Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:01:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001 / O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar o estresse oxidativo causado a culturas de queratinocitos atraves de sua exposicao a privacao de glicose e a hipoxia, com e sem o uso de um antioxidante, o Dimetil Sulfoxido (DMSO), avaliado atraves da dosagem do malonaldeido (MDA). O material e metodo constituiu-se de tres experimentos. No primeiro deles, 12 garrafas de cultura de queratinocitos foram preparadas ate atingir-se a confluencia desejada e divididas em quatro grupos (com e sem uso de DIVISO, com e sem hipoxia). Foram colhidas amostras do meio de cultura para dosagem do malonaldeido em diferentes fases do experimento: a) pre-experimento, b) 24 horas apos o inicio da privacao de glicose (antes da provocacao de hipoxia), c) 24 horas apos o inicio da privacao de glicose e imediatamente depois da provocacao de hipoxia, d) 48 horas apos a privacao de glicose (24 horas apos a hipoxia). O Experimento 2 constituiu-se das 12 garrafas do final do primeiro experimento e outras 12 garrafas que foram utilizadas como controle, sendo que foi colhido o material celular das 24 garrafas e realizada dosagem do MDA no homogeneizado celular de cada garrafa. O Experimento 3 foi realizado com 80 garrafas divididas em 10 grupos (meio de cultura com e sem glicose, uso ou nao de DIVISO, realizacao de hipoxia ou nao, alem das associacoes entre esses fatores), das quais foi colhido e homogeneizado o material celular para dosagem do MDA. A analise estatistica realizada com os resultados dos tres experimentos mostrou que o DIVISO foi eficiente na reducao do estresse oxidativo de culturas de queratinocitos, causado pela privacao de glicose e hipoxia, avaliado pelos valores de MDA comparando-se aos grupos controle / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is defined as a plasma volume with a higher platelet count than that of whole blood. PRP has been widely used for treatment of different lesions, both in human and in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to search for an effective method of storing equine PRP, without loss of viability. Blood (500 ml) was collected from 8 clinically healthy ponies, where 100 ml were used to prepare PRP; 2 ml were used to determine platelet count and mean platelet volume (MPV). Whole blood was centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain plasma. The plasma obtained was centrifuged again at 1400rpm for 10 minutes to obtain 10 ml of PRP. PRP was divided into 3 samples of 2 ml, one being considered the fresh sample and the other 2 were frozen. Platelet count, determination of MPV and morphological evaluation were performed on the fresh sample. Morphologic evaluation consisted of counting 200 platelets under light-microscopy and their classification in inactive (discoid), activated (with pseudopodia) or uncertain state (who lost the discoid form but showed no pseudopodia). The samples to be cryopreserved were stored in a freezer at -80 ° C for 14 days, containing 6% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant or without any addition of cryoprotectants. After this period, samples were thawed and submitted to the same analysis of the fresh sample. The fresh and DMSO frozen samples showed no difference in the total number of platelets, activated platelets and MPV (617.9 ± 65.5 x103/μL, 5.3 ± 0.06 fL, 9.6%) However, samples frozen without DMSO showed fewer platelets (519.6 ± 66 x103/μL), higher MPV (5.71 ± 0.08 fL) and a higher percentage of activated platelets (13.87%). 6% DMSO proved be an effective cryoprotectant in storing equine PRP at -80°C for 14 days. / O plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) é definido como plasma com quantidade de plaquetas três vezes superior ou mais à do sangue total. O PRP vem sendo largamente utilizado no tratamento de diferentes lesões, tanto na medicina humana quanto na medicina veterinária. