This thesis considers the perceived athleticism of synchronized swimming by looking at the implications of representations of Esther Williams and "pretty swimming" in popular culture, the allocation of space for women's sport in a local public swimming pool, and an inaugural championship event. Focusing on the first British Columbia (BC) synchronized swimming championships, which were held on February 5, 1949 at Crystal Pool in Vancouver, it shows that images of synchronized swimming as "entertainment" facilitated the development of a new arena of competition for BC women, but that this was accompanied, in effect, by a trivialization of the accomplishments of organizers and athletes. Chapter One examines the construction of a "global" mermaid by analysing Esther Williams' first film, Bathing Beauty (1944), as a typical example of the Metro-Goldwyn- Mayer (MGM) aquamusical, a genre that produced images of synchronized swimming as frivolous entertainment. Chapter Two considers how these sorts of images affected the allocation of physical space at Crystal Pool, Vancouver's only indoor public swimming pool at the time, for women's sport. Chapter Three introduces two women who were involved in the 1949 BC synchronized swimming championships: May Brown, who at the time was a University of British Columbia (UBC) Physical Education instructor and synchronized swimming judge, and Maureen Bray (Hibberson), a UBC student who won the individual championship event. Their recollections provide an important corrective to the "pretty swimming" stereotype by demonstrating that these women used the cultural and physical space allotted to them to create a new sport for local women. The final chapter also includes episodes from my personal experiences as a synchronized swimmer in BC during the 1980s to underscore the complicated and conflicted heritage for synchronized swimmers in BC represented by the legacy of the 1949 championships and the MGM aquamusical. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

Estudos iniciais sobre a aquisição da locomoção aquática por bebês identificaram uma seqüência ordenada de padrões de movimento ao longo do primeiro ano de vida. A explicação dada a respeito dessa constatação sustenta que isso se deva a alterações no controle motor causado pela maturação do sistema nervoso. Estudos posteriores têm contestado a existência dessa seqüência predeterminada de padrões, sugerindo uma menor predisposição do organismo e uma maior influência ambiental na aquisição desses comportamentos. O presente projeto visou investigar o efeito da estimulação sistemática do reflexo de nadar no comportamento de bebês na locomoção aquática no primeiro ano de vida. Participaram do experimento dezeseis bebês, com idade media de quatorze semanas, divididos em dois: grupo experimental e controle. O registro dos dados foi feito com uma câmera (Panasonic Camerascope S-VHS Movie modelo AG 456) e a identificação e quantificação dos movimentos foram feitas mediante a análise quadro a quadro utilizando-se do software APAS 2000 (Ariel System). Consideraram-se os movimentos do corpo todo ou de partes e que durassem pelo menos dois segundos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar diferenças significativas na duração do comportamento predominante do mergulho ventral autônomo entre os grupos nos componentes, cabeça, braços, pernas e tronco em nível de 5%. Nas outras demais posições experimentais os resultados obtidos não foram totalmente conclusivos. O que nos leva a afirmar que houve efeito de prática entre os grupos principalmente para a posição experimental do mergulho ventral autônomo / Early studies about acquisition of swimming behavior in infants identified an ordered sequence of movement patterns span the first year of life. The explanation attributed to this fact defends that it happens due to changes in motor control caused by the maturation of nervous system. Nevertheless, it has been questioned, suggesting a smaller predisposition of the organism in the skills acquisition process, suggesting a bigger environmental influence in the acquisition of this behavior. In this way, the present study aimed testing the effects of practice on elementary swim patterns. For this, sixteen full-terms, fourteen weeks ear old infants, were recruited from the Londrina State University community in Londrina. The infants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The experimental group was taken to the aquatic environment twice a week for a period of seven consecutive months and received thirty minutes of stimulation of swimming patterns each day. The control group received no systematic stimulation. Both groups were taken to aquatic environment twice a month and filmed for a period of fifteen minutes in each experimental position. The movements made by all the body or the segments, during more than two consecutive seconds, were considered to this analysis. From the data gathered it was possible to identify some behavioural patterns regarding to the action of the head, the limbs and the trunk. A planned comparison confirmed that the duration of the most frequent movement of the experimental group was longer than that of the control group. Those results suggest that the effects of practice can provide variations on some swimming behavior

