A Depressão é um transtorno mental grave e com alta prevalência, de difícil tratamento e fator de risco para inúmeras outras doenças e disfuncionalidades. Seus principais sintomas são o humor deprimido e a anedonia. Considera-se que a personalidade afeta a vulnerabilidade individual para a depressão além de influenciar os tipos de sintomas e complicações experimentadas pelo paciente. O presente trabalho aborda o tema do Transtorno Depressivo Maior em relação a características de temperamento e caráter, baseado no modelo psicobiológico de Cloninger. Questiona-se quais estariam associadas à Depressão Maior e ainda, quais outras se revelam protetoras da saúde e do bem estar físico, mental e social. Foi realizado um estudo transversal cujo objetivo foi comparar características de temperamento e caráter entre sujeitos com Transtorno Depressivo Maior moderado a grave e um grupo controle de sujeitos saudáveis, sem transtornos neuropsiquiátricos. Os pacientes deprimidos estavam sem uso de antidepressivos há pelo menos três semanas no momento da avaliação. Participaram 103 sujeitos (69 mulheres e 34 homens) em cada grupo, pareados por sexo e idade. Os mesmos preencheram o Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter (ITC), um teste autoaplicável e que avalia quatro dimensões de temperamento (Busca de Novidades, Evitação de Danos, Dependência de Recompensa e Persistência) e três de caráter (Autodirecionamento, Cooperatividade e Autotranscendência), cada qual com suas subdimensões. Foi realizada a comparação de dados sociodemográficos entre os grupos e a correlação entre as 7 dimensões de temperamento e caráter com escalas que avaliam afeto e humor no grupo de deprimidos e outras características do Transtorno Depressivo Maior, como tipo, idade de início da Depressão e número de episódios depressivos. Foi realizada a comparação das médias com o teste-t e das frequências com o chi-quadrado. Correlações foram realizadas para analisar as diferentes variáveis com o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson e nível de significância em 5% e com o teste de correção Bonferroni, estabelecendo nível de significância 0,007 para a comparação das 7 dimensões e 0,002 para as 25 subdimensões. Os resultados mostraram que pacientes com depressão apresentaram um escore maior de Evitação de Danos (M=25,58, DP=7,15) e um escore menor de Autodirecionamento (M=21,65, DP=8,03) comparados ao grupo controle (M=15,39, DP=6,09; M=33,43, DP=5,89, respectivamente, p<0,001). Por outro lado, sujeitos do grupo controle, além do Autodirecionamento, apresentaram também escores maiores em Cooperatividade (M=34,14, DP=4,85) comparados aos pacientes com depressão (M=29,44, DP=6,93, p<0,001). Por ser um estudo transversal não foi possível abordar a questão de traço ou estado-dependência destas dimensões de personalidade na Depressão Maior / Depression is a severe mental disorder of high prevalence, difficult treatment and risk factor for several other diseases and disorders. Its main symptoms are depressed mood and the anhedonia or loss of interest. There is evidence that personality affects the individual vulnerability for depression, as well as influences the types of symptoms and complications experimented by the patient. This work investigated the relationship between Major Depressive Disorder and temperament and character traits, based on Cloninger`s psychobiological model. We investigated which traits may be associated to Major Depression; furthermore, which others may reveal themselves protective of health and physical, mental and social welfare. A cross-sectional study was performed with the objective of comparing temperament and character traits between subjects with moderate to severe Major Depressive Disorder and a control group composed of healthy subjects without neuropsychiatric disorders. The depressed patients were antidepressant-free for at least three weeks at the time of the assessment. One hundred and three subjects (69 women and 34 men) participated in each group, matched by gender and age. These individuals filled out the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), a self-administered test which evaluates four dimensions of temperament (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, Reward Dependence and Persistence) and three of character (Self-Directedness, Cooperativeness and Self- Transcendence), each one with their own subscales. A comparison of sociodemographic data between the groups and the correlation between the seven dimensions of temperament and character was performed. Scales were used to assess affect and mood in the group of depressed individuals, as well as other characteristics of the Major Depressive Disorder, such as type, age of depression onset and the number of depressive episodes. The means were compared with t-tests and frequencies with the chi-square test. Correlations were made to analyze the different variables with Pearson correlation coefficient and the significance level at 5% threshold. The Bonferroni correction test was also