President Gordon B. Hinckley, the fifteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, excited the membership of the Church by increasing the number of temples available to members. He announced that the Church would construct smaller buildings – as compared with existing temples at the time – thereby allowing for greater numbers of temples to be built. He set a goal to build 50 temples in a two and half-year period: double the number the Church had ever attempted to build in any decade. Thirty-four of these temples were built in the United States, and newspapers – both local and national – covered the construction of these temples with over 330 articles. This thesis analyzes the newspaper coverage of temples built within the United States from October 1997 through December 2004, and draws important conclusions from this data regarding the nation's perception of the Latter-day Saint temples.Each of the 330 articles was scored according to specific criteria, and grouped by region (as defined by the Church's official web-site). Then, after individual and regional scoring, overall newspaper exposure for the Church's small temple building was scored for the United States as a whole. As each temple's unique story unfolded in the newspapers, the general public's view of the Church's small temple construction became clear. Although quite a few of the proposed temples experienced opposition with regard to building specifics and anti-Latter-day Saint efforts, Church departments and members negotiated, compromised, and softened the impact of this opposition, and many people welcomed the temples into their communities.In addition to gaining a sense for the public's viewpoint, some global observations emerged from this study, revealing the importance of professionalism within Church departments and programs when working with the media and public. A few observations also revealed three lessons to be remembered in future temple building relations. But most importantly this study shows that not only did the Lord's revelation through a prophet open the way for the Church to build more temples, but as a by product of this revelation, the smaller temple concept helped to lessen the controversial and negative articles that the larger temples tended to generate.

The ancient Egyptians were famous for their exotic and luxury perfumes in the ancient world, even having cities that specialised in perfume production in the Ptolemaic Period, when they exported these perfumes all over the Mediterranean. They produced these perfumes, and other scented preparations, from aromatic plants, fats and oils. The deities were fragrant beings, imbued with the divine essence, and perfume was considered by the Egyptians to be the sweat of the god Ra. Some deities were specially linked to perfume, one of the most important being Nefertem, god of perfume and of the primordial fragrant blue lotus flower. Incense was to the Egyptians the ‘eye of Horus’, burnt as an offering to the deities in temples. Aromatic plant material was stored in perfume/unguent ‘laboratories’, and perfumers’ workshops produced the precious perfumed oils and unguents, used in the funerary context, rituals, ceremonies, festivals and banquets. / History / M.A.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the integration of modern historic preservation laws, ethics, and techniques with the practical management of historic sites. The planned restoration (1999-2001) of the New Harmony, Indiana Labyrinth Temple by its managing entity, Historic New Harmony, provided an opportunity for the investigation of questions relevant to the application, in terms of accepted historic preservation practices, of the correct preservation treatment of state-owned cultural resources. A central question of this thesis was whether early New Harmony preservation efforts deemed by some to be more "historicism" than "history" possessed actual historical value. Of further interest was the relationship between implementation of the correct preservation treatment at the subject historic site and the resultant effects of that treatment upon its historic interpretation to the visiting public.This thesis examines the activity of the first New Harmony Memorial Commission in late-1930s/early 1940s New Harmony, Indiana. To provide context for the New Harmony activity, contemporaneous national and state preservation efforts are also studied.The thesis also examines Historic New Harmony's initial plan to restore the Labyrinth Temple. Failures of that initial plan include omission of basic historic preservation principles, specifically the lack of required regulatory oversight of the planned activity by the Indiana SHPO's office (Section 106 compliance). The "restoration" plan developed by Historic New Harmony advocated the implementation of incorrect treatments of the Temple's structural components, decorative elements, and interpretive signage. In effect, Historic New Harmony's restoration plan was more "historicism" than "historic preservation."This investigation of the Labyrinth Temple finds contextual validity in the preservation activity of the first New Harmony Memorial Commission, as well as relevance of that activity to the history of Indiana's historic preservation movement. These facts, in consideration with other factors, are reflected in the development herein of a procedurally correct project plan based on historic preservation laws, ethics, and techniques, as well as the inclusion of the historic site's entire story. / Department of Architecture