Em habilidades como o nadar tem se creditado o sucesso à consistência do comportamento, negligenciando o papel da flexibilidade. Nesse sentido, com o objetivo de investigar o efeito da modificação da tarefa na braçada do nado crawl em indivíduos em níveis de habilidades distintos, partiu-se da visão de complementaridade entre consistência e flexibilidade do comportamento motor habilidoso. Crianças (42), com média de 8,7 anos de idade, com domínio do nado crawl, participaram do experimento. Usando o instrumento de análise do nível de proficiência do nado crawl, dois grupos, de 15 sujeitos cada, em níveis de habilidades distintos foram formados. Medidas de aspectos invariantes e variantes foram utilizadas para analisar as braçadas na tarefa de deslocar-se 30 metros em três velocidades. Segundo os resultados, os nadadores mantiveram a organização temporal da braçada (OTB) nas três condições experimentais; o grupo mais habilidoso (+H) apresentou a OTB mais estável; e, as alterações de desempenho foram efetuadas, exclusivamente a partir de ajustes dos aspectos variantes das braçadas. Em função dos resultados conclui-se que a aquisição do nadar, vista como um processo contínuo, envolve a formação de representações mentais que asseguram tanto a consistência (aspectos invariantes) como a flexibilidade (aspectos variantes) da braçada e, que sua complexidade está associada ao nível de habilidade dos nadadores. / In skills, as swimming, there has been credit to the success of the consistency of behaviour neglecting the role of flexibility. In this way with the objective of investigating the effect of the modification of the task in the front crawl stroke in individuals with distinct levels of skill we launched from the point that consistency and flexibility complement each other in the skilful motor behaviour. Children (42), with an average age of 8.7 with the skill of swimming crawl participated in the experiment. Using the analysis instrument of proficiency level of the crawl style, two groups of 15 subjects each, with distinct levels of ability were formed. Measures of variant and invariant aspects were used to analyze the stroke of drifting 30 meters in three velocities. According to the results the swimmers maintained the temporal organization of the stroke (TOS) in three experimental conditions; the more skilful group presented the more stable TOS; and the alterations of the performance were made exclusively from the adjustments of the variant aspects of the strokes. Due to the results it was concluded that the acquisition of swimming seen as a continuous process, involves the formation of mental representations that assure not only consistency (invariant aspects) but also the flexibility (variaant aspects) of the stroke and that its complexity is associated to the level of skill in the swimmers.

Nas últimas décadas foram desenvolvidos estudos que associaram a coordenação das braçadas do nado crawl, expressa pelo índice de coordenação (IdC), ao desempenho de nadadores. Outro conjunto de estudos apontou que, em comparação à condição de apneia, a respiração afeta o desempenho dos nadadores. No entanto, não se sabe se a coordenação entre respiração e braçada está associada ao desempenho, e de que maneira isto ocorre. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a coordenação e o desempenho de nadadores no nado crawl, considerando a coordenação entre braçadas e, de forma original, a coordenação entre a braçada e a respiração. Participaram 30 nadadores do gênero masculino com idade média de 14,1 anos (±0,99). A tarefa consistiu em nadar a distância de 100 metros utilizando o nado crawl no menor tempo possível, distribuída em quatro parciais de 25 metros, simulando uma prova de 100 metros. Foi utilizada como medida de desempenho a velocidade média (Vm); como medidas complementares, a frequência de braçadas (FBr) e o comprimento de braçada (CBr); e, de coordenação, o índice de coordenação (IdC) e o índice de respiração (IdR). A análise de variância de medidas repetidas foi utilizada para detectar diferenças nas medidas de desempenho, complementares e IdC entre as quatro parciais de 25 metros. Para verificar as diferenças no IdR entre a segunda e a quarta parciais de 25 metros foi utilizado o teste t de Student. O teste de correlação de Pearson permitiu a análise das relações do IdC e do IdR com as medidas de desempenho. Determinou-se como significância estatística alpha<=0,05. Os resultados mostraram que, para nadar 100 metros crawl no menor tempo possível, os nadadores são mais velozes (Vm) na parte inicial da prova simulada; mantêm FBr e CBr inalterados e IdC em oposição nas quatro parciais de 25 metros; mantêm a coordenação entre braçada e respiração (IdR), mas, qualitativamente, mudam de em atraso na segunda parcial para simultânea na quarta parcial. Em relação ao objetivo do presente estudo, os resultados permitem concluir que: 1) Há associação entre a coordenação da braçada com a respiração (IdR) e o desempenho (Vm): os nadadores que realizaram a inspiração após a empurrada, foram os que apresentaram velocidade mais baixa para nadar a quarta parcial de 25 metros; e 2) Há associação entre coordenação de braços