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar um método eficaz de armazenar o PRP eqüino, sem perda significativa de sua viabilidade. Foram coletados 500 ml de sangue de oito pôneis clinicamente saudáveis, dos quais 100 ml foram utilizados para o preparo do PRP e 2 ml foram enviados à análise laboratorial, para contagem de plaquetas e determinação do volume plaquetário médio (VPM). O sangue total passou por uma primeira centrifugação, de 1000rpm (224g) por 10 minutos para obtenção do plasma. O plasma obtido foi novamente centrifugado, a 1400rpm (440g) por mais 10 minutos para obtenção de 10 ml de PRP. O PRP foi dividido em três amostras de 2 ml, sendo uma considerada a amostra fresca e as outras duas destinadas à criopreservação. A amostra fresca foi enviada ao laboratório para contagem plaquetária, determinação do VPM e avaliação morfológica. A avaliação morfológica consistiu na contagem de 200 plaquetas, sob microscopia óptica e na classificação quanto à sua forma: em inativas (discóides), ativadas (com emissão de pseudópodes) ou em estado incerto (que perderam a forma discóide, mas não apresentavam pseudópodes). As amostras destinadas à criopreservação foram armazenadas em freezer, a -80°C, durante 14 dias, contendo 6% de dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO) como crioprotetor ou sem adição de crioprotetor. Após este período, as amostras foram descongeladas e submetidas às mesmas análises laboratoriais da amostra fresca. As amostras frescas e congeladas com DMSO não apresentaram diferença quanto ao número total de plaquetas, VPM e plaquetas ativadas (617,9 ± 65,5 x103/μL; 5,3±0,06fL; 9,6%) (p>0,05). Entretanto, as amostras sem DMSO apresentaram um número menor de plaquetas (519,6 ± 66 x103/μL), maior VPM (5,71±0,08fL) e maior percentagem de plaquetas ativadas (13,87%) (p<0,05). O DMSO 6% se mostrou um crioprotetor eficaz no armazenamento do PRP eqüino a -80°C por 14 dias.

Les amphidinols sont une nouvelle classe de molécules naturelles de type polycétide dont l’amphidinol-3 est la seule molécule possédant sa structure entièrement établie. L’amphidinol-3 exhibe les meilleures activités biologiques de cette famille, principalement antifongique ethémolytique. La synthèse du fragment C17-C30 a été le premier objectif de ces travaux de thèse. Cette synthèse est basée sur l’utilisation du para-tolylsulfoxyde comme auxiliaire de chiralité et d’un bromoallylsilane comme corps central. Tous les centres asymétriques sont contrôlés avec de très hauts rapports diastéréomériques à l’exception de la configuration du méthyle en C23. La non-maîtrise de ce centre, ainsi que des difficultés probables de couplage nous ont obligés à repenser notre stratégie. Suite au changement rétrosynthétique, la synthèse du fragment C13-C29 a été réalisée. L’étape clef de cette voie synthétique est alors le couplage entre l’anion lithié d’un dérivé de 1,3-dithiane avec un aldéhyde α-branché. Après de nombreux ajustements de groupements protecteurs, le fragment C13-C29 est obtenu avec tous ses centres asymétriques maîtrisés. / Amphidinols are a new class of polyketide extracted from dinoflagellates and exhib promising biological activities, such as antifungal and hemolytic. The amphidinol-3 is the only amphidinol possessing its fully elucidated structure and is the most biologically potent.The C17-C30 fragment is the first goal of our research. The synthesis is based on sulfoxide as chiral auxiliary and on a bromoallylsilane as bifunctionnal central core. All stereogenic centers are fully controlled with high diastereomeric ratios except the one bearing a methyl in C23 position. The lack of selectivity during the hydrogenation affording the C23 stereogenic center and plausible failures of fragment couplings force us to explore a new retrosynthesis. Our second goal is the synthesis of C13-C29 fragment. The new strategy is based on a coupling between a 1,3-dithiane derivative and an α-branched aldehyde. After protecting group optimization, the C13-C29 fragment is synthetized with all its stereogenic centers fully controlled.

