Scenes involving the breaking or outright inversion of culinary and (com)mensal norms are frequent in Greek art of the Archaic and Classical periods. The most discussed group of such images involves the uncivilized act of binge drinking unmixed wine and, as a result, losing control of one’s mind and body. Far less studied from an iconographic perspective are scenes of cannibalism, the most extreme and unsettling of all Greek culinary taboos. This paper seeks to define the iconography and meaning of cannibalism in Greek art through an exploration of the individual and shared compositional features of anthropophagic scenes and their visual relationship to normative images of meat consumption. Analytical attention will also be given to the objects on which these scenes appear and the relationship between the scenes and any other decorative content. Of particular interest is the way in which the iconography reflects cannibalism’s association with other serious normative violations, for example, infanticide (e.g., Prokne slaying her son Itys) and inhospitality (e.g., the Egyptian pharaoh Bousiris attempting to sacrifice his guest-friend Herakles). [The manuscript is currently being developed into an article to be submitted for publication consideration, probably in winter 2021.]

This research focuses on the personal stories surrounding men who were sexually abused in childhood. The aim of this study is to shed light on the experiences of these men, and attempt to lift the veil of secrecy and stigma attached to male childhood sexual abuse. Three participants were selected for this qualitative study using the selection procedure of purposive sampling. Each participant was introduced with the use of a semi-structured interview format, and the information that was obtained from each participant was explored using a hermeneutic analysis approach. The results suggest that society’s naivety and ignorance of issues pertaining to sexually abused men are prominent. Both differences and similarities, in relation to the experiences of these men, are evident. With particular reference to the three participants whom partook in this study, the differing experiences that appear significant are suicidal ideation; low self-esteem; flashbacks; fear of men in general; and mind-body separation. The similar experiences that are evident within the participants’ stories are their desire for secrecy; fear of what society may think of them; desperate attempts to cope and subsequently escape the memories of their pasts; long-lasting effects, such as a lack of trust and an absence of intimacy; and determination to move forward and prevail. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

This thesis describes the issue of the use of euphemisms in contemporary Russian language. It is aims to determine thematic areas in which euphemisms are used in contemporary Russian and compare it with conclusions of previous research. Another purpose of the research is determine function of euphemisms for particular thematic areas and compare frequency of incidence of euphemisms in lifestyle magazines for woman and newspaper with extensive target group. Material for the research was derived from the Russian press. Collected examples have not been used in previous studies. Based on theoretical findings thematic areas of using euphemisms and their functions were determined. Collected examples were explored from several perspectives - function, thematic areas they were used for, connection between context and perception of particular name as euphemism, description in the literature etc. One of the conclusions of this thesis is finding that there are thematic areas where euphemisms are used in contemporary Russian that have not been described in the literature. It has been determined that thematic areas of euphemisms incidence and frequency of their use were differed according to sort of periodicals they were found in. In case of frequent occurrence of particular euphemism can be regarded as its...

