In this article, the author proposes a new approach to the definition of the term “environmental taxes”, taking into account a recent judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union. / En el presente artículo, el autor propone un nuevo enfoque con relación a la definición del término “impuesto ambiental” tomando en consideración a la jurisprudencia del tribunal de Justicia de la unión europea.

Upon a closer examination of the role and performance of the International Court of Justice, we find that it does primarily fulfil its role and obligation as far as the UN charter and the Courts stature are concerned. It is upon the application of Kjell Goldmann’s Internationalists Programme that we find ourselves wanting more from the Court. If we assume the development of international institutions, exchange, communication and the like to be desirable and necessary for the continued development of international peace and security, the ICJ can be shown to have had historical opportunities to affect the development to such an effect, but lacks the formal means to do so. With the subscription to the internationalists programme, we find that there are plenty of potential improvements that could reasonably be made. These are primarily about the official influence of the Court, with regards to cases relevant to it and its jurisdiction, which is severely crippled by current regulatory framework. This is a condition shared with plenty of other international courts in their various forms. Essentially, the current state of the ICJ lacks the desirable attributes and possibilities to influence the development of international law to any meaningful extent. If we indeed were to look for an international court with the means to build international legal institutions and seek to further enforce international peace and security, the ICJ is not what we are looking for.

The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has long been recognized as a major engine behind the European integration project for its role in passing judgments expanding the powers and scope of the European Community, while member states have consistently reacted negatively to judgments limiting their sovereignty or granting the Community new powers. It is this interplay between the Court and member state interests that cause the ECJ to pose a threat to the future of integration. Using a combined framework of neofunctionalism and rational choice new institutionalism, six landmark cases and the events surrounding them are studied, revealing the motivations behind the Court’s and member states’ actions. From the analysis of these cases is created a set of criteria which can be used to predict when the ECJ will make an activist decision broadening the powers of the Community at the expense of the member states as well as when, and how, member states will respond negatively.

O tema dos recursos excepcionais, direcionados às Cortes Supremas, é de enorme importância no processo civil contemporâneo. Esse trabalho busca definir, à luz da Teoria do Direito e do Direito Comparado, quais funções devem ser assinaladas ao Superior Tribunal de Justiça para, a partir disso, poder realizar uma reconstrução dogmática do procedimento do recurso especial. Não há dúvida de que, à luz dos princípios do Estado de Direito, aos Tribunais Superiores deve ser hoje asinalada uma função precipuamente prospectiva, voltada para a orientação dos juízes e jurisdicionados por meio do estabelecimento de precedentes, e não para os litigantes, de forma retrospectiva. A experiência comparada e a análise detida do funcionamento dos Tribunais Superiores demonstra que bons resultados só podem ser cumpridos mediante mecanismos que permitam selecionar os recursos com base na sua importância. Defende-se, por isso, a criação de um filtro para o recurso especial, à semelhança do que já conhece o recurso extraordinário brasileiro por meio da exigência de repercussão geral da questão constitucional debatida. Em face da função prospectiva do Superior Tribunal de Justiça devem ser interpretados todos os demais problemas que gravitam em torno do recurso especial e do acesso à Corte (distinção entre fato e direito, pré-questionamento etc.) / Appeals to Supreme Courts are an enormously important theme in modern civil procedure. This essay intends to define tge function that should govern the practise of Brazils Superior Tribunal de Justiça, with support from legal theory and comparative law studies, so that the characteristics of the appeal (recurso especial) directed to the Court may be rethought on solid grounds. There should be no doubt that, in light of the rule of law principles, Supreme Courts should be assigned a prospective, facing forward function of establishing solid precedents for the guidance of judges and citizens, instead of facing towards the single parties involved in litigation and the past. Comparative studies show that this may only be done if the Court has control over its docket. The essay proposes the adoption of such a mechanism for the recurso especial, as has already been done for the recurso extraordinario through the requirement of general importance of the constitutional issue raised in the appeal. All other aspects regarding access of the parties to the Superior Tribunal de Justiça (such as the distinction between law and fact, the prior decisison of the legal issue raised etc.) should be interpreted in light of the prospective function of the Court.

