Patients undergoing elective surgery typically fast for 8-12 hours before surgery. However, oral preoperative carbohydrate ingestion may increase postoperative insulin sensitivity and reduce complications. To determine the effects of carbohydrate supplementation prior to CABG or spinal surgery, 38 patients were randomized to receive a carbohydrate supplement or to fast for 12 hours preoperatively. Baseline and postoperative measurements of insulin sensitivity were completed using the short insulin tolerance test and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Patient discomfort was measured immediately before surgery. Insulin sensitivity was not significantly different between groups. However, the supplemented group experienced a significantly smaller rise in glucose levels following surgery (p=0.03) and had higher postoperative HOMA-β scores (p=0.02). Fasted patients were significantly more thirsty (p=0.01), hungry (p=0.04) and anxious (p=0.01) before surgery and experienced a significantly longer hospital stay (p=0.008). Carbohydrate supplementation improved outcomes, warranting re-evaluation of fasting practices prior to major surgery.

Aktuell gibt es für Selen (Se) keine Bedarfsempfehlungen für das Damwild (Dama dama) in Gehegehaltung. Diese Studie soll die typische Se-Aufnahme bei Gehegehaltung von Damwild ermitteln und klären, welche Parameter sich eignen, um die Se-Versorgung des Damwildes zu reflektieren. Dazu wurden 19 Damhirsche in zwei Gruppen unter identischen Bedingungen gehalten. Die Tiere ernährten sich von dem natürlichen Grasaufwuchs und Mischfutter (0,15 mg/kg TS bzw. 1,07 - 1,91 mg/kg TS). In Blut, Plasma und die Organen wurden der Se-Gehalt, die Aktivität der Se-abhängigen Glutathionperoxidase (GPx) sowie teilweise die Gesamt-GPx-Aktivität (gesGPx), die Aktivität der Glutathion-S-Transferase (GST) und die Expression verschiedener GPx analysiert. Durch die Se-Supplementierung wurden ein signifikanter Anstieg des Plasma-Se in der Versuchsgruppe und ein moderater Unterschied der Vollblut-Se-Konzentration sowie der Vollblut-GPx-Aktivität zwischen der Kontroll- und der Versuchsgruppe beobachtet (p = 0,08). Außerdem wurde in allen Organen der Versuchsgruppe ein höherer Se-Gehalt als in der Kontrollgruppe festgestellt. In der Hierarchie der untersuchten Organe ist die Niere am höchsten angeordnet, absteigend folgen der Herz- und Skelettmuskel, die Milz und die Leber. Eine Se-Aufnahme von 0,05 - 0,08 mg/kg TS führt beim Damwild nicht zur Ausprägung von Se-Mangelsymptomen und stellt daher eine ausreichende Se-Versorgung dar. Die Empfehlungen zur Se-Versorgung für Damwild sind somit nicht von Hauswiederkäuern zu übernehmen. Im Plasma und im Vollblut scheinen Se-Konzentrationen von 28 - 64 µg/l und 81 - 200 µg/l für eine ausreichende Se-Versorgung zu sprechen, in der Leber Se-Konzentrationen von 270 - 663 µg/kg TS.

Thesis (MNutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The possible advantages of vitamin D supplementation on various cardiometabolic conditions have been examined over the past few years. Vitamin D supplementation has possibly shown effects on each of the individual components of the metabolic syndrome i.e.: obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and glucose intolerance. The aim of this systematic review was to ascertain whether or not vitamin D supplementation has any effect on any of the components of the metabolic syndrome. We searched the (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trails (Central), Medline, Science direct, ISI Web of knowledge and Scopus during 2010 (repeated search in 2012). We found four randomized controlled trials that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three hundred and seventy three patients were included in these four randomized controlled trails comparing vitamin D supplementation with placebo. Duration of treatment was a minimum of 4 weeks, through to a maximum of on-year. The different trials looked at various components of the metabolic syndrome as outcomes. The results were not consistent amongst the trials and the results could not be combined in a meta-analysis due to heterogeneity in study design and outcomes measured. The current systematic review highlights the shortcomings in the published data and we recommend further trials be undertaken before vitamin D supplementation can be recommended as beneficial for patients with the metabolic syndrome. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moontlike voordele van vitamien D-aanvullings op verskillende kardiometaboliese toestande is oor die afgelope paar jaar ondersoek. Daar is aangetoon dat vitamien Daanvullings uitwerkings het op elk van die individuele komponente van die metaboliese sindroom naamlik vetsug, hipertensie, dislipidemie en glukose-intoleransie. Die doel van hierdie sistematiese oorsig was om vas te stel of vitamien D-aanvullings enige uitwerking het op enige van die komponente van die metaboliese sindroom of nie. Ons het gedurende 2010 soektogte uitgevoer op die Cochrane Sentrale register van gekontroleerde proewe (Central), Medline, Science Direct, ISI Web of Knowledge en Scopus (soektog is in 2012 herhaal). Ons het vier verewekansigde gekontroleerde proewe wat aan ons insluiting- en uitsluitingskriteria voldoen het, opgespoor. Driehonderd drie en sewentig pasiënte is by die vier proewe ingesluit. Al vier proewe het vitamien D-aanvullings met plasebo vergelyk. Die duur van behandeling het van 4 weke tot een jaar gestrek. Die verskillende proewe het gekyk na verskillende komponente van die metaboliese sindroom as uitkomste. Die resultate van die onderskeie proewe was nie konsekwent nie. Die huidige sistematiese oorsig belig die tekortkominge in die gepubliseerde data en ons beveel aan dat verdere proewe onderneem word om vas te stel of dit nuttig is om vitamien D aanvullings vir pasiënte met die metaboliese sindroom aan te beveel, en of dit dalk skadelik kan wees.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective was to evaluate concentrate substitution by corn silage on steers performance, as well as carcass and meat characteristics. The animals were organized according to the following treatments: 0% Sil: supplementation with 100% of corn grain; 33% Sil: supplementation with 66% of corn grain and 33% of corn silage; 50% Sil: supplementation with 50% of corn grain and 50% of corn silage; 66% Sil: supplementation with 33% of corn grain and 66% of corn silage; 100% Sil: supplementation with 100% of corn silage. The animals were slaughtered with average weight and body condition of 426.1 kg and 3.21 points, respectively. No significant interaction was observed between treatments and periods for forage mass, daily weight gain and stoking rate. The average forage mass was increased with the inclusion of roughage as supplement, providing higher stoking rate. The daily weight gain, weight gain per area and body condition didn t differ between treatments (P>.05). Treatments 66% Sil and 100% Sil had presented minor carcass length. Also significant correlation between amount of muscle and bone was verified (P= 0,0012 and r=0,67). Carcass and meat characteristics didn t show significant variations that can infer problems in animal commercialization. / O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar a substituição do concentrado pela silagem de milho no desempenho de novilhos de corte, bem como na carcaça e na carne. Os animais foram organizados de acordo com os seguintes tratamentos: 0% Sil: suplementação com 100% de grão de milho; 33% Sil: suplementação com 66% de grão de milho e 33% de silagem de milho; 50% Sil: suplementação com 50% de grão de milho e 50% de silagem de milho; 66% Sil: suplementação com 33% de grão de milho e 66% de silagem de milho; 100% Sil: suplementação com 100% de silagem de milho. Os novilhos foram abatidos com peso médio e escore corporal de 426,1 kg e 3,21 pontos, respectivamente. Houve interação significativa entre tratamentos e período para as variáveis massas de forragem (MF), taxa de crescimento diário (TC) e carga animal (CA) e peso final. A MF média foi superior frente aos tratamentos com maior inclusão de volumoso suplementar à dieta, principalmente com relação ao 100% Sil, promovendo, assim, aumento na CA para os mesmos. O ganho de peso médio diário, o ganho de peso vivo por hectare e o escore corporal não apresentaram variação significativa entre tratamentos (P>0,05). Os tratamentos 66% Sil e 100% Sil apresentaram menor comprimento de carcaça. Também foi verificada correlação significativa entre quantidade de músculo e osso (P= 0,0012 e r=0,67). Contudo não houve variações significativas que possam inferir problemas no momento da comercialização dos animais junto aos frigoríficos.