“Although the subject of female leadership is very well documented at an international level, Pakistan still lacks enough research in this area. This scarcity of research gives rise to a commonly held belief that gender equality has been achieved in Pakistan which hides the gender stereotypes and discrimination practices still prevailing in the country.” “Digging into the experiences of thirty working women, this study examined the effect indigenous culture of Pakistan has in shaping their life experiences as well as career success. The study followed a qualitative research approach with phenomenological theoretical framework. Fifteen females were interviewed from urban areas and fifteen from rural areas to draw a holistic picture of indigenous culture of Pakistan and its effect on career success of females.” “Female participants of this study were interviewed on skype and the data gathered through these interviews was analysed using grounded theory approach. Interviews were taken in Urdu and transcriptions were prepared in English to conduct analysis for this study. Seven categories were initially developed through open coding, followed by three clusters through axial coding an lastly the study created a theoretical framework through selective coding. Findings of the study indicate that indigenous culture strongly effects the career success of working women in Pakistan. Based on thematic analysis, the study concludes that indigenous culture of Pakistan puts taboos on females in the form of family bevahior, expectations and the structurally enforced inferior status of females which effects their leadership skills negatively and restricts their career growth.” “Indigenous culture of Pakistan creates mobility issues for women which restricts the possibility to join better jobs at other places instead of their home town and it also effects expansion of entrepreneurial ventures by restricting females to their home towns. Apart from social mobility, culture restricts the decision making power of females which effects their self-recognition and vision development and other skills necessary to become a better leader. Females also face difficulty managing work and family life because of the uneven domestic work burden on females and the concept that woman is the caretaker of house no matter how tough her job gets. Single females don’t face the problem of managing house work and family life however they face issues such as social immobility, preference of male colleagues over them because of their perceived short work life, lack of decision making power and lack of self-confidence.” “The participants were of the view that despite of all the challenges brought by culture, they are still struggling for their career and fighting against the taboos put by culture.” “Respondents of this study agreed that their family support is most important factor for them to stand against the cultural taboos and pursue their dreams. Therefore, this study concludes that there is a strong need to change the mind-set prevailing in these societies that female is a creature who has to be agreeable and caretaker of family and who is responsible for saving relationships. Although efforts have been done to give women equal rights in Pakistan, these efforts will become more meaningful if general perception of society about women and their role starts to change which will require awareness programmes and cooperation from academic institutions and policy makers.” Page 4 of 97 Impact of Indigenous culture on Female Leadership in Pakistan “This study recommends a future research on the perception of males about female colleagues working with them in order to examine if males of countries like Pakistan are ready to accept female leaders. As this study was conducted on females only, for future it is recommended to examine the mind set of males of the society to draw a comparison between situation of females and impact of males mind set on this situation.”

Text in English / The problem of leadership and corruption in Nigeria is a known fact. A good number of Nigerian politicians and top government officials do not think that politics has anything to do with ethics. Currently, injustice is displayed in all spheres of Nigerian life. Indigenous moral values are almost completely ignored and abandoned. Nigeria no longer operates according to the hallowed observance of the rubric ‘Aa kii see’ (it is not done). It is no longer a society of law and order, crime and punishment, good behaviour and adequate reward. It is no longer a society which recognises the principles of abomination/taboos, or what the Yorubas describe as eewo. Taboos represent the main source of guiding principles regulating and directing the behaviour of individuals in the community. However, experience has shown over the years that politics’ functional peak is only attainable with the help of ethics. Politics based on the ethical principle of social equality is one of the indispensable features of true democracy. For politics to be effective and meaningful, ethics must not be forgotten. Politics without morality produces unethical leadership. This study claims that, the much desired political moral uprightness is achievable in Nigeria, if African traditional ethics is harnessed as a tool in solving the problem of unethical leadership and corruption, especially embezzlement. The thesis also attempts to show that, through reinforced moral education for both young and old, it will become more accepted that morality is the backbone of politics and it must not be ignored. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)

This research focuses on the personal stories surrounding men who were sexually abused in childhood. The aim of this study is to shed light on the experiences of these men, and attempt to lift the veil of secrecy and stigma attached to male childhood sexual abuse. Three participants were selected for this qualitative study using the selection procedure of purposive sampling. Each participant was introduced with the use of a semi-structured interview format, and the information that was obtained from each participant was explored using a hermeneutic analysis approach. The results suggest that society’s naivety and ignorance of issues pertaining to sexually abused men are prominent. Both differences and similarities, in relation to the experiences of these men, are evident. With particular reference to the three participants whom partook in this study, the differing experiences that appear significant are suicidal ideation; low self-esteem; flashbacks; fear of men in general; and mind-body separation. The similar experiences that are evident within the participants’ stories are their desire for secrecy; fear of what society may think of them; desperate attempts to cope and subsequently escape the memories of their pasts; long-lasting effects, such as a lack of trust and an absence of intimacy; and determination to move forward and prevail. / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

