Tartrate stabilization is the process that removes components that contribute to the crystallization of potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHT) and calcium tartrate (CaT) which is an undesirable outcome for wine quality. There are a variety of current tartrate stabilization techniques such as cold stabilization, chemical additives, ion exchange resins, and electrodialysis that stabilize wine, but the most popular being cold stabilization. Cold stabilization requires high amounts of energy and resources to stabilize wine. With the ever increasing demand for more efficient processing, an alternative tartrate stabilization technology based on an electrolytic method was developed and its viability to stabilize wine was determined. Twelve treatments involving different combinations of time and current were replicated three times each on different batches of Chardonnay wine. Several different variables were analyzed for stability and quality purposes. Tartaric acid, potassium, calcium, and conductivity differences were the most important factors for tartrate stability. Temperature, titratable acidity, pH, color (hue and intensity), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were indicators of sensory quality characteristics of the wine. The concentrations of potassium, calcium, and tartaric acid were reduced by the electrolytic method at satisfactory process parameters, inherently making the wine more stable. The temperature and hue were significantly affected by the electrolytic method and accelerated the oxidative browning process. Electrolytic treatment of Chardonnay is a viable alternative stabilization technology. The technology can be further developed to become a great option in terms of water and energy consumption, process time, and price.

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Underground injection of acid gas has been studied for several decades for oil field applications, such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR), but is now being studied as a solution to climate change. This research aims to simulate underground conditions at injection sites, such as the pilot scale injection site located near the site of a coal fired power facility in the Black Warrior Basin of Alabama. This proposed carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) location would involve injection of liquid CO2 into a carbonaceous saline aquifer. The objective of this study was to investigate carbonate surface treatments that alter the kinetics and mechanism of mineral dissolution resulting from the injection of an acid gas (CO2) into a geologic formation. A variety of mineral coatings were tested in an attempt to preserve mineral integrity under acidic conditions. Surface active chemicals were first tested, including scale inhibitors, followed by a novel acid induced surface treatment that precipitates an inorganic layer on the calcite to preserve the acid soluble mineral. These experiments are the first to investigate the use of scale inhibitors for mineral preservation, although were found ultimately to have little impact on dissolution kinetics. However, anions of moderate to strong acids induced surface coatings that were determined to effectively inhibit dissolution. Additionally, a novel, high pressure flow-through experimental apparatus was developed to simulate pressure and temperature conditions relevant to injection sites. Similar mineralogical studies in the literature have used pressurized, unstirred, batch systems to simulate mineral interactions. Solids with an acid induced surface coating were tested in the high pressure column and no calcium was found to leave the column.

Underground injection of acid gas has been studied for several decades for oil field applications, such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR), but is now being studied as a solution to climate change. This research aims to simulate underground conditions at injection sites, such as the pilot scale injection site located near the site of a coal fired power facility in the Black Warrior Basin of Alabama. This proposed carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) location would involve injection of liquid CO2 into a carbonaceous saline aquifer. The objective of this study was to investigate carbonate surface treatments that alter the kinetics and mechanism of mineral dissolution resulting from the injection of an acid gas (CO2) into a geologic formation. A variety of mineral coatings were tested in an attempt to preserve mineral integrity under acidic conditions. Surface active chemicals were first tested, including scale inhibitors, followed by a novel acid induced surface treatment that precipitates an inorganic layer on the calcite to preserve the acid soluble mineral. These experiments are the first to investigate the use of scale inhibitors for mineral preservation, although were found ultimately to have little impact on dissolution kinetics. However, anions of moderate to strong acids induced surface coatings that were determined to effectively inhibit dissolution. Additionally, a novel, high pressure flow-through experimental apparatus was developed to simulate pressure and temperature conditions relevant to injection sites. Similar mineralogical studies in the literature have used pressurized, unstirred, batch systems to simulate mineral interactions. Solids with an acid induced surface coating were tested in the high pressure column and no calcium was found to leave the column.