Submitted by LUIZ GUSTAVO TEODORO DA SILVA null (teodoromedvet@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-14T01:14:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Luiz Gustavo 5 (Ficha Catalografica) ok.pdf: 726837 bytes, checksum: 8a8d8555c33479c7edbecb0313f13324 (MD5) / Submitted by LUIZ GUSTAVO TEODORO DA SILVA null (teodoromedvet@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-14T11:25:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Luiz Gustavo 5 (Ficha Catalografica) ok.pdf: 726837 bytes, checksum: 8a8d8555c33479c7edbecb0313f13324 (MD5) / Submitted by LUIZ GUSTAVO TEODORO DA SILVA null (teodoromedvet@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-14T13:50:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Luiz Gustavo 5 (Ficha Catalografica) ok.pdf: 726837 bytes, checksum: 8a8d8555c33479c7edbecb0313f13324 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Pizzani null (luciana@btu.unesp.br) on 2017-12-14T17:34:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lgt_me_bot.pdf: 726837 bytes, checksum: 8a8d8555c33479c7edbecb0313f13324 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-14T17:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_lgt_me_bot.pdf: 726837 bytes, checksum: 8a8d8555c33479c7edbecb0313f13324 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esse estudo avaliou o desempenho e saúde de novilhos de corte suplementados com produtos derivados de levedura (Celmanax; Church & Dwight Co., Inc.; Princeton, NJ), onde foi dividido em fase de pré-condicionamento (dia 4 ao 30) e fase de entrada no confinamento (dia 31 ao 69). Oitenta e quatro novilhos Agus x Hereford foram desmamados aproximadamente aos 6 meses de idade no dia 0 (peso corporal [PC] = 245 ± 2 kg; idade = 186 ± 2 dias), e mantidos em um único grupo do dia 0 ao 3. No dia 4 os novilhos foram alocados de acordo com peso á desmama e idade, em 21 baias no confinamento (4 bezerros por baia). As baias foram aleatoriamente designadas para receber: 1) não suplementação com Celmanax durante o estudo (n = 7 baias), 2) suplementação com Celmanax (14 g/dia/novilho; como alimento) do dia 14 ao 69 (n = 7 baias), ou 3) suplementação com Celmanax (14 g/dia/novilho; como alimento) do dia 31 ao 69 (n = 7 baias). Os novilhos tiveram livre acesso a feno de alfafa e receberam concentrado com base de milho que iniciou no dia 14. O Celmanax foi misturado diariamente com o concentrado. No dia 30, os novilhos foram transportados por 1.500 km (24 h). No dia 31, os novilhos retornaram para suas respectivas baias, permanecendo por 38 dias na fase de entrada no confinamento. O peso em jejum foi registrado no dia 4, 31 e 70. A ingestão de matéria seca (IMS) foi avaliada por baia diariamente (dia 14 ao 69). Os sintomas de doença respiratória bovina (DRB) foram observados diariamente (dia 4 ao 69) nos novilhos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no dia 14, 30, 31, 35, 40, 45, 54 e 69 para análise de concentrações cortisol, haptoglobina, fator de crescimento insulina tipo1 (IGF-1) e ácidos graxos não-esterificados (AGNE). Os resultados da fase de pré-condicionamento foram analisados comparando as baias que receberam Celmanax (CELM) ou não (CONPC) durante esta fase. Os resultados da fase de entrada no confinamento compararam as baias que receberam Celmanax do dia 14 ao 69 (CELPREC), do dia 31 ao 69 (CELRECV), ou sem suplementação com Celmanax (CON). O índice de DRB em novilhos foi baixo (P = 0.03) no grupo CELM comparado com grupo CONPC, enquanto que o GMD tendeu a ser maior (P = 0.07) em novilhos CELPREC e CELRECV vs. CON. Não foram detectadas diferenças entre os tratamentos (P ≥ 0.29) em IMS na fase de entrada no confinamento; entretanto G:I (eficiência alimentar) também tenderam (P = 0.08) a ser maior em novilhos CELPREC e CELRECV vs. CON. Não foram detectadas diferenças em outros tratamentos (P ≥ 0.20). Em resumo, a suplementação com Celmanax reduziu a incidência de DRB durante os 30-d de pré-condicionamento. Além disso, a suplementação com Celmanax tende a melhorar o ganho médio diário (GMD) e eficiência alimentar durante os 38 dias de entrada no confinamento, independentemente se a suplementação começou durante o pré-condicionamento ou até a entrada no confinamento. Esses resultados sugerem que a suplementação com Celmanax pode trazer benefícios a saúde na fase de pré-condicionamento e desempenho na fase de entrada no confinamento em bovinos de corte. / This experiment evaluated the impacts of supplementing a 794 yeast - derived product (Celmanax; Church & Dwight Co., Inc.; Princeton, NJ, USA) on 795 productive and health responses of beef steers, and was divided into a preconditioning 796 (day 4 to 30) and feedlot receivin g phase (day 31 to 69). Eighty - four Angus × Hereford 797 steers were weaned on day 0 (BW = 245 ± 2 kg; age = 186 ± 2 days), and maintained in 798 a single group from day 0 to 3. On day 4, steers were allocated according to