Bacillus cereus est une bactérie aéro-anaérobie facultative à Gram positif ubiquiste pouvant s’adapter à de nombreux environnements et s’y développer. C’est un agent pathogène de l’homme capable de produire tout un éventail de protéines extracellulaires et de toxines jouant un rôle majeur dans la pathogénicité de ce micro-organisme. B. cereus croit suivant un métabolisme de type respiratoire en aérobiose et fermentaire en anaérobiose en l’absence d’accepteur final d’électrons. En aérobiose, la chaine respiratoire est une source majeure des dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (ROS) endogènes. En anaérobiose, les ROS endogènes sont générés en réponse au stress oxydant secondaire au stress nutritionnel et au stress réducteur, lorsque les cultures sont réalisées à bas potentiel d’oxydo-réduction (POR). Les résidus méthionines (Met) sont particulièrement sensibles à l’oxydation par les ROS. L’oxydation des Met conduit à la formation de méthionine sulfoxyde (Met(O)), un dérivé oxydé stable détectable par spectrométrie de masse (MS). L'oxydation des résidus Met est réversible : leur réduction est catalysée par des méthionines sulfoxyde réductases (Msr). Pour déterminer le rôle de l’oxydation des résidus Met, nous avons réalisé une étude exhaustive par MS de la dynamique de l’exoprotéome de la souche ATCC 14579 (pBClin 15) de B. cereus en aérobiose (pO2 = 100%) et en anaérobiose (pO2 = 0%) à haut (POR initial = +140 mV) et bas potentiel redox (PORi= -350 mV). Les résultats ont montré que la dynamique des toxines était représentative de la dynamique de l’exoprotéome à la fois en termes d’abondance relative de protéines et d’oxydation des Met dans les trois conditions testées. L’analyse des résultats suggèrent que (i) l’abondance des toxines et leur taux de méthionines oxydés reflètent le niveau d’oxydation cellulaire et (ii) la sécrétion de toxines au cours de la croissance cellulaire contribue au maintien de l'homéostasie redox intracellulaire en piégeant les ROS endogènes, en particulier en phase active de croissance en aérobiose et en fin de croissance en anaérobiose. Pour étayer l’hypothèse selon laquelle, les Met des protéines extracellulaires, et des toxines en particuliers sont des composants de la machinerie cellulaire antioxydante, nous avons construit une souche mutante ne synthétisant plus MsrAB et comparer le protéome et l’exoprotéome de cette souche mutante avec celle de la souche parentale en aérobiose et anaérobiose à haut POR. Cette étude a mis en évidence l’implication de MsrAB mais également du plasmide cryptique pBClin15 dans la sécrétion des toxines et le maintien de l'homéostasie redox intracellulaire / Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive aerobic or facultative anaerobic worldwide-distributed bacterium. In addition, B. cereus is a human pathogen able to produce a range of extracellular enzymes and toxins playing a major role in the virulence of the bacteria. In presence of oxygen, B. cereus performs respiration. Without oxygen or other electron acceptors, it performs mixed-acid fermentation. Under aerobiosis, the respiratory electron transport chain is a major source of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under anaerobiosis, endogenous ROS are generated in response to reductive stress (mainly under high-reductive anaerobiosis) and to starvation (nutrient stress), i.e. in response to secondary oxidative stresses. Methionine residues (Met) of proteins are vulnerable to oxidation by free radicals. Oxidation of Met leads to the formation of methionine sulfoxide (Met (O)), a stable by-product detectable by mass spectrometry (MS). Met(O) can be reduced back to Met by the action of methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr). To determine the role of oxidation of Met residues, B. cereus exoproteome time courses were monitored by MS under low oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) anaerobiosis (initial ORP = +140 mV and pO2 = 0%), high-ORP anaerobiosis (iORP = -350 mV and pO2 = 0%), and aerobiosis (pO2 = 100%). The results indicated that toxin-related proteins were the most representative of the exoproteome changes, both in terms of protein abundance and their Met(O) content in the presence and in the absence of oxygen. The analysis results suggest that (i) the abundance of toxins and their oxidized methionines rates reflect the cellular oxidation level and (ii) the secretion of toxins during growth helps to maintain redox homeostasis by keeping endogenous ROS at bay, during the exponential growth phase under aerobic conditions and at the end of growth under anaerobiosis. To support our hypothesis that Met residues of extracellular proteins, particulars of toxins are components of the cellular machinery antioxidant, we constructed a mutant strain by deleting the gene of MsrAB and compare the cellular proteome and exoproteome of this mutant strain with the wild-type strain under aerobiosis and high-ORP anaerobiosis. This study highlighted the involvement of MsrAB but also pBClin15 plasmid in the secretion of toxins and maintain of the intracellular redox homeostasis.