e desempenho: semelhante aos resultados parciais de um estudo com nadadores de baixa velocidade (SEIFERT et al., 2007), os nadadores que realizaram maior IdC, foram os que apresentaram velocidade mais baixa para nadar os 100m, a primeira, terceira e quarta parciais de 25 metros. Portanto, além da coordenação entre braços, a coordenação entre braçada e respiração está associada ao desempenho de nadadores. Em estudos futuros, o conhecimento sobre a coordenação entre a braçada e a respiração e sua associação com o desempenho deve continuar a ser objeto de investigação / In the last decades, studies have been developed associating the coordination of front crawl strokes, expressed by the index of arm coordination (IdC), to the performance of swimmers. Another set of studies indicate that, compared to the apnea condition, breathing affects swimmers performance. However, it is unknown whether and how the coordination between breathing and stroke is associated with performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between coordination and performance of swimmers in the front crawl, considering the coordination between strokes and, in an original way, the coordination between stroke and breathing. Participants were 30 male swimmers with an average age 14.1 (± 0.99) years. The task consisted of swimming the distance of 100 meters using the front crawl in the shortest possible time, distributed in four parts of 25 meters, simulating a 100 meters race. As a performance measure, the average speed (Vm) was used; as complementary measures, stroke frequency (FBr) and stroke length (CBr); and, as coordination measures, the index of arm coordination (IdC) and the index of respiration (IdR). The analysis of variance of repeated measurements was used to detect differences in performance measures, complementary and IdC among the four partials of 25 meters. To verify the differences in the IdR between the second and fourth partials of 25 meters the Student\'s t-test was used. The Pearson\'s correlation test allowed the analysis of the relations of IdC and IdR between the performance measures. Statistical significance was defined as alpha <=0.05. The results showed that, in order to swim 100 meters front crawl in the shortest possible time, swimmers are faster (Vm) in the initial part of the simulated race; they maintain FBr and CBr unchanged and IdC in opposition in the four partials of 25 meters; they maintain the coordination between stroke and breathing (IdR), but, qualitatively, they change from delayed in the second partial to simultaneous in the fourth partial. Related to the aim of the present study, the results allow to conclude that: 1) There is an association between arm and breathing coordination (IdR) and performance (Vm): the swimmers who carried out the inspiration after the push were the ones who presented lower speed to swim the fourth partial of 25 meters; and 2) There is an association between arm coordination and performance: similar to the partial results of a study with low speed swimmers (SEIFERT et al., 2007), the swimmers who performed the highest IdC were the ones who presented the lowest speed to swim the 100m, the first, third and fourth partials of 25 meters. Therefore, in addition to arm coordination, the coordination between stroke and breathing is associated with the performance of swimmers. In future studies, knowledge about the coordination between stroke and breathing and its association with performance should continue to be investigated

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do tipo de modelo, boneca e humano, na aprendizagem das habilidades motoras do nado sincronizado, mais especificamente na figura tina (Experimento 1), bem como os efeitos da ordem da apresentação do modelo, boneca-humano ou humano-boneca na aprendizagem da mesma figura (Experimento 2). Participaram do Experimento 1, 20 sujeitos, partindo dos seguintes critérios de inclusão: voluntários do sexo feminino, com idade média de 23,1 anos (DP= 4,1), adaptados ao meio aquático, capazes de deslocar-se na parte rasa da piscina, de flutuar com auxílio das mãos, sem experiência anterior com qualquer das habilidades do nado sincronizado. A tarefa consistiu na execução da tina, que compreende a execução de uma sequência composta por 3 posições e 2 movimentos de transição: (1) Posição Inicial; (2) Transição para a tina; (3) Posição de Tina; (4) Transição para a posição final; e, (5) Posição Final. Os sujeitos foram distribuídos em dois grupos de 10 participantes cada, o grupo modelo boneca (GB) e o grupo modelo humano (GH). Após um pré-teste composto de seis tentativas consecutivas de execução da tina a partir de instrução verbal, todos executaram 60 tentativas a partir de demonstração e instrução verbal. As demonstrações tanto do modelo boneca como do modelo humano foram fornecidas a cada tentativa, por vídeo. Após intervalo de 10 minutos, todos foram submetidos a um pós-teste, também composto de seis tentativas consecutivas de execução da tina a partir de instrução verbal. No dia seguinte, todos os sujeitos, independente do grupo foram submetidos ao teste de retenção, composto de dois blocos de 6 tentativas, sem qualquer tipo de instrução. A amostra do Experimento 2 foi