Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon Graduate Center, 1978.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is the disease arising from infection by Mycobacterial tuberculosis and kills millions of people every year. Difficulties in the treatment of TB and the emergence of multiple-drug resistant and extreme-drug resistant M. tuberculosis strains have increased interest in finding new antimycobacterial agents. The cell wall of mycobacteria is essential for the survival of these bacteria and enzymes involved in its assembly are key targets for anti-mycobacterial chemotherapy. One of the largest components of the cell wall is the arabinogalactan, which is composed of arabinofuranose (Araf) and galactofuranose (Galf) residues. These monosaccharides are incorporated into the polysaccharide by arabinosyltransferases and galactosyltransferases that employ decaprenolphophoarabinose (DPA) and uridine diphospho-galactofuranose (UDP-Galf) as the donor substrate, respectively. The synthesis of analogues of DPA and UDP-Galf as potential inhibitors of mycobacterial glycosyltransferases is presented in the thesis. Carbohydrate mimics of Araf and Galf that have a bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane at the core were prepared. Key steps involved the formation of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane system via an intramolecular displacement reaction followed by a separation by converting a mixture of enantiomers into diastereomers. The absolute configuration of these species was confirmed by X-ray analysis of a crystalline derivative of the Araf analogue. The bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane based mimics were then alkylated with various aldehydes through reductive amination to form the DPA and UDP-Galf analogues. The synthesis of the sulfonium ion analogs of Galf was also carried out. The precursor of these compounds, a cyclic sulfide, was synthesized in nine steps from D-arabinitol. The key step is a conversion of an olefin into hydroxymethyl group thus establishing a stereogenic centre that is essential in forming a molecule that is a mimic of the galactofuranose ring. This sulfide was then coupled with alkyl halides to form sulfonium ion compounds in good yields. All of the DPA and UDP-Galf analogues were tested for their ability to inhibit GlfT2, a key galactofuranosyltransferase involved in the synthesis of the galactan portion of the mycobacterial arabinogalactan. Most of the compounds showed weak inhibition of the enzyme; however, a few were moderately active and are the mode of inhibition of these analogues is currently being studied.

Given the large number of biologically active natural products containing medium-sized ether motifs, many organic chemists have shown great interest for developing new methodologies to access these structures. In particular, numerous synthetic methodologies for the construction of seven-membered and eight-membered ethers have been developed by research groups around the world. Recent advances in the synthesis of seven-membered and eight-membered ethers will be reviewed in chapter one. This chapter will cover some of the more notable publications from the last five years (from 2005 to 2009). In chapter two, the development of ring expansion reactions via [1,2]-shift rearrangements of thioacetal-derived sulfonium ylides will be described. A variety of functionalized diazoketones and diazoketoesters were made from commercially available starting materials. Sulfur-bridged seven-membered and eight-membered ethers were constructed upon treatment of these diazo precursors with suitable metal catalysts. It was found that Rh2(OAc)4 was a better catalyst for diazoketones, while Cu(hfacac)2 proved to be more effective for diazoketoesters. This methodology provides a convenient route to the seven- and eight-membered ethers in relatively few steps. In chapter three, the methodology for construction of sulfur-bridged ethers was employed as the key step in the attempted formal synthesis of (+)-laurencin. In this approach, the relative and absolute stereochemistry was established by a highly enantioselective and diastereoselective allylboration, a facially selective Michael addition, and a thermodynamically controlled acetal formation. The eight-membered sulfur-bridged ether was efficiently constructed using our [1,2]-shift reaction of a sulfonium ylide in toluene at 100 oC in the presence of Cu(hfacac)2. The following desulfurization and decarboxylation was effective at affording an advanced intermediate in this synthesis. The chemistry demonstrated in this chapter outlines a promising strategy for the formal synthesis of (+)-laurencin.

