This Master’s thesis deals with the analysis of the effects influencing the difference between projected and actual costs of the works. To obtain prices of supply and demand itemized budgets were compiled on the basis of the project documents of this object and firm pricing. The actual price is based on the outputs of in-house accounting. The result is an effort to define and describe all possible factors that might have a negative effect on the project's economic outcome.

Infrastrukturella projekt har ofta kalkylavvikelser, vilket har varit huvudanledningen till inriktningen för detta examensarbete. Rapporten beskriver mot en teoretisk referensram, kostnadskalkylering vid olika skeden i byggprocessen. Det redogörs hur kalkyleringen förändras och blir mer detaljerad i takt med att fler faktorer om det aktuella projektet efterhand blir kända. I rapporten läggs viss tyngdpunkt på uppföljningar av fyra stycken infraprojekt som kalkylerats hos Bygganalys på ÅF-Infrastructure AB. Kalkylerna har gjorts på uppdrag av beställaren Stockholms stad trafikkontor. Kostnadsuppskattningarna har ställts mot respektive entreprenörs anbudskalkyl/prissatta mängdförteckning för att identifiera vilka kostnadsposter som bidrar till kalkylavvikelser för de fyra projekten. Det redovisas även en uppföljning av den uppskattade ÄTA-summan som gjorts av Bygganalys för projekten, vilket ställts mot den verkliga ÄTA-summan. I uppföljningen av ÄTA-posterna har det även gjorts en identifikation av vilka avvikelser som orsakats av projekteringsfel och vilka som berott på ändrad arbetsomfattning eller kvalitetshöjande arbeten. I rapporten förekommer även slutsatser om orsaker till avvikelserna i kostnadsuppskattningarna och en redogörelse om vad avvikelserna kan bero på. / Infrastructural projects do often have calculated deviations, which has been the main reason to the selected orientation for this exam report. The report describes against a theoretical framework, cost accounting at different stages in the building process and how the calculations change and get more detailed as more factors about the current project gradually becomes known. The point of balance in the report is put on follow-ups of four infraprojects that has been calculated on Bygganalys at ÅF-infrastructure AB in request of the client Stockholm city traffic office. The calculations have been set against each entrepreneurs tender document/priced amount list to identify which costing post that contributes to the calculated deviation for the four projects. It also describes a follow-up of the estimated changed, additional and outgoing work sum that has been made by Bygganalys for the projects, which has been pledged against the actual outcome for changed, additional and outgoing work sum. In the follow-up of changed, additional and outgoing work posts it has also been made an identification of which deviations that has been caused by project planning failures and which that has been caused by changes in the amount of work or quality improvements.

Despite their sudden growth in popularity, the role-playing actual-play podcasts have either been ignored or grouped with the genre of audio drama in prior scholarly works. Examination using frame analysis shows, however, that these podcasts are distinct in their engagement of the audience on multiple, simultaneous levels; levels which correspond with well-known media genres such as Documentary, Fiction, and Game Play. Each frame has its own layer of identities, conduct, and avenue for appealing to audiences just as these genres have their own distinct appeals. Through the combinations of these frames, familiar tropes and techniques such as Short-Form Improv and Campbell's monomyth are broadened and challenged, and identities become entangled in this post-modern medium. Delineating the features of these frames and exploring their interactions and interconnectivity not only helps to distinguish the actual-play podcast as its own distinct podcast genre, but also highlights the potential for using such frames or frame analysis in other media forms.

The dissertation is devoted to the complex analysis of the semantics of foreign vocabulary in the modern Russian language. The actual thematic groups of borrowings, functioning in the space of the Urals city, were identified, their ideographic description was given, and function in modern urban advertising was substantiated. The features of the development of non-equivalent borrowing and borrowing with equivalents in the host language were shown. The semantics of tokens mainstream and performance in modern speech was analyzed and lexicographic portrait of these words was done. / Диссертация посвящена комплексному анализу семантики иноязычной лексики в современном русском языке. Выявлены актуальные тематические группы заимствований, функционирующих в пространстве уральского города, дано их идеографическое описание и обоснованы функции в современной городской рекламе. Показаны особенности освоения безэквивалентных заимствований и заимствований, имеющих эквиваленты в принимающем языке. Проанализирована семантика лексем мейнстрим и перформанс в современной речи и составлен лексикографический портрет этих слов.