Foram preparadas algumas 2-sulfinil-3,6-dimetil-1,4-benzoquinonas racêmicas (contendo substituintes p-tolila, terc-butila, iso-butila e iso-propila ligados ao enxofre) e estudadas as suas reações de Diels-Alder com ciclopentadieno, sob condições térmicas e catalíticas. Com estes estudos foi constatada a habilidade destas quinonas em gerar majoritariamente certos tipos de adutos, dependendo das condições utilizadas. Na ausência de catalisadores, formaram-se principalmente os adutos resultantes da aproximação do ciclopentadieno sobre a dupla C-C não sulfinilada, pela face da quinona para a qual não está voltado o par de elétrons do enxofre, quando a ligação C-S se encontra na conformação s-cis. O uso de BF3.Et2O provocou uma inversão da face atacada, mas manteve a quimiosseletividade observada na ausência deste catalisador. Já, pelo emprego de ZnBr2, houve preferência do ataque do ciclopentadieno sobre a dupla C-C da quinona sulfinilada. As conclusões de tal estudo permitiram selecionar as condições a serem utilizadas para a obtenção de certos adutos com vistas a serem estes depois empregados para a síntese de um precursor enantiopuro do hirsuteno. Os trabalhos prosseguiram com ensaios para se determinar a melhor forma de obtenção de tal precursor: i) fotoisomerização a compostos gaiola seguida de dessulfurização ou ii) remoção do enxofre do aduto de Diels-Alder e fotociclização do produto dessulfurizado. A reação de fotociclização do aduto de Diels-Alder formado pela reação do dieno sobre a dupla sulfinilada da quinona gerou o compostogaiola dessulfurizado e também um novo aduto, cuja estrutura supõe-se ser a de uma enodiona hidroxilada, mas de configuração trans entre os anéis. Pela rota dessulfurizante ii), o mesmo composto foi obtido quando se empregou o hidreto de tributilestanho/AIBN, também ao lado do compostogaiola. As melhores condições para a obtenção de um precursor do hirsuteno enantiopuro foram estabelecidas como sendo aquelas que seguem a rota ii), isto é, dessulfurização do aduto de Diels-Alder resultante do ataque do ciclopentadieno sobre a dupla não sulfinilada, em condições catalíticas (BF3Et2O), quando o grupo sulfinila ligado à quinona está com a configuração S e contém um substituinte isso-propila, seguida de fotociclização do aduto sem enxofre. / Some racemic 2-tolyl- or 2-alkylsulfinyl-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinones (alkyl is terc-butyl or iso-butyl or iso-propyl) were prepared and submitted to the Diels-Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene, under thermal or catalytic conditions. It was verified that the sulfinyl group is able to control the chemo- and diasterofaciaselectivity, giving rise to different adducts, depending on the reactions conditions. In the absence of catalyst, the above mentioned quinones underwent cycloaddition mainly on the non-sulfinylated quinoidic C-C double bond. The resulting adducts arised from the approach of diene from the more hindered face of the quinone, ie that one where the lone pair at sulfur is not located on, when the C-S bond is in a s-cis conformation. The use of BF3.Et2O diverted the cycloaddition to the other face, but kept the same chemoselectivity. When ZnBr2 was employed, the chemoselectivity was reversed, being the sulfinylated C-C double bond preferentially attacked by cyclopentadiene. The conclusions which arised from this study allowed the selection of the best set of conditions for obtaining the structurally more adequate sulfinyl-Diels-Alder adducts for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure hirsutene. Two pathways were assayed in order to transform the sulfinylated Diels-Alder adducts into a structurally closely related precursor of hirsutene: i) photoisomerization of the above mentioned Diels-Alder adducts followed by desulfurization of the resulting cage-compounds or ii) removal of the sulfurated moiety from the sulfinyl-Diels-Alder adducts followed by photocyclization. Irradiation of the Diels-Alder adduct containing a sulfinyl group at the ring junction led to the desired sulfur-free cage-compound in amixture with other product. The proposed structure for this new compound is based on a Diels-Alder adduct with a trans configuration, with an hydroxyl group linked to the enedionic system. This same compound was obtained, in amixture with the sulfur-free Diels-Alder adduct, when route ii) was tested using tributyltin hydride/AIBN as desulfurizating agent. In summary, the best conditions for the synthesis of an enantiomerically pure precursor of hirsutene is desulfurization of the Diels-Alder adduct resulting from the BF3.Et2O catalysed cycloaddition between the cyclopentadiene and 2-(SS)-iso-propylsulfinyl-3,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone, followed by photoisomerization of the sulfur-free product.