weaning 799 BW and age t o a 21 - pen drylot (4 steers/pen). Pens were randomly assigned to (n = 7 800 pens/treatment): 1) no Celmanax supplementation during the study, 2) Celmanax 801 supplementation (14 g/steer daily; as - fed) from day 14 to 69, or 3) C elmanax 802 supplementation (14 g/steer daily; as - fed) from day 31 to 69. Steers had free - choice 803 access to grass - alfalfa hay, and were also offered a corn - based concentrate beginning on 804 day 14. Celmanax was mixed daily with the concentra te. On day 30, steers were road - 805 transported for 1500 km (24 h). On day 31, steers returned to their original pens for the 806 38 - day feedlot receiving. Shrunk BW was recorded on days 4, 31, and 70. Feed intake 807 was evaluated daily (day 14 t o 69). Steers were observed daily (day 4 to 69) for bovine 808 respiratory disease (BRD) signs. Blood samples were collected on days 14, 30, 31, 33, 809 35, 40, 45, 54, and 69, and analyzed for plasma cortisol, haptoglobin, IGF - I, and serum 810 fatty acids. Preconditioning results were analyzed by comparing pens that received 811 (CELM) or not (CONPC) Celmanax during the preconditioning phase. Feedlot 812 receiving results were analyzed by comparing pens that received Celman ax from day 14 813 to 69 (CELPREC), day 31 to 69 (CELRECV), or no Celmanax supplementation (CON). 814 During preconditioning, BRD incidence was less (P = 0.03) in CELM vs. CONPC. 815 During feedlot receiving, ADG (P = 0.07) and feed efficiency (P = 0.08) tended to be 816 greater in CELPREC and CELRECV vs. CON, whereas DM intake was similar (P ≥ 817 0.29) among treatments. No other treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.20). 818 Collectively, Celmanax supplementation red uced BRD incidence during the 30 - day 819 preconditioning. Moreover, supplementing Celmanax tended to improve ADG and feed 820 efficiency during the 38 - day feedlot receiving, independently of whether 821 supplementation b egan during preconditioning or after feedlot entry. These results 28 822 suggest that Celmanax supplementation benefits preconditioning health and feedlot 823 receiving performance in beef cattle. / 33004064048P2

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-10-04T13:13:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) aline_danielle_souza_prates.pdf: 764936 bytes, checksum: 07ecde7b89a9710be55845e608186865 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T14:25:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) aline_danielle_souza_prates.pdf: 764936 bytes, checksum: 07ecde7b89a9710be55845e608186865 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T14:25:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) aline_danielle_souza_prates.pdf: 764936 bytes, checksum: 07ecde7b89a9710be55845e608186865 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Banco do Nordeste do Brasil (BNB) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / A ingest?o de alimentos enriquecidos com ?cidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) da s?rie ?mega-3 vem sendo difundida nas ?ltimas d?cadas. A eleva??o dos n?veis dos ?cidos eicosapentan?ico (EPA) e docosaexan?ico (DHA) pode ser obtida por meio do enriquecimento da alimenta??o dos animais criados em cativeiro, manipulando-se a composi??o dos ?cidos graxos da dieta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar dietas contendo a inclus?o da microalga Schizochytrium sp. no desempenho produtivo e composi??o bromatol?gica de juvenis de piau. O experimento foi conduzido no Laborat?rio de Aquicultura e Ecologia Aqu?tica do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, em Diamantina ? MG. Foram utilizados 300 juvenis de piau com peso m?dio e comprimento total m?dio de 11,80 ? 1,08 g e 9,68 ? 0,31 cm, respectivamente . Os peixes passaram por sete dias de adapta??o ao ambiente e neste per?odo foram alimentados com a ra??o do tratamento controle. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 g de Schizochytrium sp. kg-1) e quatro repeti??es, com sete juvenis estocados por aqu?rio, totalizando em 20 parcelas experimentais. Avaliou-se aos 60 dias de experimento os par?metros de desempenho produtivo: ganho de peso (g), biomassa final (g), consumo de ra??o (g), convers?o alimentar, taxa de crescimento espec?fico (TCE) (% dia-1), sobreviv?ncia (%) fator de condi??o (K), e par?metros bromatol?gicos da carca?a: mat?ria seca (MS), mat?ria mineral (MM), extrato et?reo (EE), prote?na bruta (PB), c?lcio (Ca) e f?sforo (P). Foi observado efeito linear crescente (p<0,05) para os par?metros de ganho de peso, biomassa final e sobreviv?ncia. Para convers?o alimentar observou-se efeito quadr?tico (p<0,05) com o melhor n?vel de 33,5 g kg-1 de inclus?o da microalga. Quanto ?s an?lises bromatol?gicas da carca?a , n?o foram observados (p>0,05) diferen?as para mat?ria seca, mat?ria mineral, extrato et?reo, exceto para a prote?na bruta, c?lcio e f?sforo que apresentaram efeito linear decrescente (p<0,05). Conclui-se que a inclus?o acima de 30 g de Schizochytrium sp. kg-1 na ra??o melhora o desempenho de piau. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The food intake enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 series, has been widespread in the recent decades. The increase of the EPA and DHA levels can be obtained by enriching the animals feed raised in captivity, by manipulating the fatty acids composition of dietary. This study aimed to evaluate diets with the inclusion of algae Schizochytrium sp. in the productive performance and chemical composition of piau juveniles. The experiment was conducted in the Aquaculture Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology Department of Animal Science of UFVJM in Diamantina - MG. Three hundred piau juvenile with mean weight and total length of 11.80 ? 1.08g and 9.68 ? 0.31 cm respectively, were subjected. Fishes passed for seven days of adaptation and were fed with the control feed treatment. A completely randomized design was used with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g of Schizochytrium sp. Kg-1), and four replications, with seven juveniles were stocked through aquariums, totaling 20 experimental units. It was evaluated at 60th day of experiment the performance parameters such as weight gain (g), final biomass (g), feed intake (g), feed conversion, TCE (% day-1), survival (%) and condition factor (K), and bromatological parameters of the carcass: Dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), ethereal extract (EE), crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). Increasing linear effect (p <0.05) was observed for the parameters of weight gain, final biomass and survival. For food conversion, a quadratic effect was observed (p <0.05) with the best level of 33.5 g kg-1 inclusion of the microalgae. Regarding the bromatological analyzes of the carcass, differences were not observed (p> 0.05) for dry matter, mineral material, ethereal extract, except for crude protein, calcium and phosphorus, which presented a linear decreasing effect (p <0.05). It is concluded that the above inclusion of 30 g of Schizochytrium sp. Kg-1 in the diet improves the performance of piau.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2017-10-25T12:49:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 607849 bytes, checksum: 8fcbae0fc9246bf1307217869595d65f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-25T12:49:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 607849 bytes, checksum: 8fcbae0fc9246bf1307217869595d65f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-21 / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação de monensina (MON), probióticos ou óleos essenciais sobre o desempenho e índice de escore fecal (IEF) dos bezerros leiteiros de 6-60 d de idade e seu efeito residual 15 dias após o desmame. Cinqüenta bezerros da raça Holandesa foram alimentados com 5 L de leite cru por dia mais concentrado inicial até o desmame. Os tratamentos foram: Controle (CON), adição de MON (30 mg / kg de concentrado), probiótico E. faecium (PROB, 70 mg / kg de concentrado, CFU / kg 7,0E + 09, Cylactin®), óleos essenciais (OE, 300 mg / kg de concentrado, CRINA® Ruminants), ou adição de PROB + OE (EOPROB). O consumo do alimento e o escore fecal (pontuado de 1 a 4) foram medidos diariamente e os animais foram pesados a cada 15 dias. Foi realizada a extração de DNA das fezes, para identificar por meio da PCR a presença ou ausência de microorganismos (E. coli, Hafnia, Shiguella, Lactobacillus spp, Enterococcus spp e Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415). Dois ensaios de digestibilidade de 72 h foram realizados nos dias 20-28 (período 1) e 50-56 (período 2), por coleta fecal total. O experimento foi definido em blocos inteiramente casualizados com dez repetições por tratamento e data de entrada usada como bloco. A ANOVA foi realizada para testar os efeitos do tratamento em P < 0,10, as medias foram comparadas pelo teste t de Student e os resultados da PCR foram analisados pelo teste de Wald. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) antes do desmame foi maior (P < 0,05) para OE (903,03 g / d) em comparação com MON (794,34 g / d) e EOPROB (783,12 g / d). Animais OE e MON diminuíram (P < 0,012) o IEF durante o aleitamento. O ganho médio diário (GMD) e a eficiência alimentar (EA) não diferiu (P > 0,10) entre os tratamentos antes do desmame. A altura à cernelha (AC) e altura à garupa (AG) não foi diferente entre os tratamentos (P > 0,10) antes nem depois do desaleitamento. Após o desmame, o CMS e IEF não diferiu entre os tratamentos (P > 0,10). OE apresentou maior GMD (917,50 g / d) (P < 0,05) em comparação com CON (615,80 g / d) e PROB (592,60 g / d). A EA melhorou (P < 0,05) com OE (0,72 g / g) sobre o CON (0,36 g / g), MON (0,49 g / g) e PROB (0,36 g / g). Os resultados de PCR mostraram ausência do