applied, establishing the significance level in 0.007 for the comparison of the 7 dimensions and 0.002 for the 25 subscales. The results showed that patients with depression presented a higher Harm Avoidance score (M=25,58, SD=7,15) and a lower Self-Directedness score (M=21,65, SD=8,03) when compared to the control group (M=15,39, SD=6,09; M=33,43, SD=5,89, respectively, p<0,001). On the other hand, subjects from the control group, as well as increased Self- Directedness, also had significantly higher scores on Cooperativeness (M=34,14, SD=4,85) compared to patients with depression (M=29,44, SD=6,93, p<0,001). As this is a crosssectional study, it was not possible to approach the matter of trace or state-dependency of these dimensions of the Major Depression Personality

Abstract This dissertation contributes to the understanding of investor behavior by using personality traits to help explain investor decision-making. The work is novel, as personality traits have not been used much in finance research. The data used in this dissertation is also new to the field, consisting of observations on personality traits and socioeconomic variables combined with official records of investors’ stockholdings. The first essay provides evidence that personality traits significantly affect the stock market participation decision. The essay shows that subscales of traits (i.e., lower-level traits or facets) can provide a better model of behavior, with some subscales of a single higher-level trait having opposite effects on behavior. The novelty seeking subscales exploratory excitability and extravagance have positive and negative effects, respectively, and the reward dependence subscales dependence and sentimentality have positive and negative effects, respectively. The magnitudes of the effects are large, with marginal effects on the probability of being a stock market participant of up to four percentage points. The second essay explores the relationship between personality traits and risk aversion. We estimate risk aversion from equity holdings and from survey measures. The traits display a distinctive pattern of correlations with the estimates of risk aversion. Some traits are significantly related to observed portfolio characteristics such as portfolio volatility, number of stocks held, and trading frequency. The pattern of the traits’ relationships with the various measures of risk aversion indicates that personality traits should not be considered as merely drivers of risk aversion but as preference parameters distinct from risk aversion. The third essay shows that personality traits are related to an investor’s preferences for value versus growth stocks and for small capitalization stocks versus large capitalization stocks. We find more extravagant individuals favor large capitalization growth stocks; more impulsive people favor small capitalization growth stocks; more sentimental investors prefer small capitalization value stocks; and more social investors prefer small capitalization stocks with a tilt towards value. / Tiivistelmä Tämä tutkimus auttaa ymmärtämään sijoituskäyttäytymistä selittämällä sijoittajien päätöksentekoa heidän luonteenpiirteillään. Tutkimustuloksilla on uutuusarvoa, sillä luonteenpiirteiden merkitystä ei ole juurikaan tutkittu rahoitustutkimuksessa. Tutkimusaineisto on sekin luonteeltaan tavanomaisesta poikkeava, koostuen yksityishenkilöiden luonteenpiirteitä ja sosioekonomista asemaa kuvaavista muuttujista sekä heidän osakeomistustaan koskevista virallisista rekisteritiedoista. Tutkimuksen ensimmäinen essee osoittaa, että luonteenpiirteillä on merkittävä vaikutus yksityishenkilön päätökseen toimia osakemarkkinoilla. Tutkimustulosten mukaan osallistumispäätöstä kyetään ennustamaan paremmin käyttämällä luonteenpiirteiden pääluokkia mittaavien muuttujien sijasta luonteenpiirteiden alaluokkia mittaavia muuttujia. Tämä selittyy sillä, että alaluokkia mittaavilla muuttujilla on eräissä tapauksissa vastakkaismerkkisiä, pääluokkaa mittaavassa muuttujassa toisensa peittäviä, yhteyksiä osallistumispäätökseen. Tämä voidaan havaita muun muassa pääluokkaan ”elämyshakuisuus” kuuluvien ”kokeilunhalun” (+) ja ”tuhlaavaisuuden” (-) kohdalla, samoin kuin pääluokkaan ”palkkioriippuvuus” kuuvilla ”riippuvuudella” (+) ja ”sentimentaalisuudella” (-). Kaiken kaikkiaan luonteenpirteitä mittaavien muuttujien vaikutuksen suurusluokka on korkea, vastaten yksittäisen muuttujan kohdalla jopa neljän prosentin marginaalivaikutusta osakemarkkinoille osallistumisen todennäköisyyteen. Toinen essee tarkastelee luonteenpiirteiden ja riskinkarttamisen asteen välistä yhteyttä. Tutkimuksessa mitataan yksityishenkilön riskinkarttamisen astetta toisaalta hänen osakeomistuksensa rakenteen perusteella ja toisaalta kyselytutkimuksen avulla. Sijoittajien luonteenpiirteiden ja muodostettujen riskinkarttamisen astetta mittaavien muuttujien väliset korrelaatiot muodostavat selkeän rakenteen. Eräät luonteenpiirteet ovat merkitsevässä riippuvuussuhteessa muun muassa sijoittajan osakesalkun volatiliteettiin, salkkuun sisällytettyjen osakesarjojen määrään ja sijoittajan kaupankäyntiaktiivisuuteen. Luonteenpiirteitä kuvaavien muuttujien ja riskinkarttamisastetta kuvaavien muuttujien välisen yhteyden perusteella luonteenpiirteitä tulisi tarkastella enneminkin erillisinä sijoittajien preferenssejä kuvaavina muuttujina kuin riskinkarttamisasteen taustalla olevina perustekijöinä. Kolmas essee osoittaa, että luonteenpiirteet ovat yhteydessä siihen, suosiiko sijoittaja arvo- vs. kasvuosakkeita ja/tai alhaisen markkina-arvon vs. korkean markkina-arvon yhtiöiden osakkeita. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että ”tuhlaavammat” sijoittajat suosivat korkean markkina-arvon omaavia kasvuosakkeita, kun taas ”impulsiivisemmat” sijoittajat suosivat alhaisen markkina-arvon omaavia kasvuosakkeita. Vastaavasti ”sentimentaalisemmat” sijoittajat suosivat ylipäätään alhaisen markkina-arvon omaavia arvo-osakkeita, ”sosiaalisten” sijoittajien suosiessa heidänkin alhaista markkina-arvoa, suunnaten kiinnostustaan samalla arvo-osakkeisiin.

Abstract Personality disorders (PDs) are relatively common mental disorders associating with other psychiatric disorders and disability. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of PDs in a general population subsample and psychiatric hospital patients, the associations of PDs with childhood family structure, the co-occurrence of PD with common psychiatric disorders, and the associations between PDs and temperament. The study is part of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Project (NFBC 1966), consisting of cohort members living in Oulu (N = 1,609) on 1st January 1997 (the Oulu Study). The study consisted of a two-stage psychiatric field survey with questionnaires and a structured clinical interview and analysis of the patient records in public outpatient care. Information concerning psychiatric illness of all cohort members (N = 12,058) was gathered from the Finnish Hospital Discharge register (FHDR). The best-estimate procedure was used for the assessment of psychiatric morbidity including PDs. Childhood family structure and other sociodemographic variables were drawn from questionnaires of the field study conducted during earlier follow-up studies. In this study PDs were classified into three clusters: Cluster A (paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal PD), Cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PD), and Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and passive-aggressive PD). The most common PDs in the Oulu Study sample were Cluster C PDs, whereas Cluster B PDs were most common in the hospital-treated sample. PDs were highly associated with mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Single-parent family type in childhood was associated with PDs, especially Cluster B PDs in adulthood. PD clusters were associated with different profiles of temperament, but the temperament dimensions could not distinguish different PDs very well. These results indicated that it is important to recognize PDs and their comorbid psychiatric disorders. This will have implications in both general outpatient care and psychiatry. These results indicate the importance of recognition of childhood risk factors for PDs for the prevention of severe PDs. The results suggest a need for more studies about the aetiology and development of PDs. / Tiivistelmä Persoonallisuushäiriöt ovat yleisiä mielenterveyden ongelmia, joihin liittyy usein psykiatrista oheissairastavuutta ja toimintakyvyn laskua. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yleisyyttä nuorilla aikuisilla. tehtävänä oli arvoida yhteyksiä lapsuuden perherakenteeseen ja yleisimpiin psykiatrisiin häiriöihin sekä arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yhteyksiä temperamenttitekijöihin. Tutkimus on osa Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin psykiatrista osaprojektia, Oulu Studyä. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Oulu Studyn otokseen kuuluvat kaikki 1. tammikuuta 1997 Oulussa asuneet kohortin jäsenet (N = 1 609) sekä sairaalahoidossa olleiden persoonallisuushäiriö- diagnoosin saaneiden osalta koko alkuperäisen syntymäkohortin (N =  12 058) jäsenet. Tutkimus koostui kaksivaiheisesta psykiatrisesta kenttätutkimuksesta, jossa tietoja tutkittavilta kerättiin sekä kyselylomakkeiden ja haastattelututkimuksen avulla. Lisäksi tutkittavilta kerättiin tiedot heidän elinaikanaan toteutuneesta julkisten psykiatristen sairaala- ja avohoitopalvelujen käytöstä sairauskertomustietojen perusteella. Niin kutsutun best-estimated -menetelmän avulla arvioitiin tutkittavien psykiatrista sairastavuutta mukaan lukien persoonallisuushäiriöt. Tutkittavien lapsuuden perherakennetta ja sosiodemografisia tekijöitä arvioitiin aiempien seurantatutkimusten tietojen avulla. Tutkimuksessa persoonallisuushäiriöt luokiteltiin DSM-III-R-diagnoosiluokituksen mukaisesti kolmeen eri pääryhmään ja niiden mukaisiin alaryhmiin: Ryhmä A (epävakaa, eristäytyvä ja psykoosipiirteinen persoonallisuus), ryhmä B (epäsosiaalinen, epävakaa, huomionhakuinen ja narsistinen persoonallisuus) ja ryhmä C (estynyt, riippuvainen, pakko-oireinen ja passiivis-aggressiivinen persoonallisuus). Oulu Studyn väestöotoksessa yleisimpiä näistä olivat ns. C-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt, kun taas sairaalahoidetuilla henkilöillä B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt olivat yleisimpiä. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden todettiin liittyvän yleisesti masennus- ja ahdistuneisuushäiriöihin sekä päihteiden käyttöön. Vanhemman yksinhuoltajuuden todettiin liittyvän persoonallisuushäiriöihin, etenkin B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöihin. Persoonallisuushäiriöryhmät erosivat toisistaan temperamenttiprofiilien perusteella. Eri persoonallisuushäiriöistä kärsivillä tutkittavilla ei todettu tyypillisiä temperamenttiprofiileja. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että persoonallisuushäiriöiden ja niihin yleisesti liittyvän psykiatrisen oheissairastavuuden tunnistaminen on tärkeää. Havainnot korostavat perusterveydenhuollon ja erikoissairaanhoidon yhteistyön merkitystä persoonallisuushäiriöistä ja psykiatrisista häiriöistä kärsivien henkilöiden tutkimuksessa ja hoidossa. Persoonallisuushäiriöille altistavien lapsuuden tekijöiden tunnistaminen on tärkeää vaikeiden persoonallisuushäiriöiden ehkäisemiseksi. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden etiologian ja kehittymisen selvittämiseksi tarvitaan uusia tutkimuksia.

Thesis (M. Diac. (Spelterapie)) / Die navorser het met hierdie intervensiestudie hanteringsriglyne vanuit ʼn Gestaltperspektief vir ouers met ʼn eiesinnige kleuter ontwikkel. Om bogenoemde te bereik, is slegs die eerste drie fases, asook Stap 1 van Fase 4 van Rothman en Thomas se Design & Development-model voltooi. Fase 1, naamlik die probleemanalise en projekbeplanning, het gefokus op die identifisering en betrek van respondente, die verkryging van toegang tot en samewerking van respondente, ʼn behoeftebepaling van die populasie, die analisering van die geïdentifiseerde probleem en die bepaling van die doelstellings en doelwitte. Deur die bestudering van bestaande literatuur en natuurlike voorbeelde, sowel as die identifisering van funksionele elemente van suksesvolle modelle is Fase 2, naamlik die insameling en sintese van data, suksesvol voltooi. Tydens Fase 3, naamlik die ontwerpfase, is ʼn waarnemingsisteem ontwikkel en prosedures vir die intervensie gespesifiseer. Deur die ontwikkeling van ʼn prototipe is Stap 1 van Fase 4, naamlik vroeë ontwerp en ontwikkeling, voltooi. Gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings is vanuit die bevindinge gemaak. / Social Work

This research was aimed at the development, implementation and evaluation of an empowerment programme for parents with children in their middle childhood, focused on temperament analysis. The motivation for this study stemmed from the absence of relevant programmes in the field of social work concerning different temperaments and needs of children that parents does not understand or meet. Intervention research was applied. A two-phase research approach was undertaken. In phase 1, a qualitative research was used to do a need assessment. The need assessment was done by means of two focus group discussions with ten parents in each group. The following research question was formulated for this phase: What is the needs of parents related to a programme that focus on temperament analysis for children in there middle childhood. This data complemented the literature study which was undertaken and provided information that established the contents of the empowerment programme. The research question could therefore be answered. The qualitative approach was used in phase 2 as the single-system design. The following research hypothesis was formulated for this phase: If an empowerment programme that includes a temperament analysis is attempted with parents, a significant change in their knowledge in handling and understanding of their children should realise. The empowerment programme for parents with children in their middle childhood consisted of six sessions and was implemented over a period of two weeks. Four parents and one single parent undertook the empowerment programme. A group assessment was undertaken with the five children of the parents who attended the empowerment programme. The focus of the group assessment was to determine a tendency to respond. The self-designed questionnaire was completed prior to the empowerment programme and thereafter. This instrument of measurement confirmed the hypothesis. Conclusions and recommendations for the utilization of the programme in future research were formulated as a result of the research study. / Thesis (PhD (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a different personality trait between Department of Children's Services, intake and carrier workers. If there is a difference, does it effect job satisfaction when the worker is placed in a position that is not compatible with their personality trait?

