour parvenir au transfert des métaux vers les parties aériennes. Les travaux s’intéressent à une boue de phosphatation acide essentiellement composée de Fe, Zn, P et Mn et contenant 0,5% de Ni. Des tests de germination et de croissance ont été effectués avec différents substrats élaborés à partir de cette boue assemblée avec un mélange terreux. Le substrat retenu est constitué de 10% de boue et 90% de terre (m/m). Sur celui-ci, l’HA Alyssum murale produit une biomasse supérieure comparée à un sol témoin (sol ultramafique au même pH et contenant la même quantité de Ni biodisponible), malgré des signes de toxicité pour les plantes. Un des verrous majeurs est la forte toxicité due à la présence de 6% de Zn dans la boue. Deux voies d’amélioration du substrat sont expérimentées : i) l’utilisation d’amendements et ii) la disposition des matériaux dans le profil. L’amendement le plus efficace est un biochar de bois ; il améliore le développement des plantes et ainsi la quantité de Ni phytoextraite. De plus, en modifiant la disposition des matériaux au sein du profil par une répartition en couches, la production de biomasse et la phytoextraction sont améliorées. Ce dispositif permet de lever la toxicité liée au Zn. Il apparait essentiel de contrôler le pH du substrat lors d’une multi-contamination car l’immobilisation du métal varie selon l’élément. L’association du génie pédologique et du génie végétal a permis de formuler un substrat fonctionnel pour la récupération d’éléments d’intérêt tel que le Ni. Ces travaux démontrent la possibilité de valoriser des sous-produits appelés classiquement « déchets » pour obtenir une plus-value, diminuant aussi leur charge métallique et faisant émerger une nouvelle source de métaux « d’origine végétale » obtenue par l’agromine / In view of the depletion of primary resources and the increase in global waste production, the concept of agromining proposes phytoextracting the metals contained in abandoned materials. The solution proposed in this concept is inspired by Nature (NbS) and the principles of agronomy and is part of a circular economy. Thus, hyperaccumulator plants (HA) are able to collect metals from their root system and to store them at high concentrations in their aerial parts. The challenges of the thesis are to give value to waste or secondary materials by extracting the elements of interest that they contain and to identify the plants able to develop on these media. The objective is to formulate, from the chosen materials, a functional substrate, that is to say, capable of rendering a Ni supply service. From this point of view, the substrate must allow the installation and the development of the HAs in order to transfer the metals to the aerial parts. The work focuses on an acid phosphating sludge essentially composed of Fe, Zn, P and Mn and containing 0.5% Ni. Germination and growth tests were carried out with different substrates prepared from this sludge assembled with a soil sample mixture. The retained substrate consists of 10% sludge and 90% soil (w/w). On the latter, HA Alyssum murale produces a higher biomass compared to a control soil (ultramafic soil at the same pH and containing the same amount of bioavailable Ni), despite signs of toxicity to plants. One of the major locks is the high toxicity due to the presence of 6% Zn in the sludge. Two ways of improving the substrate are tested: i) the use of amendments and ii) the arrangement of materials in the profile. The most efficient amendment is a wood biochar; it improves the development of plants and thus the amount of phytoextracted Ni. In addition, by modifying the layout of the materials within the profile by a layered distribution, biomass production and phytoextraction are improved. This device makes it possible to remove Zn-related toxicity. It is essential to control the pH of the substrate during multi-contamination because the immobilization of the metal varies according to the element. The association of soil engineering and plant engineering has made it possible to formulate a functional substrate for the recovery of elements of interest such as Ni. This work demonstrates the possibility of upgrading by-products conventionally called "waste" in order to obtain a surplus value, also reducing their metallic charge and bringing about a new source of "plant-derived" metals obtained by agromining