No description available.

Plusieurs facteurs conduisent à la génération de radicaux libres oxydants dans les organismes qui endommagent les biomolécules et en particulier les protéines du vivant. L’une des cibles de l’oxydation dans les protéines est la méthionine (Met). Son oxydation provoque des effets très dommageables, comme la maladie d’Alzheimer ou les maladies à prion. Nous avons étudié la réaction des radicaux hydroxyle (•OH) et de l’état triplet de la 3-carboxybenzophénone (3CB*) avec ces peptides. Le but de ce travail était de caractériser les espèces transitoires et les produits stables formés après oxydation radiolytique et photolytique de peptides contenant la Met (les dipeptides contenant de la Met et les pepetides plus longs tels que la bradykinine, une hormone humaine importante impliquée dans la diminution de la pression artérielle). Nous avons utilisé la photolyse éclair laser (LFP) et la radiolyse pulsée (PR) (pour les espèces transitoires de courte durée de vie), tandis que la radiolyse gamma et la photolyse continue (pour obtenir une caractérisation des produits stables). Les modifications structurelles ont été caractérisées par des techniques de HPLC et par couplage de la spectrométrie de masse (MS) et la détection par spectrométrie infrarouge couplée à la MS (IRMPD, CLIO laser à électrons libres). En outre, il nous a paru intéressant d’étudier deux autres dérivés de la benzophénone (BP), l’oxybenzone (OXB) et le sulisobenzone (SB), qui sont largement utilisés dans les produits de protection solaire commerciaux. En effet, l’application d’écrans solaires est controversée car certaines études épidémiologiques ont indiqué un risque accru de mélanome malin pour leurs utilisateurs. L’oxydation de dipeptides contenant Met par les radicaux •OH ou photosensibilisée par la ³(CB)* a conduit à la formation de radicaux cations centrés sur le soufre de la Met (>S•⁺) qui ont été en outre stabilisés par la formation de liaison deux centres à trois électrons (S∴Y)⁺, Y étant un atome possédant un doublet libre, ou qui ont subi une déprotonation donnant les radicaux contrés sur le carbone en α (α-S). L’oxydation des dipeptides par •OH a abouti à la formation de sulfoxyde de Met (MetSO) en tant que produit principal. Sans aucun doute, l’identification et la caractérisation des MetSO en solutions désoxygénées contenant la catalase est une étape importante dans la quête de produits stables. Toutefois, dans certains cas, d’autres produits ont été identifiés. En ce qui concerne, les produits stables de photolyse, ce sont des adduits avec le groupement 3CB, probablement résultant de la réaction de recombinaison radical-radical. Un autre produit formé au cours de la photolyse était 3CB-3CB résultant d’une photo-addition, qui a une structure similaire à celle du produit d’irradiations de la BP. Tous les produits identifiés (MetSO et la photo-adduits) ont été formés à partir des radicaux α-S par l’intermédiaire d’une dismutation ou une réaction avec 3CBH•/3CB•⁻. L’oxydation de la Met-Lys-bradykinine (MKBR) a abouti à la formation de photo-adduits similaires par réaction sensibilisée avec 3CB. L’oxydation induite de MKBR par •OH a abouti à plusieurs produits, en accord avec la non sélectivité des radicaux •OH. L’un des principaux produits est le MetSO et la phénylalanine hydroxylée. Notons que l’arginine n’est pas oxydée. Enfin, la photolyse de SB et OXB a été étudiée à l’aide de photolyse éclair au laser femto-et nanoseconde, ainsi que l’oxydation à un électron de ces molécules par radicaux •OH ont été réalisées en PR. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés à ceux d’autres dérivés de la BP. L’état singulet excité subit un quenching à 100 % par transfert de proton intraomléculaire à l’état excité (ESIPT) en milieu aprotique et en milieu non polaire. Dans le cas d’un solvant polaire, la formation de radicaux phénoxyles a été identifiée. La réactivité des filtres solaires UV-excité vers dérivés simples de méthionine est également en cours d’étude. / Several factors (radiation, metabolism, pollutants) lead to the generation of oxidizing free radicals in living organisms that damage all biomolecules and especially proteins. One of the protein targets is Methionine (Met). Its oxidation causes highly damaging effects, such as Alzheimer’s or prion disease. The aim of this work was to investigate the transient species and the stable products formed after radiolytic and photolytic oxidation of Met-containing peptides. The reaction of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and 3-carboxybenzophenone triplet state with Met-residue in peptides was investigated for model compounds (Met-dipeptides) and for longer peptides (e.g. Bradykinin). Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis were used to characterize short-lived transient species, while gamma radiolysis and steady-state photolysis were used for quantitative and qualitative characterization of stable products. The structural modifications induced by oxidation have been characterized by the HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry and Infrared Multi Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy (IRMPD, CLIO Free electron laser). The oxidation of investigated Met-containing compounds by •OH or 3CB* led to the formation of S-centered radical cation >S•+ on Met-residue, that were further stabilized by formation of two-centered three-electron bond (S∴Y)+ or underwent the deprotonation reaction yielding the α-(alkylthio)alkyl radicals (α-S). The oxidation of Met-containing dipeptides by •OH radicals yielded the formation of Met sulfoxide (MetSO) as a main product. Undoubtedly, the identification and characterization of MetSO in deoxygenated solutions containing catalase was a milestone in investigation of stable products. However, in some cases, other products were identified. The stable products of photolysis were adducts with 3-carboxybenzophenone moiety, resulting from radical recombination reaction. Another identified product formed during photolysis was 3CB-3CB benzpinacol photoadduct, which has similar structure to the product of BP irradiations. Identified products (MetSO and the photo-adduct) were formed from the α-S via disproportionation or reaction with 3CBH•/3CBH•⁻. The oxidation of Met-Lys-Bradykinin (MKBR) yielded formation of similar photo-adducts via sensitized reaction with the 3CB*. The •OH induced oxidation of MKBR yielded several products, e.g. the sulfoxide and hydroxylated phenylalanine. In addition, other derivatives of benzophenone (oxybenzone (OXB) and sulisobenzone (SB)) were investigated due. They are widely used in commercial sun-protecting products dp to their unique photophysical properties. However the application of sunscreens awakes controversies because some epidemiological studies indicated an increased risk of malignant melanoma for their users. Photo-instability of sunscreen filters would result in reduced protection and may produce reactive free radicals or mutagens. In addition, the reactions of the sunscreens with oxygen free radicals e.g. hydroxyl radicals are likely to arise and they were not yet sufficiently documented. Finally, the radiolytic and photolytic properties of SB and OXB were investigated using femto-and nanosecond laser flash photolysis. Pulse radiolysis studies of the oxidation of those molecules by •OH radicals were performed. The results obtained for SB and OXB were compared to several other benzophenone derivatives. The results shown the formation of excited singlet state that was deactivated efficiently via the Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT). In case of polar solvent, the formation of trace amounts phenoxyl radicals was identified, while for nonpolar media those radicals were not observed. The reactivity of UV-excited sun filters towards simple derivatives of Met was also investigated, however, this topic requires further and more detailed investigations.