constituída por 20 sujeitos, voluntários do sexo feminino, com idade média de 21,6 anos (DP= 2,8), adaptados ao meio aquático, capazes de deslocar-se na parte rasa da piscina, de flutuar com auxílio das mãos, sem experiência anterior com qualquer das habilidades do nado sincronizado, cuja tarefa era a mesma do Experimento 1, a execução da tina. Foram formados dois grupos de 10 participantes, sendo um deles com modelo boneca seguido de modelo humano e outro com modelo humano seguido de boneca. Após a aplicação de pré-teste, somente com instrução verbal, cada grupo executou 10 blocos de aquisição. Dez minutos após a fase de aquisição, os sujeitos executaram um bloco pós-teste, em que só foi fornecida instrução verbal, seguido, no dia seguinte, de dois blocos de teste de retenção, cada um constituído de seis tentativas. Entre os blocos 1 e 5 da fase de aquisição, as participantes receberam uma demonstração a cada tentativa de seu primeiro modelo, boneca ou humano, de acordo com seu grupo. Do bloco 6 ao 10 da fase de aquisição, as participantes receberam uma demonstração a cada tentativa do segundo modelo, humano ou boneca. Os resultados mostraram que nas medidas de desempenho global e de desempenho por componente não houve efeito do tipo de modelo, boneca ou humano (Experimento 1) e da ordem de apresentação do modelo na aprendizagem da tina do nado sincronizado. Nesse sentido concluiu-se que o modelo apresentado na demonstração associado à instrução verbal, não afeta a aprendizagem da tina, podendo ser utilizada a boneca e ou o modelo humano / The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the type of model, synchro doll and human, in the motor learning process of Synchronized Swimming skills, particularly the tub figure (Experiment 1), as well as the effects of the sequence of models presentation in the learning process of the tub, synchro doll followed by the human model, or the human model prior to the synchro doll (Experiment 2). Experiment I was based on the performance of 20 female volunteer subjects, average age 23,1 years old (SD =4,1), adapted to aquatic environment, able to move on the shallow part of the pool and to fluctuate without using their hands. The task consisted of tub figure of the Synchronized Swimming consisting of 5 positions and 2 transition movements: starting position, tub transition, tub position, final transition and final position. After a pre-test in which all made 6 consecutive trials with verbal task description, the subjects were distributed in two groups consisting of 10 participants which, and made 60 trials with verbal task description and one demonstration per trial, the latter consisting of video instruction showing either a synchro doll model, or a human model. After 10 minutes all were submitted to a post-test, which consisted of 6 consecutive trials with verbal instructions only. On the following day, the subjects of both groups were submitted to a retention test, composed of two sessions of 6 consecutive trials with no instructions at all. In Experiment 2, 20 novice female subjects, average age 21,6 years old (SD = 2,8), adapted to aquatic environment, able to move on the shallow part of the pool and to fluctuate without using their hands had the same task as in Experiment 1, the performance of the five task components of the tub: starting position, tub transition, tub position, final transition and final position. Two groups of 10 participants were formed, one of them having the synchro doll model prior to the human model, and the other with the human model followed by the synchro doll model. After the pre-test in which all made 6 consecutive trials with verbal task description, each subject was submitted to 10 acquisition sessions. Ten minutes after those, the subjects were submitted to a post-test with verbal instructions only and, on the following day, 2 sessions of retention tests, consisting of 6 trials which, with no instructions at all. During the acquisition sessions 1 to 5 the subjects received one demonstration per trial of the first model, either synchro doll or human, according to their group, During the acquisition sessions 6 to 10 the participants received one demonstration per trial of the other model, either human or synchro doll. The results show that the type of model and the presentation sequence did not affect the global performance nor the performance of the components. So it was concluded that the model presented in demonstration associated to the verbal instructions does not affect tub learning, making it possible to use either the doll or the human model in any sequence

The main goal of this thesis is to analyze appropriate methods and approaches that lead to valuation of a sports complex, specifically the public swimming pool complex in Senica before and after reconstruction. The aim is to estimate the expenses that are related to running the place and to analyze its possible revenue. The object´s price is based on the up-to-date valuation acts. To perform the valuation, it was necessary to acquire the corresponding technical and economic documentation. Based on these documents, there is a visible technical upgrade, which is due to a reconstruction. The object is owned and managed by the town of Senica.