[pt] Diversos fatores têm atraído esforços para o desenvolvimento de novas estruturas para circuitos planares de microondas. Várias propostas são encontradas na literatura técnica, explorando diferentes formas de miniaturização dos circuitos, melhoria de eficiência de acoplamento, aumento de banda ou redução de perdas. Entre elas, encontra-se a utilização de materiais ferroelétricos, cujas propriedades dielétricas podem ser alteradas com a aplicação de uma tensão elétrica, permitindo a fabricação de uma nova classe de dispositivos ativos compactos; contudo, esses materiais têm desvantagens como altas perdas e dificuldades de fabricação. Em paralelo, a disseminação das telecomunicações ópticas gera uma demanda de novos componentes ópticos para os sistemas: mais eficientes, com maior capacidade e menor custo. A utilização de fibras ópticas de sílica em telecomunicações torna desejável que esses novos componentes sejam realizados em materiais compatíveis com a sílica, como por exemplo alguns tipos de vidro. A polarização eletro térmica surgiu como uma forma de produzir dispositivos eletro-ópticos ativos a partir de vidros utilizados como substratos de guias de onda ópticos passivos. Neste trabalho, os processos de tratamento eletro-térmicos utilizados nos substratos ópticos são aplicados a substratos dielétricos para uso em microondas. São verificados os efeitos resultantes nas alterações das propriedades dielétricas na faixa de microondas e a aplicação potencial em componentes e circuitos. Os tratamentos se constituem fundamentalmente na aplicação de alta tensão ao substrato na presença de temperatura elevada, visando à migração controlada de íons no material. Os substratos estudados são a alumina, substrato tradicional de microondas com elevada constante dielétrica, e os vidros, boro-silicato e sodo-cálcico, que estão atualmente sendo utilizados como substratos para guias ópticos e para construção de dispositivos ópticos ativos. É caracterizada a perda dielétrica dos vidros tratados para utilização como substrato para circuitos planares de microondas. O desenvolvimento de dispositivos ópticos ativos em substratos vítreos também implica na fabricação de circuitos elétricos de microondas sobre o mesmo substrato, para alimentar esses dispositivos com dados em altas taxas. Os vidros possuem altas perdas dielétricas nessa faixa devido à presença de íons alcalinos. A criação, pelo tratamento eletro-térmico, de uma camada de depleção de íons, próxima à superfície abaixo do circuito, permite a redução dessas perdas efetivas em circuitos planares. Outro efeito investigado é a possibilidade de se produzir um comportamento similar ao efeito ferroelétrico em um substrato de microondas. A camada de depleção criada pelo tratamento eletro-térmico provoca alterações na estrutura e permite a gravação de um campo elétrico estático devido ao deslocamento de íons. É estudada a influência desse campo dentro do material na variação de suas propriedades dielétricas, e a resposta à aplicação de uma tensão de controle externa. Estuda-se então a possibilidade de substituição por substratos tratados dos materiais ferroelétricos no desenvolvimento de componentes como chaves, acopladores e atenuadores variáveis e filtros de microondas. / [en] Several factors have been attracting research efforts to the development of new planar structures for microwave planar circuits. Various proposals can be found in the technical literature, exploring different ways of miniaturization of circuits, improvement of coupling efficiency, increase of bandwidth or reduction of losses. Among these is the use of ferroelectric materials, whose dielectric properties can be altered with the application of an electrical voltage, enabling the fabrication of a new class of compact active devices; however, such materials present some disadvantages, like very high losses and difficulties in manufacturing. Parallel to that, the dissemination of optical telecommunications generates a demand for new optical components for the systems, with greater efficiency and capacity but lower cost. Due to the use of silica optical fibers in telecommunications, it is desirable that these new components are fabricated in materials compatible to silica, as for example some types of glass. The electro-thermal polarization emerged as a way of producing active electro-optical devices from glass substrates used for passive optical waveguides. In this work, the processes of electro-thermal treatment used in optical substrates are applied to dielectric substrates for microwave use. The resulting effects on the changes in dielectric properties in the microwave frequency range and potential application in components and circuits are assessed. Such treatments are constituted fundamentally by the application of high voltage to the substrate in the presence of high temperature, aiming at the controlled migration of ions in the material. The substrates considered are alumina, conventional microwave substrate with high dielectric constant, and glasses, borosilicate and soda-lime, which are currently