O presente trabalho oferece uma análise crítica das hipóteses de contratação direta previstas na Lei Geral de Licitações e Contratos brasileira, Lei Federal n.º 8.666, de 21 de junho de 1993, com atenção especial para o caso da contratação direta de serviços advocatícios. A dissertação encontra-se dividida em quatro partes. A primeira delimita o tema do trabalho no estágio atual de evolução do Direito Administrativo brasileiro. A segunda parte do trabalho explora o tema da licitação e sua importância para o Direito Administrativo. Nessa etapa, são apresentados os princípios norteadores da licitação e sua importância para o ideal republicano, tal qual previsto pela Constituição Federal. A terceira parte do trabalho analisa as hipóteses de contratação direta previstas na Lei 8.666/93, procurando identificar suas possíveis razões e as características em comum que existem entre elas. Elaborou-se uma classificação própria aglutinando os incisos do artigo 24 da Lei 8.666/93 em 6 categorias, a saber: a) dispensa de licitação em função do valor do objeto contratado; b) dispensa de licitação em função de situação excepcional; c) dispensa de licitação em função de problemas em contratação anterior; d) dispensa de licitação em função dos atores envolvidos; e) dispensa de licitação em função de políticas de fomento; e f) dispensa de licitação em função de especificidades do objeto. A quarta parte do trabalho contém uma análise sobre o caso da contratação direta de serviços externos de advocacia nos tribunais superiores: o Supremo Tribunal Federal e o Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Ao olhar para as decisões proferidas por essas Cortes, espera-se alcançar dois objetivos: captar os argumentos usados pelas partes que tomam posição nesse debate e identificar o posicionamento das maiores instâncias do Poder Judiciário sobre o tema da contratação direta de serviços advocatícios e o dever de licitar. Não se trata, portanto, de uma análise de jurisprudência, que foi usada como fonte de pesquisa para identificar situações reais envolvendo a contratação direta de serviços advocatícos, suas razões, e os argumentos forenses favoráveis e contrários a ela. / This paper offers a critical analysis of the cases of direct hiring as prescribed by the Brazilian General Law of Public Bids and Contracts, i.e., Federal Law No. 8.666, of June 21, 1993, with due regard for the direct hiring of legal services. The paper is divided into four parts. The first defines the theme of the paper viewed from the current standpoint of evolution of the Brazilian Administrative Law. The second part of the paper analyzes the issue of bidding per se, and its importance to Administrative Law. At this stage the bidding guiding principles and their importance to the republican ideal are presented, as set forth in the Brazilian Federal Constitution. The third part of the paper looks into the cases of direct hiring set out under Law No. 8.666/93, seeking to identify the possible reasons therefor and the common characteristics existing among them. Under a specific classification the items of article 24 of Law number 8.666/93 were combined in order to fall under six categories: a) waiver of bidding in view of the amount of the contracted object; b) waiver of bidding due to exceptional circumstances; c) waiver of bidding due to problems occurred in previous hiring; d) waiver of bidding due to the players involved; e) waiver of bidding based on development policies; and f) waiver of bidding based on the specific characteristics of the object. The fourth part of the paper analyzes the case of external legal services directly hired, as viewed by the higher courts, i.e., the Supreme Court and the Superior Court of Justice. When looking into the decisions handed down by these courts, two goals are expected to be met: to raise the arguments used by the parties involved in this debate and identify the standing of the Judiciary Branch highest instances on the subject of directly hiring legal services, as well as and the duty to promote competitive bids. This is not an analysis of case law, which was used as a research source to identify real situations involving direct hiring of legal services, their reasons, and forensic arguments for and against them.