E. faecium NCIMB 10415 em animais PROB e COM. Durante os ensaios de digestibilidade, houve maior consumo (P < 0,001) de nutrientes nos dias 50-56 em comparação com os dias 20-28. Animais PROB apresentaram maiores (P < 0,05) consumo de MS (1184,56 g / d), proteína bruta (PC) (254,63 g / d) e fibra detergente neutra (FDN) (320,36 g / d) comparado com EOPROB. A ingestão de carboidratos no fibrosos (CNF) foi maior (P < 0,05) no tratamento OE (384,31 g / d) comparado com CON (323,63 g / d), MON (323,84 g / d) e EOPROB (301,30 g / d). A ingestão de extrato etéreo (EE) e matéria orgânica (MO) não foi afetada (P > 0,10) pelos tratamentos. A digestibilidade da FDN foi maior (P < 0,012) em animais alimentados com MON (924 g / d). Em conclusão, OE pode ser adicionado à ração de bezerros leiteiros para melhorar o escore fecal, aumenta o CMS e melhora a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. O IEF no pré-desmame diminuiu com MON e aumentou com PROB / We aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with monensin (MON), probiotics or essential oils on performance and fecal consistency index (FCI) of suckling dairy calves from 6-60 d of age, and its residual effect 15 d after weaning. Fifty Holstein calves were fed 5 L of raw milk per day plus starter concentrate until weaning. The treatments were: Control (CON), adition of MON (30 mg/kg of starter), probiotic E. faecium (PROB, 70 mg/kg of starter, CFU/kg 7,0E+09, Cylactin ® ), essential oils (EO, 300 mg/kg of starter, CRINA ® Ruminants), or addition of PROB +EO (EOPROB). DMI and fecal score (scored from 1 to 4) were daily measured, and animals were weighed every 15 d. DNA extraction from feces was performed, to identifying by PCR the presence or absence of microorganisms ( E. coli, Hafnia, Shiguella, Lactobacillus spp, Enterococcus spp, and Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415) in the feces. Two 72 h digestibility trials were performed at days 20-28 (period 1) and 50-56 (period 2), by total fecal collection. The experiment was designed in completely randomized block with ten replications per treatment, and date of entrance used as block. ANOVA was performed to test treatment effects at P < 0.10, means were compared by Student's t-test, and PCR results were analyzed by Wald test. The dry matter intake (DMI) before weaning was greater (P < 0.05) for EO (903.03 g / d) compared to MON (794.34 g / d) and EOPROB (783.12 g / d). EO and MON decreased (P < 0.012) FCI during pré-weaning. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10) before weaning. The withers height (WH) and croup height (CH) was no different among treatments after or before weaning. After weaning the DMI and FCI did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). EO had greater (P < 0.05) ADG (917.50 g / d) compared to CON (615.80 g/d) and PROB (592.60 g / d). The FE improved (P < 0.05) with EO (0.72 g / g) over CON (0.36 g / g), MON (0.49 g / g) and PROB (0.36 g / g). The PCR results showed absence of E. faecium NCIMB 10415 in animals fed PROB and CON. During the digestibility trials, greater intakes (P < 0.001) of nutrients were observed at days 50-56 compared to 20-28 days. Animals fed PROB had greater (P < 0.05) intakes of DM (1184.56 g / d), crude protein (CP) (254.63 g /d) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (320.36 g / d) than animals fed EOPROB . Intake of Non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) were greater (P < 0.05) in EO (384.31 g / d) compared to CON (323.63 g / d), MON (323.84 g / d) and EOPROB (301.30 g / d). The ether extract (EE) and organic matter (OM) intake was not affected (P > 0.10) by treatments. NDF digestibility was greater (P < 0.012) in animals fed MON (924 g / d). In conclusion, EO can be added to the dairy calf ration to improve fecal score, increases DMI and improves nutrient digestibility. The pre-weaning FCI decreased with MON and increased with PROB

Na produção agropecuária, os impactos ambientais relacionados com a produção de gases do efeito estufa (GEE), o uso da água, uso de energia e uso da terra são grandes preocupações globais. Pouca informação existe sobre a sustentabilidade ambiental e econômica dos sistemas de produção em pastagem natural do sul do Brasil. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisaavaliar através de simulações no modelo computacional biológico, IntegratedFarm System Model, a produtividade animal, custos de produção e retorno financeiro, bem como apegada de carbono (PC), pegada de nitrogênio (PN), pegada da água e pegada de energia, de três sistemas de produção de bovinos de corte do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). As simulações foram realizadas utilizando dados reais de sistemas de produção que trabalham com bovinos de corte da raça Angus criados em pastagem natural (PN), com baixa suplementação (PNS), e PNS combinada com lavoura de soja (PNSI). A produtividade animal em kg/ha/ano foi 44% maior para os sistemas PNS e PNSI, quando comparado com PN. Mesmo que o custo de produção por hectare foi menor para PN (US $ 78.14) em comparação a PNS (US$ 99.98) e PNSI (US$ 142.00), o PNS e PNSI obtiveram um rendimento líquido por hectare (US$/ha), 70% e 220% maior, respectivamente, quando comparado com NP. Isto ocorreu em razão da maior produção de carne em consequência da suplementação com grão e também devido à diversificação com culturas rentáveis como a soja. A pegada de carbono (PC) (kg de equivalente CO2/kg de peso vivo ganho (PVG) foi 48% e 37% menor (P<0.0001) em sistemas PNSI e PNS, respectivamente, quando comparado a PN. Além disto, a PC foi 18% menor em PNSI em comparação a PNS, provavelmente devido ao maior sequestro de GEE pela planta (soja) nas condições de solo e clima avaliados. No entanto, a maior contribuição para a redução da PC foi devido à suplementação. PNS apresentou menor (P<0.0001) pegada de nitrogênio em comparação a PN e PNSI. Apegada de nitrogênio (kg N/kg PVG), pegada de água (Mg H2O/kg PVG), pegada de energia (MJ/kg PVG) foram aumentadas (P<0.0001) no sistema PNSI em comparação a PNS e PN. A melhoria da eficiência produtiva, em consequência da suplementação reduziu a PC/kg de PVG e por hectare. No entanto, com a compra de fertilizantes para lavoura e grãos para alimentação animal, houve um aumento da pegada de água e pegada de energia. A suplementação em pastagem natural nos específicos cenários avaliados pode ser considerada uma prática de baixo impacto ambiental, que quando integrado com a soja, poderá trazer um maior retorno econômico para a atividade agropecuária. / For agri-food products, environmental impacts related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water use, energy use and land use are all typically of high concern. However, little information exists about the environmental footprints and economics of beef production systems in southern Brazil. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the economics, carbon footprint (CF),nitrogen footprint, water footprint and energy footprint of beef production systems in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) using a software Integrated Farm System Model. These simulations were done with Angus beef cattle raised on natural pasture (NP), natural pasture with low supplementation (NPS), and natural pasture with low supplementation and soybean crop combination (NPSI). Net animal gain sold (kg)/ha/year increased 44% for NPS and NPSI when compared with NP. Even though NP production cost per hectare was lower (US$ 78.14) than NPS (US$ 99.98) and NPSI (US$ 142.00), NPS and NPSI had net return per hectare (US$/ha), 70% and 220% greater, respectively, when compared to NP due to higher beef productivity from feeding more grain and diversifying into profitable crop enterprises such as soybeans. Natural pasture with low supplementation level in NPSI and NPS decreased (P<0.0001) by 48% e 37% the CF (kg CO2 equivalent /kg of body weight gain (BWG)) when compared with NP. Furthermore, CF was also 18% lower for NPSI compared with NPS, may due to greater sequestration of GHG by soybean plants in this specifics scenario evaluated. However, the higher contribution in reducing GHG emissions was more due to supplementation. For agri-food products, environmental impacts related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water use, energy use and land use are all typically of high concern. However, little information exists about the environmental footprints and economics of beef production systems in southern Brazil. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the economics, carbon footprint (CF),nitrogen footprint, water footprint and energy footprint of beef production systems in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) using a software Integrated Farm System Model. These simulations were done with Angus beef cattle raised on natural pasture (NP), natural pasture with low supplementation (NPS), and natural pasture with low supplementation and soybean crop combination (NPSI). Net animal gain sold (kg)/ha/year increased 44% for NPS and NPSI when compared with NP. Even though NP production cost per hectare was lower (US$ 78.14) than NPS (US$ 99.98) and NPSI (US$ 142.00), NPS and NPSI had net return per hectare (US$/ha), 70% and 220% greater, respectively, when compared to NP due to higher beef productivity from feeding more grain and diversifying into profitable crop enterprises such as soybeans. Natural pasture with low supplementation level in NPSI and NPS decreased (P<0.0001) by 48% e 37% the CF (kg CO2 equivalent /kg of body weight gain (BWG)) when compared with NP. Furthermore, CF was also 18% lower for NPSI compared with NPS, may due to greater sequestration of GHG by soybean plants in this specifics scenario evaluated. However, the higher contribution in reducing GHG emissions was more due to supplementation.