Calcando-se na bem conhecida capacidade que os sulfóxidos apresentam em induzir a quiralidade em uma vasta gama de reações, foram preparadas as (±)-2-p-tolilsulfinil-3,6-dimetil- e a (S)-2-p-tolilsulfinil-3-metil-1,4-benzoquinonas e estudadas as suas reações de Diels-Alder com alguns 1,3-dienos. Bons resultados de quimio- e regiosseletividade foram obtidos no caso da primeira quinona com o trans-piperileno e com o 1-vinil-cicloexeno, mas a eliminação espontânea de ácido sulfênico gerou produtos que não puderam ser utilizados posteriormente. O grupo sulfinila, no caso da segunda quinona preparada, não de mostrou capaz de induzir diastereosseletividade facial nas reações com ciclopenta- e cicloexadieno. Também foram estudados os modos de adição do enolato de lítio do acetato de etila às carbonilas das 2-metilsulfinil-2-sulfanil-cicloexanonas. Pelo emprego de espectroscopia de absorção no I. V., ficou evidenciado que a 2-metilsulfinil-2-metilsulfanil-cicloexanona existe como mistura de confôrmeros, sendo o mais abundante aquele para o qual se atribuiu, baseado em cálculos teóricos, que o grupo SOCH3 esteja preferencialmente na posição equatorial e o grupo SCH3, na posição axial. Assim sendo, os excessos enantioméricos observados puderam ser explicados pela proposição de que o ataque do enolato ocorreu de modo axial sobre as carbonilas dos confôrmeros existentes em solução. / Based on the well known ability of the sulfinyl group in controlling the chirality of a broad spectrum of reactions, the new (±)-2-p-tolylsulfinyl-3,6-dimethyl- and (S)-2-p-tolylsulfinyl-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinones were prepared and their Diels-Alder reactions with some 1,3-dienes investigated. Good chemo- and regioselectivities were observed for the reactions of (±)-2-p-tolylsulfinyl-3,6-dimethylbenzoquinone with both trans-piperilene and 1-vinylcyclohexene. However, spontaneous elimination of sulfenic acid precluded the use of the obtained cycloadducts in further transformations. The sulfinyl group, in the case of (S)-2-p-tolylsulfinyl-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, failed to control diastereoselectivity in Diels-Alder reaction with cyclopentadiene and cyclohexadiene. Studies concerning the addition of ethyl acetate lithium enolate to the carbonyl groups of 2-methylsulfinyl-2-sulfanyl-cyclohexanones were also undertaken. In the case of 2-methylsulfinyl-2-methylsulfanylcyclohexanone, a mixture of conformers was evidenced by I. R. spectroscopy. On the basis of theoretical considerations, it could be advanced that, in the most abundant conformer, the SOCH3 and SCH3 groups lie, respectively, in equatorial and axial arrangements. Therefore, the observed enantiomeric excess can be explained considering that the enolate performs an axial attack to the carbonyl groups of the ketone conformers.

L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse a consisté en le développement de nouveaux accepteurs radicalaires de type vinylsulfoxydes et vinylsulfoximines pour la mise en œuvre de processus multicomposants radicalaires. Ces réactions de carbo-alcénylation d’oléfines permettent l’accès à des substrats comportant plusieurs fonctionnalités utiles en synthèse organique et la formation de plusieurs liaisons carbone-carbone en un seul pot. L’absence de contrôle de la stéréochimie du centre asymétrique créé lors de la dernière étape élémentaire du processus multi-composants constitue l’un des derniers problèmes à résoudre dans cette méthodologie. Nous avons, étudié le développement de réactions multicomposants radicalaires impliquant des précurseurs vinylsulfoxydes et sulfoximines. Lors de ces processus, les produits de carboalcénylations d’oléfines ont été obtenus avec des rendements moyens à bons. Nous avons développé en parallèle une méthode efficace pour l’alcénylation directe photocatalysée d’hétérocycles oxygénés par activation de liaisons Csp3 -H à l’aide d’une quantité catalytique de diarylcétone sous irradiation UV. Ce processus permet notamment un accès aisé aux dioxanes substitués par un groupement alcényle, avec un rendement élevé. Une approche énantiosélective de ce processus a également été réalisée. Dans une derniére partie, nous avons développé une stratégie sans étain qui utilise le diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate pour réaliser la vinylation des halogénures d'alkyle dans des conditions radicalaires. Le diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate est donc considéré comme un substitut efficace de l'étain dans ce processus de radical libre. / The aim of this thesis was to develop new radical acceptors including vinylsulfoxides and vinylsulfoximines for the implementation of radical multicomponent processes. These carbo- alkenylation reactions of olefins allow access to substrates having several functionalities, which are useful in organic synthesis and the formation of several carbon-carbon bonds in a single pot. The lack of control of the stereochemistry of the stereogenic center, created during the last elementary stage of the multi-component process, is one of the key problems to be solved in this methodology. We have studied the development of radical multicomponent reactions involving vinylsulfoxide and sulfoximine precursors. In these processes, the olefin carbo-alkenylation products were obtained in moderate to good yields. We have developed in parallel an efficient method for the direct photocatalyzed alkenylation of oxygenated heterocycles through the activation of a Csp3 –H bond, using a catalytic amount of a diarylketone under UV irradiation. This process provides an easy access to alkenyl-substituted dioxanes in high yield. An enantioselective version of this process was also studied. In the final part, we developed a tin-free strategy that uses diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate tovinylate alkyl halides under free radical conditions. Diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate is thereforeconsidered as an efficient tin surrogate in this free-radical process.