Cette thèse porte sur la régulation émotionnelle d’enfants et d’adolescents placés à l’Aide Sociale à l’Enfance. Sa thématique s’inscrit dans l’approche de la psychopathologie développementale et s’appuie de manière connexe sur la théorie de l’attachement. Analysant les stratégies de coping et le tempérament comme des régulateurs émotionnels, l’enjeu est d’étudier les effets de la maltraitance et du parcours de placement afin de mettre en relief les ressources et les vulnérabilités de ces jeunes. Cette thèse développe une approche quantitative basée sur deux séries de questionnaires auprès de jeunes maltraités et d’un échantillon témoin. Les résultats apportent des éclairages sur les facteurs de risque et de protection générés par de tels contextes de vie et mettent en évidence les besoins spécifiques de ces jeunes. Les préconisations formulées invitent les institutions de protection de l’enfance à proposer d’autres modes d’accompagnement dans le but de favoriser des prises en charge taillées sur mesure et adaptées aux caractéristiques des jeunes confiés. / This thesis deals with the emotional regulation of foster children and adolescents placed to the “Aide Sociale à l’Enfance”. We approach the subject through the prism of developmental psychopathology, related to the theory of attachment. The coping strategies and temperament are studied as emotional regulators. The issue is to study the effects of maltreatment and of the placement trajectory in order to highlight the resources and vulnerabilities of these young people. This thesis develops a quantitative approach based on two series of questionnaires carried out on maltreated youth and from a control sample. The results shed light on the risk and protective factors generated by such life and highlight the specific needs of these young people. A number of recommendations are made to invite child protection institutions to propose other means of support, with the goal of promoting tailor-made care, adapted to the characteristics of the foster children and adolescents.

The goal of this thesis was to study early social games in natural interaction between mother and child of 4 month age. Infant's affectivity and gaze orientation as a sign of participation was coded. We also observed how can mother and infant influence the social game routine. We examined mother's warm sensitivity and infant's temperament as a variables potentiallz influenced the social game interaction. Fifty five dyads participated in the present study when infants were four months old. Social games were analyzed in natural mother-infant interaction and identified on the given criterions. To assess maternal warm sensivity Materna Affect Attunement was used. Mother's evaluated infant's temperament on fourteen scales of IBQ-R. The results indicate that social games are an inherent part of mother-infant interactions in infant's 4 months of age, and their occurance is influenced by temperament. Keywords: play, game, social game routine, structure, social interaction, infant's positive affect infant age, sensitivity, temperament

Temperament is a determining factor of people's behaviour in everyday life. Does it show itself also online? Does introversial and extraversial behaviour in online networks differ? Some authors in their studies confirmed that introverts feel more secure in online networks and thus behave more like extraverts, similar effect have networks on behaviour of extraverts. Other authors proved empirically, that introversial users in virtual environment and online networks become more socially isolated and solitary. These studies were in principle conducted on American or Brittish colleges or universities, we have no similar research in Czech Republic. For this thesis, behaviour research and temperament identification questionnaire was filled up by 310 people of average age of 29 years, 2/3 were women, most of them live and work in Prague in media, marketing and public relations. Research results showed that 46% of users were present on Facebook for more than 2 years, extraverts actively participate in more networks, behaviour of introverts and extraverts on Facebook is really different as well as their way of using it, sometimes we can find very surprising details. First part of the thesis contains information about theoretical background - networks, social networks, online networks, ways and methods of...

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