A Fissura Oral (FO) é uma malformação craniofacial comum na espécie humana e sua etiologia é complexa com aspectos genéticos e ambientais envolvidos na sua formação. Por ser uma malformação de prevalência variável, estudos de associação em populações distintas são necessários, principalmente em populações heterogêneas como no Brasil. A suplementação com ácido fólico está envolvida na redução do risco de recorrência para algumas malformações, mas a natureza da reação entre a ingestão do ácido fólico, a interação entre os genes da rota metabólica e o seu efeito nas concentrações de folato é pouco caracterizada. Além disso, existem poucos estudos envolvendo um grande número de genes e a suplementação com ácido fólico a longo prazo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o papel dos genes MSX1 e IRF6 e região 8q24 em indivíduos com fissuras orais não sindrômicas de diferentes regiões do Brasil e analisar o efeito da suplementação com ácido fólico e dos polimorfismos nos genes da rota metabólica do folato nos níveis de folato séricos e eritrocitários. Nossos resultados mostram associação positiva entre o alelo 4 do polimorfismo de repetição CA (MSX1) e FO, alelo A da variante rs987525 (8q24) foi associado com FL/P e o haplótipo G/A (rs2235371/rs642961) do gene IRF6 associado com o aumento do risco para FL/P. Dos 23 genes da rota metabólica do ácido fólico estudados, 5 (FPGS, FOLR1, FOLR2, SHMTI e MTHFR) foram relacionados com os níveis de folato sérico e eritrocitário. As variantes rs7033913 (FPGS), rs11235462 (FOLR1) e rs2276048 (FOLR2) foram associadas com os níveis de folato sérico após suplementação. Os polimorfismos rs2168781 e rs2461837 (SHMT1) foram relacionados com os níveis de folato eritrocitário basal e o rs1801131(MTHFR) com os níveis de folato eritrocitário durante a suplementação. Conhecer a etiologia das fissuras orais e entender os efeitos da suplementação e de variantes dos genes da rota do folato nos níveis basais de folato é essencial tanto para auxiliar no manejo clínico através de uma medicina personalizada quanto para aconselhamento genético. / Oral cleft (OC) is a common craniofacial malformation. The etiology is complex and involves genetic and environmental factors. OC have a variable prevalence and association studies are needed in different populations, especially in heterogeneous populations as the Brazilian. Folic acid supplementation reduce the recurrence risk for some malformation, but the reaction between folic acid intake, the interaction between genes of metabolic pathway and effect on folate concentrations is poorly characterized. Furthermore, there are few studies with a large number of genes and long-term folic acid supplementation. The aim was to analyze the role of MSX1 and IRF6 gene and 8q24 region in individuals with non-syndromic oral clefts in different regions of Brazil and to analyze the effect of folic acid supplementation in folate pathway genes and correlate to levels of serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate. Our results have shown a positive association between the CA repeat polymorphism 4 allele (MSX1) and OC, between rs987525 A allele (8q24) and CL/P and the G/A haplotype (rs2235371 / rs642961) of IRF6 associated with increased risk of CL/P. The 23 folate pathway genes studied, 5 (FPGS, FOLR1, FOLR2, SHMTI and MTHFR) were correlated to serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate levels. The variants rs7033913 (FPGS), rs11235462 (FOLR1) and rs2276048 (FOLR2) were associated to serum folate levels after supplementation. Polymorphisms in SHMT1 (rs2168781 and rs2461837) were associated with basal RBC folate while MTHFR (rs1801131) were associated with RBC folate levels during supplementation. Understanding of oral cleft etiology and folate gene pathway will assist clinic management and genetic counseling since folate is involved in important biologic processes.

Amphibians are declining worldwide in response to pressures that are too numerous, difficult and rapid to ameliorate in the wild before some taxa become extinct. Ex situ conservation, whereby animals are maintained in captivity until threats in the wild have been resolved, is the only means of saving up to five hundred amphibian species. Amongst political, financial and practical hurdles, the most fundamental problem for these programmes is lack of knowledge about how to maintain species successfully in captivity. Captive populations have failed to survive or reproduce and, furthermore, captive husbandry may produce animals unsuitable for reintroduction through intra or inter-generational changes. These problems entirely undermine initiatives and if ex situ programs are to succeed, evidence based captive husbandry is needed to support captive breeding programs. In this thesis, I quantify our ignorance of amphibian requirements in captivity. Furthermore, I present investigations into fundamental areas ofamphibian husbandry, about which we currently know very little. I investigate the relationship between amphibians and Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and examine the relationship between UVB provision and calcium provision and evaluate routes of dietary calcium supplementation. I also present data on the effects of enrichment and rearing environment on the growth, fitness, behaviour and dermal bacterial communities of captive amphibians. These results, from a range of areas of amphibian husbandry, together demonstrate the power of the captive environment to influence the phenotype and therefore the fitness of amphibians, even within single generations. Additionally, I provide some of the first data addressing key areas of amphibian husbandry that until now have been led mostly or entirely by anecdote and hearsay.