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Les travaux presentés dans ce manuscrit ont été consacrés à l’étude de composés organo-soufrés comme composants d’électrolyte pour systèmes électrochimiques de stockage d’énergie, en particulier dans les batteries lithium-soufre. Des liquides ioniques originaux, basés sur des cations sulfonium fonctionnalisés par des chaînes de type glyme ont été synthétisés et caractérisés, puis testés en tant qu’électrolytes dans des supercondensateurs symétriques avec électrodes en carbone activé. Il est apparu que l’adaptation de la structure des liquides ioniques à la porosité du carbone activé est d’importance fondamentale pour le développement de systèmes plus performants. L’ étude menée sur les batteries lithium-soufre a permis une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de fonctionnement d’un système redox soufre/diphenyl disulfure dans des solvants glymes. L’influence des solvants sur les équilibres chimiques entre polysulfures organiques et minéraux et sur le fonctionnement du système a été étudiée. D’après les premiers résultats obtenus, cette stratégie semble particulièrement prometteuse pour améliorer les performances des batteries lithium-soufre. / The work presented in this manuscript concentrates on investigating the use of organosulfur compounds as potential electrolyte components for electrochemical energy storage systems, in particular in lithium-sulfur batteries. Novel glyme-functionalised sulfonium-based ionic liquids were synthesised and characterised before being tested as pure electrolytes for symmetrical supercapacitors based on activated carbon electrodes. The adaptation of the structure of the ionic liquids to the porosity of activated carbon was found to be of fundamental importance for the design of more efficient systems. For lithium-sulfur batteries, the study has enabled a better understanding of the mechanisms involved during the operation of the sulfur/diphenyl disulfide redox couple in a range of glyme-based solvents. Similarly, the influence of the glyme-based solvents on the chemical equilibria between organic and mineral polysulfides and on the system operation has been investigated. The initial results demonstrated that this is a particularly promising strategy in order to significantly improve the performances of lithium-sulfur batteries.

L’atome de fluor est omniprésent dans plusieurs domaines grâce à sa capacité à moduler les propriétés biologiques et physicochimiques d’une molécule. De ce fait, la demande en molécules originales ne cesse de croître. Dans ce contexte, la synthèse de nouveaux réactifs fluorés et le développement de nouvelles méthodologies de synthèse pour introduire ces motifs fluorés suscite un fort intérêt. La première partie de cette thèse a été consacrée à l’élaboration d’un réactif inédit, source de CHFMe, et l’étude de sa réactivité. Cela a permis d’accéder à des composés substitués par un groupement OCHFMe, une classe de dérivés sous-explorée et pourtant prometteuse en chimie médicinale (Chapitre 2). Le chapitre 3 a été dédié au groupement CF₂PO(OEt)₂, un motif d’intérêt grâce à son bioisostérisme avec le groupement phosphate. L’étude d’une voie d’accès directe aux molécules aliphatiques comportant le groupement CF₂PO(OEt)₂ a été étudiée. Enfin, en collaboration avec l’UCL, l’étude de nouveaux groupements fluorés radiomarqués a été réalisée. En effet, le chapitre 4 a porté sur le développement d’une méthodologie permettant de synthétiser des molécules comportant un motif SCF₂¹⁸F, combinant ainsi les propriétés du motif émergent SCF₃ à celles du fluor 18. / The fluorine atom is ubiquitous in several fields thanks to its unique feature to modulate the biological and physical properties of a molecule. Thus, the demand for original fluorinated molecules is steadily increasing. In this context, a special attention has been paid to the synthesis of new fluorinated reagents as well as the development of new methodologies to introduce fluorinated motifs. The first part of this PhD thesis focused on the design of an unprecedented CHFMe-containing reagent and the study of its reactivity. A new access to OCHFMe-containing molecules was possible, an underexplored class of compounds despite their potential in medicinal chemistry (Chapter 2). The chapter 3 was dedicated to the CF₂PO(OEt)₂ moiety, which is of high importance due to its bioisosterism with the phosphonate group. A direct pathway toward the synthesis of aliphatic CF₂PO(OEt)₂-containing molecules was investigated. Finally, in collaboration with the Université Catholique de Louvain, the design of new radiolabeled fluorinated groups was studied. Indeed, the chapter 4 was devoted to the development of a methodology to access SCF₂¹⁸F-containing molecules, combining hence the properties of the emerging moiety SCF₃ with the ones of the ¹⁸F atom.