A presente pesquisa investiga a judicialização da educação infantil no que diz respeito à litigância por vagas em creches e pré-escolas no âmbito do Tribunal de Justiça de São Paulo. Após descrever a política pública e o procedimento para a criação de novas vagas, é feita uma análise qualitativa das decisões do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo e de suas consequências práticas. Depois, é feito um estudo de caso sobre dois recursos do TJSP que funcionaram como um locus de diálogo e negociação interinstitucional. Assim, foi possível perceber problemas nos efeitos da judicialização no TJSP, identificar uma prática dialógica e alguns de seus efeitos e prever alguns desafios que serão provavelmente enfrentados pelos atores envolvidos e pelo TJSP de agora em diante. / This research investigates the judicialization of early childhood education with regard to litigation for places in kindergartens and pre-schools under the São Paulos Court of Justice (TJSP). After describing the general aspects of the public policy and the procedure to provide more enrollments of children, we carried out a qualitative analysis of the decisions of the São Paulos Court of Justice and its practical outcomes. Then, a case study of two actions in TJSP is provided. This court functioned as a locus for dialogue and inter-institutional negotiation. Thus, problems were revealed regarding the effects of judicialization in TJSP, a dialogic practice was identified, as well as some of its effects, and challenges that may be faced by the actors involved were presented.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:35:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Quaresma Viva.pdf: 1030852 bytes, checksum: 4d02ee87a955fc7bf54608d8f0a50fa2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-16 / The present thesis aims to verify the contribution rendered by the Judiciary Branch´s highest Courts and also by the Citizenship Court, on the interpretation and application of the Consumer Code, with a view to the constitutionalisation. On the same way, it will also be complemented with the analysis of decisions related to impact issues on the society, capable to give support to the position of both Courts and to demonstrate the evolution of the scientific thinking in this field of Law. On this sense, this research points out the influence of baffling laws on the Consumer Code, as well as the legislative bills, which tend to change, or even to modernize this protective microsystem, without disregarding the role played by the administrative bodies on these goals. / A presente tese busca verificar a contribuição emprestada tanto pelo órgão de cúpula do Poder Judiciário quanto pelo chamado Tribunal da Cidadania na aplicação e interpretação do direito do consumidor, a partir da sua constitucionalização, complementando com a análise de julgados relacionados a assuntos com repercussão na sociedade, aptos a embasar o posicionamento de ambas as Cortes e a demonstrar a evolução do pensamento nessa seara do Direito. Da mesma forma, o trabalho aponta a influência de leis extravagantes no Código de Defesa do Consumidor, bem como os projetos legislativos tendentes a alterar com o viés de modernizar este microssistema protetivo, sem se esquecer do papel prestado pelos órgãos administrativos na consecução de tais objetivos.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

OF DIPLOMA THESIS IN ENGLISGH LANGUAGE The matter of accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights has been for decades a hot topic of legal and academic discussions. On the 18th December 2014, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued its long awaited Opinion 2/13 where the CJEU ruled that the Draft Accession Agreement is not compatible with EU law. In my diploma thesis I deal with the issue of accession of the EU to the ECHR. My aim is to provide with: 1) a complex analysis of the accession procedure, 2) an analysis of the Opinion 2/13 itself and 3) to outline the potential development of future steps. I particularly focus my attention on the CJEU reasoning in the Opinion 2/13 and I emphasize some facts showing the position of the CJEU from the different point of view. The first part of my diploma thesis provides an overview of development of the idea of the EU accession to the ECHR. Moreover, in the first part I deal with reasons for the accession, issue of legal basis for the accession and finally, I focus my attention to the negotiating process. The second part deals with the period after the 18th of December 2014 when the Draft Accession Agreement has been by the CJEU announced as incompatible. I analyse the CJEU's reasoning in the Opinion 2/13 and the View...

The topic of the thesis are CILFIT criterions. These criterions were established by the Court of Justice of the European Union as conditions for application of the acte clair doctrine by national courts of last resort. The conditions determine situations in which such a court does not have an obligation under Article 267/3 to bring a matter before the Court of Justice. First of all, thesis describes the historical circumstances, which gave rise to the CILFIT case as well as the facts of that issue. Then it analyses one by one CILFIT criterions and also current procedure of submitting preliminary questions as a whole. As a part of the analysis, it focuses on the practical application of the abovementioned conditions by the courts of the Member States. It targets purely theoretical ideas too. The thesis, further, identifies certain problematic aspects of the CILFIT conditions. Subsequently, some possible solutions are being suggested and their effectiveness and appropriateness are being examined.