MA (Tshivenda) / MER Mathivha Centre for African Languages, Arts and Culture

MA (Xitsonga) / Senthara ya M.E.R. Mathivha ya Tindzimu ta Afrika, Vutshila ni Ndhvuko / The study examines the taboos of death and their significance in the context of Xitsonga culture in the Hlanganani Area of the Vhembe District, Limpopo Province of South Africa. The study deals with social taboos pertaining to death and how Vatsonga perceive their dead. The principal aim of the study is to highlight the significance of taboos pertaining to death, the burial and the post-burial rites/rituals amongst Vatsonga in the Hlanganani Area. The study guarantees the continuity and resilience of the post-burial rituals. Accordingly, the study shows that the taboos are largely reflected through language. The study will recommend that the taboos as the important components of Xitsonga culture must be incorporated in the South African education system. More importantly, the study shows that language and culture are interlinked and cannot be separated. The researcher will employ the Renaissance Theory. The Renaissance Theory argues that a number of indigenous cultural identities, values and norms which used to be functional for society in the past can still be used today if properly utilised because they are the building blocks of indigenous existentiality. It is an emerging postcolonial philosophy which envisions reclaiming the glories of the African past. It posits that to think of the African life is to think of the unity of the shared perennial communitarian values. Data will collected through interviews and focus groups.

[pt] Este trabalho discorre sobre o uso de palavras e expressões da Bíblia encontradas com valor ofensivo em contextos de interação verbal entre falantes de língua portuguesa, em especial, o grupo dos evangélicos, que criam e se utilizam de boa parte desse léxico em suas rotinas linguístico-interacionais. A fim de se compreender como o léxico de ofensa atua nessas interações, utilizam-se vertentes teóricas associadas a aspectos linguísticos, pragmáticos, culturais e interculturais, através de autores como Hall (1976), Brown e Levinson (1987), Culpeper (1996, 2010), DaMatta (1997), Hofstede (2001) e Carretero (2011). Os resultados da análise de vinte e uma expressões colhidas na rede social Twitter demonstram que seu uso é bastante produtivo, ao possibilitar o ato de ofender alguém sem o uso de ofensas usuais e palavrões, substituindo-os por expressões bíblicas. Segundo as seis categorias de análise adotadas, são identificados diferentes tipos de ofensas e seus respectivos contextos de uso. Essa pesquisa traz contribuição para as áreas dos estudos religiosos e do Português como Segunda Língua Para Estrangeiros (PL2E); para esta última, são apresentadas três propostas de aplicação didática. / [en] This work discusses the use of words and expressions of the Bible found with offensive value in contexts of verbal interaction between Portuguese speakers, especially the group of evangelicals, who create and use a good part of this lexicon in their linguistic routines- interactional. In order to understand how the lexicon of offense acts in these interactions, theoretical aspects associated with linguistic, pragmatic, cultural and intercultural aspects are used, through authors such as Hall (1976), Brown and Levinson (1987), Culpeper (1996; 2010), DaMatta (1997), Hofstede (2001) and Carretero (2011). The results of the analysis of twenty-one expressions collected on the social network Twitter demonstrate that its use is quite productive, by enabling the act of offending someone without the use of usual offenses and profanity, replacing them with biblical expressions. According to the six categories of analysis adopted, different types of offenses and their respective contexts of use are identified. This research contributes to the areas of religious studies and Portuguese as a Second/Foreign Language (PSL/PFL); for the latter, three proposals for didactic application are presented.

