The Laie Hawaii Temple majestically overlooks the beaches of Oahu and has stood as an emblem of the Latter-day Saint faith to the world since 1919. Although the structure is iconic and highly significant to Latter-day Saints, a comprehensive history of the Laie Hawaii Temple has never been published. This thesis provides such a history from the conception of the temple until its dedication. The history of this particular temple is important for several reasons. At its dedication, the temple in Laie became the fifth operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was the first dedicated temple outside of the state of Utah (following the exodus) and outside of North America. It was also the first temple built in one of the missions of the Church. It was a pioneering temple as one of the first that catered to a large number of patrons from different cultures speaking different languages. Its multi-cultural, multi-lingual integration is something that would not be seen in other temples for several decades. Over the years, the temple and the attractions built around it have drawn millions of other visitors as well. Its location has made it an internationally recognized edifice and a valuable tool for the Church to introduce its message to the world. This history is also compelling because of what the temple in Laie, Hawaii represents in terms of the Latter-day Saint conception of the doctrine of the "gathering." As the first temple built outside of the traditional centers of Mormon colonization, this temple became an early prototype of a method of gathering that does not appear to begin taking hold Church-wide until the mid-twentieth century. Ahead of its time in other ways, the temple was built in a place where, according to the thinking of the time, Church membership was not yet sizable enough to warrant a temple. This thesis explains why the temple was built in Hawaii. These aspects of the temple's history produced ramifications that continue to impact the Church today, nearly 100 years later. As with many temples, a folk history of oral tradition has developed around the story of the Laie Hawaii Temple. This thesis will also provide a review of the historical record and offer clarity in sorting through that tradition.

From Ancient Near Eastern texts, the Bible and archaeological artefacts, we are able to glimpse an over arching belief in a feminine deity. During the occupation of the Temple Mount by the Knights Templars, earlier traditions were ”re-discovered” and accepted as a de facto tradition. William St Clair at the threshold of the Renaissance, mindful of the danger of heresy, was intellectually able to bring together many traditions into a broad Biblically-based theology that recognised the early Israelite traditions as the foundation of Christian belief. All this is evident in Rosslyn Chapel. / OLD TESTAMENT and ANCIENT NE / MA (BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY)

A concepção arquitetônica dos templos dóricos gregos é abordada na interface da análise entre as fontes textuais e a cultura material. Verificamos a relevância e o papel que tiveram a \"elegância\" e a \"sutileza\", segundo Vitrúvio, no modus operandi dos arquitetos gregos, como recursos técnicos e metodológicos para o desenvolvimento do projeto do templo dórico grego entre o século V-II a.C. Visamos esclarecer e estabelecer vínculos entre esses conceitos relativamente subjetivos e a lógica subjacente que norteou os arquitetos, tanto em projeto como nas aplicações precisas em obra, verificando assim a Hipótese Modular proposta por Mark Wilson Jones, para a concepção dos templos dóricos gregos. Para isso, abordarmos os fundamentos científicos da arquitetura grega a partir da análise de dois grupos de templos: o Grupo 1, composto de oito templos hexastilos, 6 x 13, do século V a.C. e o Grupo 2, composto de nove templos hexastilos perípteros de configuração de colunata lateral variada, datados entre o IV-II século a.C. Adotamos como ponto de partida da pesquisa, e referência fundamental, os artigos publicados por Mark Wilson Jones em 2001 e 2006, respectivamente, nos periódicos: American Journal of Archaeology e Nexus. Procuramos sistematicamente atualizar o debate apoiados nas discussões mais recentes e em nossas próprias análises e conclusões. / This thesis addresses the conception of Greek Doric Temple Design and architecture found in the analysis of and interface between textual sources and material culture. This thesis notes the importance of and the role that \"elegance\" and \"subtlety\" played, according to Vitruvius, in the modus operandi of Greek architects, including technical and methodological resources in the development of Greek Doric temples between the fifth and second centuries BC. This work aims to clarify and establish links between these relatively subjective concepts and the subjacent logic that guided these architects, both in design as well as in their precise application in construction, thus verifying the Modular hypothesis proposed by Mark Wilson Jones. Towards this end, this thesis addresses the scientific foundations of Greek architecture by analyzing two groups of temples: Group 1, comprised of eight 6 x 13 hexastyle temples from the fifth century BC and Group 2, comprised of nine hexastyle peripteral temples in varied peristyle lateral configuration, dated between the fourth and second centuries BC. The starting point of and the fundamental reference for the research are scholarly articles published by Mark Wilson Jones in 2001 and 2006 in The American Journal of Archaeology and Nexus, respectively. This work seeks to systematically update the latest debates and discussions surrounding this topic via the author\'s own analysis and subsequent conclusions.