The dissertation is devoted to the cultural study of Russian concept HONEY. The complex analysis of the semantics and functioning of the tokens HONEY was given. The structure of a concept was identified; its place in the Russian linguistic picture of the world was defined. Based on dictionaries of the Russian language, texts of modern journalism, as well as on the results of Psycholinguistic experiments was proven the dynamics of the semantic evolution of the word HONEY; were identified new meanings which are not recorded in the dictionaries. / Диссертация посвящена лингвокультурологическому исследованию русского концепта МЁД. Проведен комплексный анализ семантики и функционирования лексемы МЁД, выявлена структура концепта, показано его место в русской языковой картине мира. На материале словарей русского языка, текстов современной публицистики, а также по результатам психолингвистических экспериментов в диссертации доказана динамика семантического развития слова МЁД, выявлены новые смыслы, не зафиксированные толковыми словарями.

Reading is a past time activity that is popular all around the world. It is something thathelps us escape reality and put our focus elsewhere. When immersing yourself in afictional world, it can be intriguing to think of how it was created. When we think ofworld-building, we think especially of fantasy works such as The Lord of The Rings orSF classics such as Dune takes place. But what about fictional worlds that are closer tothe world known by its readers? Ernest Hemingway based his novel The Old Man andThe Sea on the actual world, which makes it believable and relatable. Most previousstudiesfocus on underlying meanings of the narrative, on metaphors orstylistic choices.It is a novel that is narratively limited to one man and a fish out in the open ocean, butit still feels as if the world surrounding them is vast. Hemingway was known for usinga simple style when creating his fictional worlds and this essay will try to comprehendhow he managed to create such an intricate world by following one simple fishermanand his struggle with the biggest fish of his life. In this essay I will argue that the useof an emic point of view – using the perception of the protagonist Santiago – invitesthe reader to recenter to one point in this vast world, while the occasional intrusion ofan etic perspective establishes a connection between the narrator and reader thatlocalizes Santiago’s point of view.

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<p>Navigation is a very important area of spatial information research that presents researchers with a number of challenges. One of these challenges concerns the nature of spatial information encoding itself: is such encoding the result of a single mechanism system, a two-mechanism system or possibly a mixed system? One possible avenue of insight into this problem centers on the disorientation effect as described in Wang & Spelke (2000). A quick survey of basic findings, terminating with Waller & Hodgson (2006), indicates that there seem to be two systems at work. Moreover, the results obtained are based upon experiments carried out in actual reality. A virtual reality experiment was designed in an attempt to replicate the findings described in Waller & Hodgson (2006). The experiment is described in detail and its results are presented. These were found to be sufficiently reliable to justify pointing to a potentially rich field for future research, including such techniques as combining VR with fMRI to achieve more fine-grained results that cannot currently be obtained from the direct use of actual reality only. Underlying factors such as experimental control and data presentation are briefly described in the discussion section.</p> / Master of Science (MS)

