Bio-oil which is produced by fast pyrolysis of biomass has high energy density compared to as received biomass. Two cases are studied for pipeline transport of bio-oil, a coal-based and hydro power based electricity supplies. These cases of pipeline transport are compared to two cases of truck transport (trailer and super B-train truck). The life cycle GHG emissions from the pipeline transport of bio-oil for the two sources of electricity are 345 and 17 g of CO2 m-3 km-1. The emissions for transport by trailer and super B-train truck are 89 and 60 g of CO2 m-3 km-1. Energy input for bio-oil transport is 3.95 MJ m-3 km-1 by pipeline, 2.59 MJ m-3 km-1 by trailer, and 1.66 MJ m-3 km-1 by super B-train truck. The results show that GHG emissions in pipeline transport are largely dependent on the source of electricity; substituting 250 m3 day-1 of pipeline-transported bio-oil for coal can mitigate about 5.1 million tonnes of CO2 per year in the production of electricity. The fixed and variable components of cost are 0.0423 $/m3 and 0.1201 $/m3/km at a pipeline capacity of 560 m3/day and for a distance of 100. It costs less to transport bio-oil by pipeline than by trailer and super B-train tank trucks at pipeline capacities of 1,000 and 1,700 m3/day, and for a transportation distance of 100 km. Power from pipeline-transported bio-oil is expensive than power that is produced by direct combustion of wood chips and transmitted through electric lines.

Thesis--Lund Universitet, Sociologiska Institutionen, Avd. för Socialantropologi, 1998. / Title from screen page; viewed 25 July 2005. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print format.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-88). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This thesis examines the core concepts of early minimalism and the ways that they were influenced by recording as a medium of musical creation. The first chapter considers early minimalism’s historical lineage as the narrative has been passed down by music scholars, noting over-arching trends and problems of exclusion and misunderstanding inherent within it. Having established the myriad of concepts at the core of the early minimalist movement, the second chapter examines the recording medium’s effect on art music performance, noting trends in repetition, objectivity, and process that are represented within minimalism itself. With these ideas in mind, the idea of “post-minimalism” is interrogated, proposing that a music for the concert hall is not the natural development of the early minimalists’ expansive mission. In the third chapter, analysis of one iconic late-twentieth century musical style, techno music, demonstrates that it is fundamentally of the same artistic spirit as the early minimalists and an alternate manifestation of Minimal art. Ultimately, early minimalism and techno are “alternate minimalisms” of the age of the recording, referencing and embodying the musical consciousness of the twentieth century.

This work presents a model of the fouling mechanism and the evaluation of compressor washing on line. The results of this research were obtained from experimental and computational models. The experimental model analyzed the localization of the particle deposition on the blade surface and the change of the surface roughness condition. The design of the test rig was based on the cascade blade arrangement and blade aerodynamics. The results of the experiment demonstrated that fouling occurred on both surfaces of the blade. This mechanism mainly affected the leading edge region of the blade. The increment of the surface roughness on this region was 1.0 μm. This result was used to create the CFD model (FLUENT). According to the results of the CFD, fouling reduced the thickness of the boundary layer region and increased the drag force of the blade. The model of fouling was created based on the experiment and CFD results and was used to calculate the engine performance in the simulation code (TURBOMATCH). The engine performance results demonstrated that in five days fouling can affect the overall efficiency by 3.5%. The evaluation of the compressor washing on line was based on the experimental tests and simulation of the engine performance. This system demonstrated that it could recover 99% of the original blade surface. In addition, this system was evaluated in a study case of a Power Plant, where it proved itself to be a techno-economic way to recover the power of the engine due to fouling. The model of the fouling mechanism presented in this work was validated by experimental tests, CFD models and information from real engines. However, for further applications of the model, it would be necessary to consider the specific conditions of fouling in each new environment.