The following thesis is a study of how communities of Washington County, Utah developed within one of the most inhospitable deserts of the American West. A trend of reliance on public works programs during economic depressions, not only put people to work, but also provided an influx of outside aid to develop an infrastructure for future economic stability and growth. Each of these public works was carefully planned by leaders who not only saw the immediate impact these projects would have, but also future benefits they would confer. These communities also became dependent on acquiring outside investment capital from the Mormon Church, private companies and government agencies. This dependency required residents to cooperate not only with each other, but with these outside interests who now had a stake in the county's development. The construction of the Mormon Tabernacle and Temple in St. George during the 1870s made that community an important religious and cultural hub for the entire region. Large-scale irrigation and reclamation projects in the 1890s opened up new areas for agriculture and settlement. And in the 1920s and 1930s the development of Zion National Park and the construction of roads provided the infrastructure for one of the county's most important industries, tourism. Long after these projects' completion they still provided economic and cultural value to the communities they served. Some of these projects provided the infrastructural foundation that allowed Washington County communities to have greater security and control over their economic future. Over time the communities of southern Utah created dramatic reenactments and erected monuments of these very projects to celebrate and preserve the story of their construction. During the first decade of the twenty-first century Washington County has become one of the fastest growing areas in the country, and as a result public works programs continue to be important to support this growth.

Parmi les formes d’organisation de l’habitat antique, il en est une qui est longtemps restée en retrait dans la recherche archéologique française. Les agglomérations antiques, qui correspondent à des formes très variées d’habitat groupé, suscitent un intérêt majeur depuis une vingtaine d’années.L’étude historiographique, à l’échelle de la Gaule, fait ressortir un espace en marge des recherches, celui des cités du Massif central. Cette thèse propose donc d’étudier les agglomérations antiques des cités arverne, vellave, gabale, rutène, cadurque et lémovice entre le Ier s. av. J.-C. et le Ve s. ap. J.-C. Les objectifs sont multiples. Il a été nécessaire dans un premier temps d’établir un corpus de sites à partir de la bibliographie régionale. Celui-ci est composé de notices normalisées au sein desquelles l’ensemble des données actuellement disponibles a été présenté. Pour répondre aux questions d’organisation spatiale et de classification, les données bibliographiques recueillies, complétées par des opérations de terrain (prospections terrestres, aériennes, géophysiques, relevés topographiques), ont été synthétisées à partir d’une série de descripteurs archéologiques développés sur le modèle d’Archaeomedes. L’emploi de ces descripteurs a permis la mise en œuvre d’analyses statistiques multivariées afin de dépasser le simple classement par niveaux de fiabilité (sites rejetés, agglomérations hypothétiques, agglomérations avérées). C’est sur la base de la classification retenue après différents tests et sur la hiérarchie urbaine proposée que les analyses spatiales et morphologiques permettent de brosser un tableau complet de l’armature urbaine des cités antiques du Massif central.Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’exposer et de comprendre à la fois les relations entre les agglomérations et le milieu naturel mais aussi avec leur environnement archéologique par l’étude de leurs relations avec l’habitat rural, les chefs-lieux, les limites des cités, leur territoire théorique, les axes de communications terrestres et fluviaux. En changeant d’échelle, l’analyse interne des agglomérations permet d’appréhender à la fois leur morphologie générale mais aussi la place des édifices monumentaux au sein des agglomérations et au sein des cités, le rôle de l’artisanat, les aménagements hydrauliques, … Pour l’analyse de l’armature urbaine, la thèse prend nécessairement en compte l’évolution chronologique des agglomérations à travers leur origine protohistorique, leur évolution durant l’Antiquité et leur devenir au début du Moyen Âge.Pour mener à bien ce travail, il a été nécessaire de croiser les approches documentaires (bibliographie, opérations de terrains), de croiser les échelles d’analyse (du site au Massif central) et de comparer les résultats à ceux des régions voisines. Passées, les analyses statistiques, c’est à partir d’un SIG et d’une base de données que l’ensemble des synthèses a pu être mené.Cette thèse constitue la première synthèse sur les agglomérations antiques des cités du Massif central. Les résultats mettent en avant l’importance des agglomérations dans le système de peuplement et des armatures urbaines