[ES] La imagen ha permeado en nuestro contexto insertándose y explotando en millones de pequeñas pantallas. Dentro de éstas, un ingente flujo constante e inabarcable de estímulos visuales a ritmo acelerado, hace que estemos rodeados por innumerables cantidades de ellas. La temporalidad ahora es inmediata y el espacio, un bucle. Los avances tecnológicos han propiciado una pérdida de corporeidad y un alejamiento de lo que, comúnmente, considerábamos humano. Lo que antes era tangible ahora ha pasado a ser presencia de luz. La superficialidad que ha generado este proceso ha derivado en una pérdida de lo concreto, una dinámica expansiva que ha cambiado nuestro modo de percibir la realidad, haciendo más difícil su concreción, acotación, o simple cognición. En esta era hipervisual, las imágenes son herramientas de dominación y de consumo, a través de ellas se ocupan espacios de visibilidad, se gestionan cánones o tendencias y se ejecutan intereses cruzados. La hegemonía de la imagen nos hace dependientes, nos evadimos y producimos (y nos producimos) a través de ellas. Esta investigación gira en torno a la relación entre imagen, poder y conocimiento, y en cómo nuestra realidad se produce social y estéticamente alrededor de lo visual. Expone planteamientos amalgamando pensamiento, referencias y contexto y reflexiona sobre las nuevas vías y posibilidades que se esbozan en un contexto mediado tecnológicamente. Las imágenes pasan ante nosotros casi sin darnos cuenta y sedimentan patrones, símbolos y significados. Fluctuando entre lo visible y lo no visible, la alfabetización visual evidencia como las imágenes modelan, afectan y manipulan el mundo en que vivimos. A través del pensamiento estético y disciplinas como la dirección de arte, este trabajo pretende desenmarañar el contexto de la imagen actual y hacer accesibles los engranajes de su funcionamiento. / [CA] La imatge ha permeat en el nostre context inserint-se i explotant en milions de petites pantalles. Dins d'aquestes, un ingent flux constant i inabastable d'estímuls visuals a ritme accelerat fa que estiguem envoltats per innombrables quantitats d'elles. La temporalitat és immediata i l'espai, un bucle. Els avanços tecnològics han propiciat una pèrdua de corporeïtat i un allunyament del que, comunament, consideràvem humà. Allò que abans era tangible ara ha passat a ser presència de llum. La superficialitat que ha generat aquest procés ha derivat en una pèrdua del que és concret, una dinàmica expansiva que ha canviat la nostra manera de percebre la realitat, fent més difícil la seva concreció, acotació, o simple cognició. En aquesta era hipervisual, les imatges són eines de dominació i de consum, mitjançant les quals s'ocupen espais de visibilitat, es gestionen cànons o tendències i s'executen interessos creuats. L'hegemonia de la imatge ens fa dependents, ens evadim i produïm (i ens produïm) a través d'ella. Aquesta investigació gira entorn de la relació entre imatge, poder i coneixement, i en com la nostra realitat es produeix socialment i estèticament al voltant d'allò visual. Exposa plantejaments amalgamant pensament, referències i context i reflexiona sobre les noves vies i possibilitats que s'esbossen en un context mediat tecnològicament. Les imatges passen davant nostre gairebé sense adonar-nos-en i sedimenten patrons, símbols i significats. Fluctuant entre allò visible i allò no visible, l'alfabetització visual evidencia com les imatges modelen, afecten i manipulen el món en què vivim. A través del pensament estètic i disciplines com la direcció d'art, aquest treball pretén desembullar el context de la imatge actual i fer accessibles els engranatges del seu funcionament. / [EN] The image has permeated our context, inserting itself and exploding on millions of small screens. Within these, a huge constant and unfathomable flow of visual stimuli at an accelerated pace, means that we are surrounded by innumerable amounts of them. Temporality is now immediate and space, a loop. Technological advances have led to a loss of corporeality and a distance from what we commonly considered human. What was previously tangible has now become a presence of light. The superficiality that this process has generated has resulted in a loss of the concrete, an expansive dynamic that has changed our way of perceiving reality, making its concretion, delimitation, or simple cognition more difficult. In this hypervisual era, images are tools of domination and consumption, through which spaces of visibility are occupied, canons or trends are managed and crossed interests are executed. The hegemony of the image makes us dependent, we escape and produce (and produce ourselves) through them. This research revolves around the relationship between image, power and knowledge, and how our reality is socially and aesthetically produced around the visual. It exposes approaches combining thought, references and context and reflects on the new paths and possibilities that are outlined in a technologically mediated context. The images pass before us almost without realizing it and sediment patterns, symbols and meanings. Fluctuating between the visible and the invisible, visual literacy shows how images shape, affect and manipulate the world in which we live. Through aesthetic thought and disciplines such as art direction, this work aims to unravel the context of the current image and make the gears of its operation accessible. / Aragó Miñana, MDM. (2023). Abrir la visión. Lo dado y lo posible: análisis, posibilidades y porvenir. La alfabetización para la imagen actual y futura [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202192