This thesis examines the changing form and function of non-funerary cult buildings in early Latial and Etruscan settlements in order to better describe and understand the advent of monumental temples in the archaeological record. It draws on a significant quantity of material excavated in the past forty years and developments in relevant theoretical frameworks to reconstruct the changing appearance of cult buildings from huts to shrines and temples (Chapters 2 to 4), and to place monumental examples within wider religious, topographical, and functional contexts (Chapters 5 to 7). This broader perspective allows a more accurate assessment of the extent to which monumental temples represent continuity and discontinuity with earlier religious architecture, and furthermore clarifies the respective roles of Latium and Etruria in the transformation of cult buildings into distinctive, prominent parts of the built environment. Although it is possible to find many different accounts of religious monumentalisation in existing scholarship, this thesis holds that traditional narratives no longer accurately reflect the archaeological evidence. It sets out a sequence of developments in which early religious architecture was a dynamic, rather than conservative, phenomenon. It demonstrates that temples were not the inevitable product of a natural progression from open-air votive deposition to monumentality, or simply an imported concept, but rather a deliberate response to the opportunities offered by an increasingly mobile Mediterranean population. It also contends that Latium played a more important role in formulating the characteristic components and functions of central Italic temples than previously thought. This thesis consequently offers a new account of early religious architecture in western central Italy as well as an alternative interpretation of its monumentalisation.

This master thesis deals with comparison of Greek temples in areas of Magna Graecia and the mainland Greece from the 6th and 5th centuries BC. The first chapter covers with the Greek colonization in Sicily and south Italy. Main temple buildings from both areas are described and compared in following chapters. All the differences between both areas are summarized in the end of the thesis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 380-396). Also available on the Internet.

本研究的主要提問是：「城隍神的角色為何﹖」並且選擇「社會角色」作為本研究的分析架構。華人的超自然世界形同一個社會，其中的神祇是社會化的，祂們並以群體的方式出現在廟宇中。而且，廟內神祇之間存在的關係，定義了祂們所處的微型社會，以及祂們的角色。就像是父子、母子、夫妻這些關係定義了存在這些關係的場域為「家庭」這個微型社會，以及父親、母親、女兒這些角色。因此，本研究以這樣的架構，去探討城隍神的角色。 根據本研究的探討，當代臺灣本島城隍神的角色有四種：1.地方官，2.陰間執法官，3.鬼王，4.地方守護神。對照歷史時期中國城隍神的角色，發現臺灣本島城隍神的角色不脫離城隍信仰的源頭――中國，清朝時期的中國城隍神就已經具有當代臺灣本島所有的城隍神角色了。然而，在一個集體概念之下的城隍神還是有屬於當代的、臺灣本島的形式表現與內涵解釋。一是城隍神因應環境而被強化的既有角色，例如鬼王。一是在既有的角色上，因應需求，使得角色的內容有新的轉向，例如同是地方守護神，卻產生針對不同需求的守護內容。 也就是說，從城隍神的角色來看，有不變，也有變的內涵。那麼，變與不變之間是斷裂的，亦或有其連續性呢？本研究發現城隍神的多元角色，不脫離其根源的概念：土、地、陰。這個概念根源，是其一切變化的源頭。而各種角色與概念根源之間展現出一種連續性，是因為城隍神或說民間信仰神祇的各種角色必須要有合理的立基基礎方能成立，而且，其基礎是建立在一套文化知識或聯想邏輯上的。 最後，筆者認為，除了文字之外，廟宇中的陪祀神也是一種描述的符號。這一類在漢人宗教研究中一種未被關注的描述符號，可以提供我們另外一種觀看漢人神祇的重要角度。 / The goal of this article is to answer “What roles does the City God play?” Concerning role is the issue, “social roles” is taken as the analyzing structure here. The supermundane world of Chinese religion is embodied in the temples. In the temples, the deities do not show up alone, and they are socialized. The relationship between the chief deity and the accompanying deities defines the society where they are and the roles they play. Through the analyzing structure of social roles, this research found that the City God in modern Taiwan island plays 4 roles: 1. Magistrate, 2. The judge in the hell, 3. Chief of ghost, and 4. Regional protector. Compared with the roles of the City God in historical era, the 4 roles are not new. Even though sharing a general and consistent image, the City God with modern interpretation incidentally have different expression and content to meet new needs. Futher, after examining the elements of roles, the core concepts of the variations: soil(土), ground(地), and yin(陰) come to light. All the roles necessarily link to the core concepts because the concepts are the logical base of the City God belief, and they provide the legitimacy. After all, this research proves that the structure of “social role” is applicable in understanding Chinese deities, and the “accompanying deities” play crucial roles in identifying the roles of the chief deity in the temple.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Architecture, Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 2005. / "June 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-126). Also available electronically via the Australian Digital Theses Program.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 380-396). Also available on the Internet.