variables entre les cités mais qui semblent structurées en partie par le relief et les axes de communications. Les fonctions présentes au sein des agglomérations, si elles sont variées et récurrentes, montrent des spécificités entre les cités mais aussi une hétérogénéité au sein de chacune d’elles. Enfin, l’analyse chronologique montre une réduction du nombre des agglomérations à partir du IIIe siècle mais pas leur disparition. De même, de nouvelles formes d’habitats groupés apparaissent à partir du IVe siècle attestant non pas une crise mais une évolution dans l’organisation urbaine des cités pour répondre à de nouveaux besoins. / Among the forms of organization one can observe in the ancient habitat, there is one particular structure that has been slightly ignored by French archeologists: the lesser urbanized settlements. However, in the last twenty years, small towns have attracted renewed interest.A historiographical study of the Gaul territory highlighted a less studied group of population: the ancient peoples of the Massif Central. In this thesis we intend to have a closer look at such populations as the Arvernes, the Vellaves, the Gabales, the Rutenes, the Cadurques, and the Lemovices from 1st century B.C. - 5th century A.D. We first established a corpus of sites starting with the study of the regional bibliography, which enabled us to create records for each area. We completed this first approach with several field operations such as ground, aerial, geophysical and topographical surveys. All those data were synthesized in a series of archaeological descriptors developed using the Archaeomedes model.The use of such descriptors enabled us to develop some statistical analyses and go beyond the simple reliability factor (which allows the distinction between rejected sites, hypothetical and true urbanized clusters). On the basis of our tested and proven classification, keeping in mind the suggested urban hierarchy and with the help of our spatial and morphological analyses, we were able to obtain a more complete picture of the urban framework of the ancient cities of the Massif Central.The data collected allowed us to better apprehend and understand the relation between such urban clusters and their natural environment, but also to place them in an archaeological context by studying the links between rural housing, the ancient administrative structure (chef-lieu), the city and territory limits, and the major communication routes (land and water). Through a multi-scale study of those population clusters, we were able to determine their general structure, to look at the role of local crafts and trade but also the place of major buildings, and waterworks. We took specific care to the chronological evolution in thosesmall towns by looking at them from their protohistoric beginnings through Antiquity and until early medieval times.While we cross-referenced all the different sources (bibliography and field surveys) and the analysis scales within the Massif Central, we also did a cross-comparison with other neighboring areas in order to validate such work. Besides the statistical data, we used the Geographic Information System and our database to reach our conclusions.This thesis aims at uncovering the reality of those ancient population clusters present in the Massif Central. Our results showed clearly the importance of those in the settlement system, their different forms structured according to the local geography and major trade routes. The functions/positions available in small towns were varied and recurrent but also corresponded to specific trades within each structure while remaining homogeneous.Through our chronological analysis we were able to point out a significant reduction in their numbers starting in the third century, though not their disappearing. In the 4th century new types of population clusters appeared, not as a response to an acute crisis, but more as a result of an evolution called on by new needs.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This dissertation analyzes the critique of charity and philanthropy implicit in Melville’s short fiction written for periodicals between 1853 and 1856. Melville utilized narrative and tone to conceal his opposition to prevailing ideologies and manipulated narrative structures to make the reader complicit in the problematic assumptions of a market economy. Integrating close readings with critical theory, I establish that Melville was challenging the new rhetoric of philanthropy that created a moral identity for wealthy men in industrial capitalist society. Through his short fiction, Melville exposed self-serving conduct and rationalizations when they masqueraded as civic-minded responses to the needs of the community. Melville was joining a public conversation about philanthropy and civic leadership in an American society that, in its pursuit of private wealth, he believed was losing touch with the democratic and civic ideals on which the nation had been founded. Melville’s objection was not with charitable giving; rather, he objected to its use as a diversion from honest reflection on one’s responsibilities to others.