<p>Renewable energy adoption is critical when considering future energy grids and how they impact the environment, economy and society. While fossil fuels have traditionally been employed to generate the electricity used across every facet of the global economy, renewables are becoming increasingly more attractive as a substitute. Fossil fuels have historically outperformed their clean energy counterparts in terms of levelized cost. However, over the last few decades renewables have become extremely cost competitive and are starting to outpace their opposition as advancements in technology continue. As the cost gap between “brown” and “green” energy sources decreases, energy grid mixes will adopt more sustainably responsible generation, positively impacting the planet.</p> <p>In the following thesis, two studies are presented which demonstrate new innovations for decreasing the cost of offshore wind energy and how renewables and desalination can be integrated along the US-Mexico border. The first study describes an itemized breakdown of how substituting the mechanical transmission with hydraulics can lower the life-time cost of an offshore wind turbine. The second analysis details a complex wind and solar powered clean water production and distribution network to combat ongoing water scarcity along the US-Mexico border. Both concepts push the boundaries of scientific innovation and its application for solving social and economic issues. </p>

<p>Much of current interest in aviation biofuels centers on trying to curb emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) [1]. The problem is that the alternative aviation fuels which have been developed so far are not economically viable without policy supports and are underwhelming in regards to their environmental sustainability. The objective of this research is to identify biofuel pathways that perform better economically and environmentally than those which have been developed thus far. This paper will pursue this objective by examining the economic performance of a CH pathway fed by field pennycress under a number of possible scenarios.</p> <p>We conduct a stochastic discounted cash flow techno-economic analysis (TEA) of a plant designed to use catalytic hydrothermolysis (CH) technology to produce renewable diesel fuel, renewable jet fuel, and renewable naphtha from pennycress seed oil on a “greenfield” site under sixteen different scenarios defined by plant location, stage of commercialization, choice of fuel product slate, and policy environment. We combine process parameters such as conversion efficiencies, heat and water requirements, and capital costs for our model plant with stochastic projections of key input and output prices in order to model the distribution of possible financial outcomes for the plant over a twenty-year productive life. Our work follows McGarvey and Tyner (2018) in many respects, but uses updated process parameters from Applied Research Associates, Inc. (ARA), connects with economic analyses of the potential pennycress oil supply chain, and includes novel approaches to modeling key policies (US Renewable Fuel Standard, California Low Carbon Fuel Standard, and US Biodiesel Blender Tax Credit) and price series (US No. 2 diesel fuel, soybean oil, and dried distiller’s grains with solubles) [2]. Our output metrics include distributions of Net Present Values (NPVs), Probabilities of Loss (POLs), and distributions of Breakeven Prices (BEPs) for key inputs and outputs.</p> <p>Our results show that aviation biofuels production at a greenfield CH plant fed by pennycress seed oil is not economic under current market and policy conditions. Our breakeven metrics for a renewable jet fuel policy incentive, crude oil prices, and the input cost of pennycress oil indicate this could change if one of the following were to occur: </p> <p>· A crude oil price increase of at least 31-52%</p> <p>· A jet fuel price increase of at least 11-26%</p> <p>· A pennycress oil price discount of 2-6% from soybean oil prices</p> <p>· Some combination of the above</p> <p>These findings are heavily influenced by current policy design.</p>

This work seeks to compare various Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE) fermentation extraction chemicals on an economic and environmental basis. The chemicals considered are: decane, a decane/oleyl alcohol blend, decanol, a decanol/oleyl alcohol blend, 2-ethyl-hexanol, hexanol, mesitylene, and oleyl alcohol. To facilitate comparison a pure-distillation base case was also considered. The aforementioned extractants are a mix of both toxic and non-toxic extractants. Non-toxic extractants can be used directly in fermentation reactors, improving overall fermentation yield by removal of toxic butanol. The extractants were modelled in Aspen Plus V8.8 and separation trains were designed to take advantage of extractant properties. The separation section of the plant was then integrated with upstream and downstream units to determine the Minimum Butanol Selling Prices (MBSP) for second generation extractive ABE fermentation. Upstream processes include biomass (switchgrass) solids processing, biomass pre-treatment/saccharification and fermentation while downstream processes include utility generation and wastewater treatment. The cost of CO2 equivalent emissions avoided (CCA) was used as a metric to compare environmental impact of each process as compared to gasoline. The economic best and environmental best extractant is shown to be 2-ethyl-hexanol with a MBSP of $1.58/L and a CCA of $471.57/tonne CO2 equivalent emissions avoided. Wastewater treatment, which is often ignored in other works, was found to makeup over 30% of total installed capital cost for all extractants. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

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