Les Méthionine sulfoxyde réductases (Msr) catalysent la réduction spécifique des méthionine sulfoxydes (Met-O) en méthionines (Met). Elles sont impliquées dans la résistance des cellules à un stress oxydant et dans la virulence des bactéries pathogènes du genre Neisseria. Cette famille d'enzyme se compose de trois classes, les MsrA et B, structuralement distinctes, et présentant une stéréosléctivité respectivement pour l'isomère S et R de la fonction sulfoxyde du substrat. Une troisième classe, découverte récemment, et appelée fRMsr, catalyse la réduction spécifique de la forme libre de l'isomère R de la fonction sulfoxyde. La fRMsr appartient à la famille des domaines GAF, généralement impliqués dans la signalisation cellulaire, et les fRMsr représentent le premier domaine GAF présentant une activité enzymatique. Les études réalisées au cours de ma thèse sur la fRMsr de Neisseria meningitidis ont permis de montrer que : 1) fRMsr de N. meningitidis présente un mécanisme catalytique identique à MsrA/B avec la formation d'au moins un pont disulfure intramoléculaire Cys84-Cys118 réduit par la thiorédoxine (Trx) ; 2) La Cys118 est le résidu catalytique sur lequel l'intermédiaire acide sulfénique doit se former ; 3) L'étape réductase est l'étape cinétiquement déterminante du mécanisme à deux étapes conduisant à la formation du pont disulfure Cys84-Cys118. La combinaison de l'analyse des résultats cinétiques, et de la structure tridimensionnelle de la fRMsr de N. meningitidis en complexe avec le substrat ont permis de montrer : 1) L'existence d'un site de reconnaissance oxyanion impliqué dans la stabilisation de la fonction carboxylate ; 2) Un rôle de la fonction carboxylate du résidu Asp143 dans la catalyse de l'étape réductase ; 3) Le résidu Glu125 est impliqué dans la reconnaissance et/ou le positionnement du substrat Met-O probablement via la stabilisation du groupement NH3+ ; 4) Un rôle du résidu Asp141 dans le positionnement des résidus Asp143 et Glu125 ; 5) le noyau indole du Trp62 est impliqué dans la stabilisation du groupe méthyle-[epsilon] / Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) catalyze the specific reduction of methionine sulfoxides (Met-O) into methionine (Met). They are involved in cell defences against oxidative stress and virulence of pathogenic bacteria of Neisseria genius. This family of enzymes consists of three classes, MsrA and MsrB, structurally-unrelated, Specific for the S and the R epimer of the sulfoxide function of the substrate, respectively. A third class, recently discovered and called fRMsr, selectively reduce the free form of the R epimer of the sulfoxide function. The fRMsr belongs to the family of GAF domains, they are usually involved in cell signaling, and fRMsr represent the first GAF domain to show enzymatic activity. The studies of the Neisseria meningitidis fRMsr have shown that: 1) The Neisseria meningitidis fRMsr have a identical catalytic mechanism to MsrA and MsrB with the formation of at least one intramolecular disulfide bond, Cys84-Cys118 reduced by thioredoxin (Trx) ; 2) The Cys118 is demonstrated to be the catalytic Cys on which a sulfenic acid is formed ; 3) The Reductase step is the rate determining step of the mechanism leading to the formation of the disulfide bond Cys84-Cys118. The combination of the biochemical and kinetics data, and the examination of the 3D structure of the N. meningitidis fRMsr in complex with its substrate shown: 1) an oxyanion hole involved in the accommodation of the carboxylate group ; 2) the carboxylate group of the Asp143 residue involved in the catalysis of step reductase, and 3) The Glu125 residue involved in the recognition and/or positioning of the Met-O probably by the stabilization of the NH3+; 4) the Asp141 residue involved in the positioning of Asp143 and Glu125 residues ; 5) the indole ring of the Trp62 residue involved in stabilizing of the epsilon-methyl group