being used as substrates for optical waveguides and for the construction of active optical devices. The dielectric loss of treated glasses as substrates for planar microwave circuits is characterized. The development of active optical devices in vitreous substrates also implies the manufacture of microwave electrical circuits on the same substrate, in order to feed these devices with data at high rates. Glasses have high dielectric losses in this frequency range due to the presence of alkali ions. The creation by the electro-thermal treatment of an ion- depleted layer, near the surface below the planar circuit, enables the reduction of the effective losses in planar circuits. Another investigated effect is the possibility of creating a behavior similar to the ferroelectric effect in the microwave substrate. The depletion layer created by the electro-thermal treatment causes alterations in the structure and allows the recording of a static electric field by the displacement of ions. The influence of this field within the material on the variation of its dielectric properties, and the response to the application of an external control voltage are assessed. Then, the substitution for treated substrates of ferroelectric materials in the development of components such as switches, variable couplers and attenuators and microwave filters is considered.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-11-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 leitaolima_ps_dr_botfca.pdf: 306635 bytes, checksum: 4f6181eca68c4922d73158dcb45f9363 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A preferência de Cornitermes cumulans a diferentes substratos foi avaliada em condições de laboratório e em túnel plástico. No laboratório, foram preparados ninhos artificiais, com estrutura de plástico, contendo 300 operários, 50 ninfas e 50 soldados. Cada ninho foi colocado em uma arena, na qual foram oferecidos aleatoriamente os materiais testados, acondicionados em tubos de vidro. Os substratos foram oferecidos por período de 30 dias e, ao final, foi medido o volume carregado. Os tratamentos dos sete experimentos foram: 1 (bagaço de cana, serragem de Pinus, papelão ondulado, Multiplant, folhas secas de Brachiaria brizantha, feno de Cynodon sp. e vermiculita); 2 (esfagno, Plantmax estaca, Plantmax sementes, VCP 60%, Multiplant e vermiculita); 3 (esfagno, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, casca de arroz carbonizada e vermiculita); 4 (bagaço de cana, esfagno, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, Plantmax estaca, feno e vermiculita); 5 (esfagno, casca de arroz, vermiculita, VCP 60% e raízes do clone de eucalipto); 6 (Aracruz, Multiplant, Plantmax estaca, VCP 60%, VCP 20% e vermiculita). 7 (bagaço de cana, Cynodon, Plantmax estaca, esfagno, raízes de eucalipto, raízes de eucalipto + substrato VCP20% e vermiculita). Em túnel plástico, 10 colônias inteiras foram mantidas em vasos de 30 L, conectadas com as arenas com 20 mL de cada material. Os tratamentos foram os mesmos realizados no laboratório. O delineamento experimental, nas duas condições, foi o de blocos ao acaso com 10 repetições com 7 tratamentos nos experimentos 1, 4 e 7; 6 nos experimentos 2 e 6; 5 nos experimentos 3 e 5. A determinação dos danos de cupins, foi com a utilização de 10 colônias de cupins, cada colônia mantida em vasos de 30 L foi conectada a 4 mudas de eucalipto, outras 4 mudas não foram conectadas às colônias de cupins (testemunhas). As avaliações dos danos foram aos 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após... / The preference of Cornitermes cumulans was evaluated in the laboratory and in a plastic tunnel in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. In laboratory, 300 workers, 50 nymphs, and 50 soldiers were maintained in arenas containing holes to fit glass vials filled with 7 mL of each treatment. The final volume was measured after 30 days. The treatments in the seven experiments consisted of: 1 (sugarcane bagasse, Pinus sawdust, corrugated cardboard, Multiplant, dry Brachiaria brizantha and Cynodon leaves, and vermiculite). 2 (sphagnum, Plantmax cuttings, Plantmax seeds, VCP 60%, Multiplant, and vermiculite). 3 (sphagnum, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, carbonized rice hulls, and vermiculite. 4 (sugarcane bagasse, sphagnum, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, Plantmax cutting, Cynodon, and vermiculite). 5 (sphagnum, rice hulls, vermiculite, VCP 60%, and roots of the VR 3748 clone). 6 (Aracruz, Multiplant, Plantmax cutting, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, and vermiculite. 