Esta pesquisa investiga uma categoria de pessoas portadoras, principalmente, de deficiências mentais, associadas também a deficiências físicas, popularmente denominadas de bobos, que, embora em processo de desaparecimento, ainda moram na comunidade da Cidade de Goiás, Estado de Goiás. Estes bobos emergem de uma extensa rede complementar de papéis, participando do cotidiano da cidade há mais de cem anos. Vivem no interior das famílias, nas praças públicas, ou na única instituição que os abriga, o Asilo São Vicente de Paulo. Em sua grande maioria procederam de regiões vizinhas ou da zona rural, ainda que muitos provenham de famílias do lugar. Foram absorvidos de maneira indiscriminada e naturalizada na convivência cotidiana. Com eles foi estabelecido um tipo de relação social sustentado por costumes muito arraigados. Foram adotados e criados pelas famílias, que se valeram de suas deficiências mentais para submetêlos. Em troca de casa e comida prestaram toda sorte de serviços domésticos. Eram treinados para a execução de trabalhos árduos e mecânicos que a topografia da cidade e as falhas estruturais dos serviços urbanos impuseram aos habitantes. A explicação e justificativa para sua existência e o tratamento que recebem se apoiam na formulação generalizada de que os bobos são fruto de relações consanguíneas, quando não incestuosas, que, neste trabalho, é denominada de consanguinidadecausa. Esta pesquisa converge elementos da psicologia social, psicanálise, antropologia, neurologia e genética para a análise desta explicação e justificativa. As vertentes destas disciplinas permitem a crítica das relações sociais no cotidiano, revelando suas origens, desvelando referenciais ideológicos, favorecendo a desmontagem de estereótipos e justificativas escamoteadoras das condutas de dominação e submissão que a comunidade pratica, de forma naturalizada, na relação com seus bobos. Este trabalho se alicerça, de um lado, em fontes documentais e bibliográficas e, de outro, em entrevistas realizadas no interior da comunidade, envolvendo os próprios bobos, as famílias que os abrigam, a instituição que os recolhe e figuras representativas da cidade. Caracterizandose como um Estudo de Caso, esta tese foi dividida em três partes temáticas, que se articulam, conferindolhe unidade analítica. A primeira intitulase Bobos de Goiás: reminiscências subjacentes; a segunda, Investigando os bobos da Cidade de Goiás, e a outra, O trabalho de campo na Cidade de Goiás / This research investigates a category of people with, mainly, mental disabilities, also associated to physical deficiencies, who are popularly known as bobos. Although they are becoming rarer, they can still be found in the community of Cidade de Goiás, in the State of Goiás. These bobos come from an extensive complementary network of roles, taking part in the everyday life of the town for over one hundred years. They live with host families, in the public squares, or in the only institution that gives them shelter, the São Vicente de Paulo Asylum. Most of them come from neighboring or from rural areas, but many come from families who live in town. They have been absorbed indiscriminately and incorporated into the community everyday life. A specific kind of social relationship supported by ingrained customs has been established with them. They were adopted and raised by families, who used their disabilities to assure their submission and the performance of all kinds of menial tasks, in exchange for room and board. They were trained to do the hard mechanical jobs that the topography of the town and the structural flaws in urban services imposed on its inhabitants. The explanation and justification for their existence and the kind of treatment they receive are based on a generalized concept that the bobos are the result of consanguineous relationships, when not incestuous, and in this work they are called consanguineouscause. This research combines elements of social psychology, psychoanalysis, anthropology, neurology and genetics to analyze the explanation and justification. The approach of these disciplines allows for a critique of everyday social relationships, revealing their origins, uncovering ideological references, favoring the deconstruction of stereotypes and the covering up of justifications for the conduct of domination and submission that is practiced in a naturalized way by the community in its relationship with its bobos. This work is based, on the one hand, on documents and bibliographical sources, and on the other, on interviews in the community with the bobos themselves, the families that took them in, the institution that shelters them, and with prominent members of the town. It may be characterized as a case study, and is divided in three thematic parts that articulate and confer an analytical unity. The first is entitled bobos from Goiás: underlying reminiscences; the second, investigating the bobos in Cidade de Goiás, and another, The field work at Cidade de Goiás.