Orientador: Carlos Marcelo Pastre / Resumo: A imersão em água fria (IAF) é uma técnica comumente utilizada no âmbito esportivo no processo de recuperação pós-exercício. Na natação, este é um recurso utilizado principalmente entre provas, visando obter seus benefícios a curto prazo. Entretanto, os efeitos de sua aplicação de forma sistematizada e ajustada às demandas de treinamento, permanecem incertos, especialmente quando comparados à condição placebo. Objetivos: Avaliar os efeitos da imersão em água fria e sua condição placebo quando aplicadas de forma sistematizada e adequada a dinâmica de treinamento sobre parâmetros perceptivos, funcionais e de desempenho em atletas de natação. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado do tipo cruzado, envolvendo 20 atletas de natação de ambos os sexos com idade entre 12 e 20 anos. O estudo foi realizado em seis semanas de treinamento do mesmo mesociclo. Durante os cinco dias da semana os participantes realizaram as sessões de treinamento, compostas por um treino físico em solo seguido do treino nadado. Aos sábados (após as cinco sessões) os atletas foram submetidos à uma sessão de testes. As intervenções recuperativas [imersão em água fria (14±1°C), imersão em água termo neutra (27±1°C) como condição placebo, e condição controle] foram aplicadas em três semanas (semanas 2, 4 e 6) às segundas, terças e sextas-feiras entre o treino físico e o treino nadado durante 12 minutos, enquanto as semanas 1, 3 e 5 foram consideradas basais. Os atletas foram randomizados de acordo com sexo e nível ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cold-water immersion (CWI) is a technique commonly used in sports in the post-exercise recovery process. In swimming, this is a tool used mainly between tests, aiming to obtain its short-term benefits. However, the effects of its systematic application and adjusted to the training demands remain uncertain, especially when compared to the placebo condition. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of cold-water immersion and its placebo condition when properly and systematically applied to training dynamics on perceptive, functional and performance parameters in swimming athletes. Methods: Randomized crossover clinical trial involving 20 male and female swimmers aged 12 to 20 years. The study was conducted in six weeks of training of the same mesocycle. During the five days of the week, the participants performed the training sessions, consisting of a physical training on the ground followed by the swim training. On Saturdays (after five sessions), the athletes were submitted to a testing session. The recovery interventions [cold water immersion (14 ± 1 ° C), term neutral water immersion (27 ± 1 ° C) as a placebo condition, and control condition] were applied at three weeks (weeks 2, 4 and 6) on Mondays, Tuesdays and Fridays between physical training and swimming training for 12 minutes, while weeks 1, 3 and 5 were considered baseline. Athletes were randomized according to gender and competitive level into distinct sequences (S1; S2; S3) in which they differed only by the order of ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Title: Historical development of freediving. Objectives: The goal of this thesis is to describe the historical development of freediving. Methods: To achieve the goal, it has been analysed all available information including literature, internet software, materials about diving, descriptions, comparisons and an interview. Results: This thesis shall provide, to those interested in the sport and to general public, a comprehensive and clear description of historical development of freediving from the early beginnings to the present. Keywords: history, sport, diving, swimming, freediving

Title: History of scuba diving and freediving Objectives: The main goal of the thesis is to gather available information and resources about scuba diving describe and analyze the historical development of diving and freediving. Methods: In order to achieve the objective of the thesis, it has been analysed all available information including literature, internet software, materials about diving, description, comparison and interview. Results: This thesis shall provide, to those interested in the sport and to general public, a comprehensive and clear description and historical development of diving and diving equipment from the early beginnings to the present, with main focus on freediving. Keywords: history of diving, sport, diving, swimming, freediving.

Thesis title: The effects of a swimming intervention on physical fitness in 6-15 years old children Thesis aims: The main aim of this thesis has been to explore the effects of regular swimming intervention on physical fitness in 6-15 years old children and focus on the importance of suitable nutrition for this age period. Methods: I've used in my thesis 2 research methods. The first one was the survey with 10 questions to ask the respondents about their leisure time physical activities and nutrition. For positive influence on physical fitness is the effect of healthy nutrition and other physical activities execpt of swimming very important. The second research method has been the standardized test baterry Unifittest 6-60. For the 6-15 years old children speifically these data and measurement: age, height, weight, long jump (from static position), sit-up 60s, Leger test. In the beginning of December I've taken the first primary of measuring. After 3 months of training intervention I've taken the secondary part of measuring. Subsequently I've evaluated the gained information. Results: We have compared the primary (entrance) measurement results and the results of secondary measurement after 13 weeks of surveillance. After 13 weeks of intervention we didn't found out statistical significant differences...