7 (sugarcane bagasse, Cynodon, Plantmax cutting, sphagnum, eucalyptus roots, eucalyptus roots + VCP20% substrate, and vermiculite). In a plastic tunnel, 10 whole colonies were maintained in 30 L pots, connected with arenas containing 20 mL of each material. Treatments were the same as used in the laboratory. In both conditions, a random block experimental design was used, with 10 replicates, and 7 treatments in experiments 1, 4, and 7; 6 treatments in experiments 2 and 6; and 5 treatments in experiments 3 and 5. Termite damage was determined by using ten termite colonies; each colony, maintained in 30 L pots, was connected to four eucalyptus seedlings; another four seedlings were not connected to the termite colonies (control). Damage evaluations were done at 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after transplanting, with determinations for epigeal and root dry matter, height, leaf area, as well as eucalyptus root length, surface, volume, and diameter. The experimental...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:49:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zanphorlin_lm_me_sjrp.pdf: 945446 bytes, checksum: 9959e6f0472c3ac5cdce9a3374c74387 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fungos termofílicos têm despertado grande interesse acadêmico e industrial por produzirem uma variedade de enzimas termoestáveis com potenciais aplicações em processos biotecnológicos como biocatálise nas indústrias de couro, farmacêutica, têxtil e alimentícia, e na preparação de produtos de limpeza e cosméticos. Particularmente, as proteases, além de participarem de inúmeros processos fisiológicos vitais como vias metabólicas, hemostasia e sinalização celular, também representam hoje cerca de 60% do mercado mundial de enzimas. Neste trabalho, descrevemos a produção, purificação e caracterização bioquímica de uma serino-protease produzida por um fungo termofílico do gênero Myceliophthora. As taxas de atividade proteolítica foram avaliadas através de fermentação em meio sólido (FES) e submerso (FSM) e observou-se um rendimento na atividade proteolítica 4,5 vezes maior para o meio sólido. A enzima bruta obtida por ambos os procedimentos (FES e FSM) exibiu a mesma temperatura ótima de 50 ºC, porém em relação ao pH ótimo houve um deslocamento de 7 (FSM) para 9 (FES) sugerindo que o perfil enzimático do fungo difere de acordo com suas condições de fermentação. Baseado nesses resultados prosseguiu-se os estudos com o extrato bruto obtido por FES. A imobilização da enzima bruta em esferas de alginato de cálcio resultou no aumento da temperatura ótima e na estabilidade térmica quando comparado com a enzima livre. O extrato bruto obtido por FES foi, então, fracionado por métodos cromatográficos como exclusão molecular e troca-iônica que resultaram na protease pura com peso molecular de 28,2 kDa determinado por espectrometria de massa. A protease pura demonstrou pH ótimo de 9,0 e temperatura ótima de 45 °C que corroboram... / Thermophilic fungi have attracted great academic and industrial interest because they produce a variety of thermostable enzymes with potential applications in biotechnological processes such as biocatalysis in the industries of leather, pharmaceutical, textile and food, and the preparation of detergents and cosmetics. In particular, proteases not only participate in many vital physiological processes such as metabolic pathways, cell signaling and homeostasis, but also currently represent about 60% of the world market of enzymes. In this work, we describe the production, purification and biochemical characterization of a serine protease produced by a thermophilic fungus of the genus Myceliophthora. The levels of proteolytic activity were evaluated either by solid fermentation (SSF) and submerged (SmF). The crude enzyme obtained by both procedures (SSF and SmF) exhibited similar optimum temperature of around 50 ºC, but in relation to the optimum pH was shifted of 7 (SmF) to 9 (SSF), suggesting that the enzymatic profile of the fungus differs from according to its fermentation conditions. Based on these results, the studies were followed with crude extract obtained by SSF. The immobilized enzyme on beads of calcium alginate resulted in increased optimum temperature and thermal stability when compared to the free enzyme. The crude extract obtained by SSF was then fractionated by chromatographic methods including molecular exclusion and ion-exchange that resulted in the pure protease with molecular weight of 28.2 kDa as determined by mass spectrometry. The pure protease showed optimum pH of 9.0 and optimum temperature of 45 °C that corroborate to the preliminary characterization of the crude extract. Inhibition tests resulted in complete inhibition by PMSF, a canonical... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)