Cathodic processes occurring in the solutions containing Cu(II) tartaric complexes have been investigated. The equations accounting for the material balance have been constructed and used for the estimation of distribution of complexes and ligands in the bulk of solution. It was established that dominating particles in acidic media (pH < 3) are: Cu2+ and tartaric complex CuL, tartaric acid LH2 and its anion LH-. Potentials of non-polarized copper electrodes were found to be reversible and to follow Nernst equation. According to the analysis performed, surface oxide Cu2O is not able to form in acidic (pH < 3) media. Cathodic voltammograms obtained for the solutions of different acidity exhibit two characteristic current peaks arising from Cu(II) reduction and hydrogen evaluation. An analysis of voltammetric extrema shows that both processes are irreversible. Based on the regularities of the mass transport of chemically interacting substances, surface distribution of components has been simulated. These date were used for the transformation of experimental voltammograms into normalized Tafel plots. According to their analysis, the rate-controlling step of Cu(II) reduction is the transfer of the first electron onto Cu2+ aqua-complex. The values of kinetic parameters were found to be as follows: the cathodic charge transfer coefficient is equal to 0.33 and the exchange current density is equal to 50 mA cm-2. An analysis of the second current peak leads to the conclusion... [to full text]

Aging can be described as an extremely complex occurrence from which no organism can be excluded. Intrinsic and extrinsic aging make out the two components of skin aging and they differ on the macromolecular level while sharing specific molecular characteristics which include elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) while collagen synthesis decreases. The skin functions as a protective barrier against the harsh environment and is essential for regulating body temperature. The stratum corneum (SC) is responsible for the main resistance to the penetration of most compounds; nevertheless the skin represents as an appropriate target for delivery. The target site for anti-aging treatment includes the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. Calendula oil and L-carnitine L-tartrate was utilised as the cosmeceutical actives as they can be classified as a mixed category of compounds/products that lie between cosmetics and drugs. Both show excellent properties which can prove valuable during anti-aging treatment, whether it is due to the scavenging of ROS (calendula oil), moisturising effects (calendula oil and L-carnitine L-tartrate) or the improvement of the skin turnover rate (L-carnitine L-tartrate). The Pheroid™ delivery system can enhance the absorption of a selection of active ingredients. The aim of this study was to determine whether the Pheroid™ delivery system will enhance the flux and/or delivery of the named actives to the target site by performing Franz cell diffusion studies over an 8 h period, followed by tape stripping experiments. The Pheroid™ results of the actives were compared to the results obtained when 1 00 % calendula oil was applied and the L-carnitine L-tartrate was dissolved in phosphate buffer solution (PBS), respectively. In the case of calendula oil only a qualitative gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method could be employed. No calendula oil was observed to permeate through the skin, but linoleic acid (marker compound) was present in the epidermis and dermis layers. Components in the Pheroid™ delivery system hampered the results as the marker compound identified is a fundamental component of the Pheroid™, making it difficult to determine whether or not the Pheroid™ delivery system enhanced calendula oil's penetration. The aqueous solubility and log D partition coefficient of L-carnitine L-tartrate was determined. Inspection of the log D value of -1.35 indicated that the compound is unfavourable to penetrate the skin, whereas the aqueous solubility of 16.63 mg/ml in PBS at a temperature of 32º C indicated favourable penetration. During the Franz cell diffusion and tape stripping studies it was determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) that carnitine may be inherent to human skin. Pheroid™ enhanced the flux (average of 0.0361 µg/cm2.h, median of 0.0393 µg/cm2.h) of the L-carnitine L-tartrate when compared to PBS (average of 0.0180 µg/cm2.h, median of 0.0142 µg/cm2.h ) for the time interval of 2 -8 h. The PBS was more effective in delivering the active to the target site (0.270 µg/ml in the epidermis and 2.403 µg/ml in the dermis) than Pheroid™ (0.111 µg/ml and 1.641 µg/ml in the epidermis and dermis respectively). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirmed the entrapment of L-carnitine L-tartrate in the Pheroid™ vesicle, while in the case of calendula oil it was impossible to differentiate between the oil and the Pheroid™ components. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Aging can be described as an extremely complex occurrence from which no organism can be excluded. Intrinsic and extrinsic aging make out the two components of skin aging and they differ on the macromolecular level while sharing specific molecular characteristics which include elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) while collagen synthesis decreases. The skin functions as a protective barrier against the harsh environment and is essential for regulating body temperature. The stratum corneum (SC) is responsible for the main resistance to the penetration of most compounds; nevertheless the skin represents as an appropriate target for delivery. The target site for anti-aging treatment includes the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin. Calendula oil and L-carnitine L-tartrate was utilised as the cosmeceutical actives as they can be classified as a mixed category of compounds/products that lie between cosmetics and drugs. Both show excellent properties which can prove valuable during anti-aging treatment, whether it is due to the scavenging of ROS (calendula oil), moisturising effects (calendula oil and L-carnitine L-tartrate) or the improvement of the skin turnover rate (L-carnitine L-tartrate). The Pheroid™ delivery system can enhance the absorption of a selection of active ingredients. The aim of this study was to determine whether the Pheroid™ delivery system will enhance the flux and/or delivery of the named actives to the target site by performing Franz cell diffusion studies over an 8 h period, followed by tape stripping experiments. The Pheroid™ results of the actives were compared to the results obtained when 1 00 % calendula oil was applied and the L-carnitine L-tartrate was dissolved in phosphate buffer solution (PBS), respectively. In the case of calendula oil only a qualitative gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method could be employed. No calendula oil was observed to permeate through the skin, but linoleic acid (marker compound) was present in the epidermis and dermis layers. Components in the Pheroid™ delivery system hampered the results as the marker compound identified is a fundamental component of the Pheroid™, making it difficult to determine whether or not the Pheroid™ delivery system enhanced calendula oil's penetration. The aqueous solubility and log D partition coefficient of L-carnitine L-tartrate was determined. Inspection of the log D value of -1.35 indicated that the compound is unfavourable to penetrate the skin, whereas the aqueous solubility of 16.63 mg/ml in PBS at a temperature of 32º C indicated favourable penetration. During the Franz cell diffusion and tape stripping studies it was determined by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) that carnitine may be inherent to human skin. Pheroid™ enhanced the flux (average of 0.0361 µg/cm2.h, median of 0.0393 µg/cm2.h) of the L-carnitine L-tartrate when compared to PBS (average of 0.0180 µg/cm2.h, median of 0.0142 µg/cm2.h ) for the time interval of 2 -8 h. The PBS was more effective in delivering the active to the target site (0.270 µg/ml in the epidermis and 2.403 µg/ml in the dermis) than Pheroid™ (0.111 µg/ml and 1.641 µg/ml in the epidermis and dermis respectively). Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) confirmed the entrapment of L-carnitine L-tartrate in the Pheroid™ vesicle, while in the case of calendula oil it was impossible to differentiate between the oil and the Pheroid™ components. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Cheminio variavimo tirpalai bei cheminio variavimo procesai tiriami jau nuo XX a. vidurio iki šių dienų, ieškant vis efektyvesnių parametrų dangų funkcinėms bei dekoratyvinėms savybėms pagerinti. Pastaruoju metu vis didesnis dėmesys krypsta ne tik į nusodinamų dangų funkcionalumą, bet ir į ekologiškai nekenksmingus ar mažiau kenksmingus technologinius procesus, pzv., vykdoma ekologiškai nekenksmingų ligandų paieška. Kaip alternatyva šiuo metu siūlomos dvi cheminių junginių klasės t.y. alditoliai (polihodroksiliai alkoholiai) ir hidroksikarboksirūgštys. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas: ištirti cheminio variavimo sistemas ir jose vykstančius procesus, vario(II) jonų ligandais naudojant ekologiškai nekenksmingas citrinų ir vyno rūgštis. Cheminio variavimo sistemose panaudoti du nauji Cu(II) jonų ligandai t.y. citrinų rūgštis ir vyno rūgšties D-izomeras. Atliktų tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad minėti ligandai sėkmingai gali būti naudojami cheminio variavimo sistemose, kur reduktoriumi naudojamas formaldehidas. Nustatyta, kad 2-hidroksipropan-1,2,3-trikarboksirūgštis (citrinų rūgštis) ir 2,3-dihidroksibutano-1,4-dirūgštis (vyno rūgštis) šarminėje terpėje sudaro pakankamai patvarius kompleksus su vario(II) jonais ir yra tinkamas ligandas vario(II) kompleksinimui šarminiuose (pH > 12) cheminio variavimo tirpaluose. Ištirta vario(II)-citrato ir Cu(II)-D-, L- ir DL-tartratų kompleksų redukcija hidratuotu formaldehidu, apibūdintos gautosios vario dangos. Optimaliomis proceso vykdymo sąlygomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Electroless metal coating technique is one of the elegant ways of metal coating by controlling the temperature and pH of the plating bath in which there is no usage of electric current. The industrial electroless copper plating solution containing formaldehyde as reducing agent are known from the middle of the last century and are widespread in the practice up to now. However many chemical compounds used in such kind technological processes are hazardous for total environment, therefore the efforts are made to displace those substances with less hazardous or purely harmless compounds. Generally two classes of chemical compounds were proposed as EDTA alternative, namely alditols (polyhydroxylic alcohols) and hydroxypolycarboxylic acids. The aim of the work was to investigate peculiarities of formaldehyde containing alkaline electroless copper deposition systems using environment friendly hydroxycarboxylic acids as Cu(II) ligands. Two new Cu(II) ligands, namely citric acid and D-isomer of tartaric acid, were applied for the systems of electroless copper deposition. The results of the investigations show that the ligands mentioned can be successful applied in the processes of electroless copper deposition using formaldehyde as reducing agent. Citric acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) and different isomers of tartaric acid (2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid), namely L- and D-tartrate, and their racemic mixture DL-tartrate, forming sufficiently stable complexes with... [to full text]

Electroless metal coating technique is one of the elegant ways of metal coating by controlling the temperature and pH of the plating bath in which there is no usage of electric current. The industrial electroless copper plating solution containing formaldehyde as reducing agent are known from the middle of the last century and are widespread in the practice up to now. However many chemical compounds used in such kind technological processes are hazardous for total environment, therefore the efforts are made to displace those substances with less hazardous or purely harmless compounds. Generally two classes of chemical compounds were proposed as EDTA alternative, namely alditols (polyhydroxylic alcohols) and hydroxypolycarboxylic acids. The aim of the work was to investigate peculiarities of formaldehyde containing alkaline electroless copper deposition systems using environment friendly hydroxycarboxylic acids as Cu(II) ligands. Two new Cu(II) ligands, namely citric acid and D-isomer of tartaric acid, were applied for the systems of electroless copper deposition. The results of the investigations show that the ligands mentioned can be successful applied in the processes of electroless copper deposition using formaldehyde as reducing agent. Citric acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) and different isomers of tartaric acid (2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid), namely L- and D-tartrate, and their racemic mixture DL-tartrate, forming sufficiently stable complexes with... [to full text] / Cheminio variavimo tirpalai bei cheminio variavimo procesai tiriami jau nuo XX a. vidurio iki šių dienų, ieškant vis efektyvesnių parametrų dangų funkcinėms bei dekoratyvinėms savybėms pagerinti. Pastaruoju metu vis didesnis dėmesys krypsta ne tik į nusodinamų dangų funkcionalumą, bet ir į ekologiškai nekenksmingus ar mažiau kenksmingus technologinius procesus, pzv., vykdoma ekologiškai nekenksmingų ligandų paieška. Kaip alternatyva šiuo metu siūlomos dvi cheminių junginių klasės t.y. alditoliai (polihodroksiliai alkoholiai) ir hidroksikarboksirūgštys. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas: ištirti cheminio variavimo sistemas ir jose vykstančius procesus, vario(II) jonų ligandais naudojant ekologiškai nekenksmingas citrinų ir vyno rūgštis. Cheminio variavimo sistemose panaudoti du nauji Cu(II) jonų ligandai t.y. citrinų rūgštis ir vyno rūgšties D-izomeras. Atliktų tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad minėti ligandai sėkmingai gali būti naudojami cheminio variavimo sistemose, kur reduktoriumi naudojamas formaldehidas. Nustatyta, kad 2-hidroksipropan-1,2,3-trikarboksirūgštis (citrinų rūgštis) ir 2,3-dihidroksibutano-1,4-dirūgštis (vyno rūgštis) šarminėje terpėje sudaro pakankamai patvarius kompleksus su vario(II) jonais ir yra tinkamas ligandas vario(II) kompleksinimui šarminiuose (pH > 12) cheminio variavimo tirpaluose. Ištirta vario(II)-citrato ir Cu(II)-D-, L- ir DL-tartratų kompleksų redukcija hidratuotu formaldehidu, apibūdintos gautosios vario dangos. Optimaliomis proceso vykdymo sąlygomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]