No description available.

Universiẗat, Diss.--Oldenburg, 2007.

Univ., Diss,--Groningen.

Techn, Univ., Diss.--Wien, 2007.

Univ., Diss.-2000--Göttingen, 1999.

Although the perceived lack of a European identity has always been an issue in the legitimisation of the EU, the economic crisis has intensified the struggles between national and European group identities. The main focus of this thesis the way group identities are represented in the coverage of the EU by two Dutch newspapers, the Telegraaf and NRC Handelsblad, in 2005 and 2012, before and after the start of the crisis. Using Jenkins' (2008) definition of social identity, the way in which different in- and out-groups are represented in the articles is analysed. In line with Lengyel (2014), a more positive and stable representation of the EU was found in the more 'elite' NRC Handelsblad, with a more Eurosceptic and changing attitude in the more 'populist' Telegraaf, creating a divergence between the two newspapers. Also, in accordance with Etzioni (2013), the representation of the EU as a political community in NRC Handelsblad in both years can be seen as a reason for the relative stability of its discourse, with the more utilitarian attitude towards the EU in the Telegraaf explaining the radicalisation of its articles after the economic crisis. Finally, the main conclusion of this thesis is that contrary to Eder's (2012) claim that the economic crisis is a critical point in the development of a...

Arbetet syftar till att genom den rättsdogmatiska och EU-rättsliga metoden utreda innebörden av EU-domstolens symmetriargument. Därutöver utreder arbetet hur detta symmetriargument kan tillämpas i mål rörande valutakursförluster. Argumentet har fått allt större plats i EU-domstolens avgöranden under senare år och har även börjat uppmärksammas i doktrin. EU-domstolen har inte varit helt konsekvent i sina avgöranden och en tydlig innebörd av argumentet är svår att fastställa. Vissa slutsatser är dock möjliga att dra i ljuset av domstolens praxis. Symmetriargumentet ska inte förstås som endast ett argument utan utgör istället en gestaltning av den allmänna skatterättsliga principen om symmetri. Det avgörande för symmetriargumentets tillämplighet är symmetrin mellan beskattning och avdrag. Särskilt stor vikt tycks EU-domstolen fästa vid det förhållandet att en medlemsstat uppnått symmetrin genom att helt avstå dess beskattningsrätt. Det kan uppmärksammas hur domstolen dels tar den skattskyldiges perspektiv och dels tar statens perspektiv. I det senare fallet är det den symmetriska behandlingen av beskattning och avdrag i skattessystemet som helhet som är relevant medan det i det förra är huruvida det finns ett direkt samband för den enskilde skattskyldige. Genom domstolens avgöranden på senare år har principen fått ett allt större inflytande över rättsutvecklingen genom praxis. Symmetriargumentet kan tillämpas oförändrat på flera olika typer av mål. Argumentet används på samma sätt oavsett om det rör sig om exempelvis fasta driftställen, dotterbolag eller fysiska personer. Dess tillämpning i mål som behandlar valutakursförluster är inte heller annorlunda. Således tycks inte argumentet påverkas nämnvärt av valutakursförlusters säregna karaktär eller av komplexiteten som vanligtvis följer frågorna i sådana mål. Arbetet har visat hur symmetriargumentet fungerar som ett användbart argument i såväl EU-domstolen som svenska domstolar när dessa tillämpar EU-rätten.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the EU approach to the question of the legitimacy of criminal law. In particular, it enquires into what theoretical justifications does the EU legal order acknowledges as legitimating the resort to harmonized criminal law as a regulatory instrument. Moreover, it enquires if the selected approach is consistent with the identity the EU has set for itself, as a ‘fundamental rights sensitive’ kind of supranational organization, as established at Article 2 TEU, which includes the respect of fundamental rights as one of EU founding values. This research aims at complementing the existing literature theorising on harmonisation of substantive criminal law as a strategy for integration, which has to date primarily focused on the extent of the EU competences, and on the relation between harmonisation and other strategies of integration, such as mutual recognition. The aspect of the impact of the exercise of these EU competences on individuals and of what are the envisaged justifications for that has been to date underexplored. This thesis aims at filling this gap. In doing so it aims at contributing to the systemic understanding of EU criminal law testing its developments against a EU constitutional law benchmark. In terms of methodology, the thesis relies on a criminal legal theory framework, which distinguishes between a normative, value-based approach to the justifications for criminal law, and an instrumental, mainly enforcement-based approach. It tailors these concepts to the supranational level, by combining criminalisation theory concepts with theories on harmonisation. In terms of sources, when enquiring the EU approach to the criminal law, the thesis looks at EU primary law (principles of subsidiarity and proportionality, and EU competences to harmonise substantive criminal law); EU policy documents (multi-annual programs and ad hoc EU criminalisation policy documents) and EU secondary law (especially the Racism and Xenophobia Framework Decision on Racism and Xenophobia and on the 2014 Market Abuse Directive).In terms of structure, the thesis devotes the first two chapters to the delineation of the theoretical framework, discussing criminal legal theories on the subject of of the legitimacy of criminal law, and theories on harmonisation of criminal norms. This part is aimed at identifying the analytical tools through which EU primary law, EU secondary law and EU policy documents are analysed in the following 5 chapters. A final chapter draws the relevant conclusions as to the consistency of the EU approach to the legitimacy of criminal law with the EU constitutional law framework. The findings of the thesis illustrate how the EU has not been consistent in its approach to the legitimacy of EU criminal law and it identifies a number of micro-ruptures between the approach in different historical phases; but also between different layers (EU primary and secondary law as well as policy documents) during the same period; and between different policy areas (e.g. EU criminal law was used to protect the security of EU citizens, and when to secure the achievement of EU policies). The thesis nonetheless identifies a macro-synchrony, which sees an historical progressive acknowledgement of a normative approach in a previously pre-existing instrumental context. This progress was positively evaluated as it contributed to increase the coherence of EU criminal law with EU constitutional law benchmarks. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This work talks about multilateral negotiation in EU. Clearly describe each institution of EU, it history, function and structure. Then it brings some information about legislation process, how it works and who is involved. After that is described the function and meaning of presidency in EU. At the end it talks about presidency of Czech republic from January 2009 and give some advices to the government.

This research analyses the extent to which three newer (European Union) EU member states, Poland, Bulgaria and Latvia have attempted and succeeded in shaping the development of the EU's energy security policy, focusing on natural gas. This explores the argument that EU membership affects the formation of national foreign and energy policy as well as procedures of policy-making, and that newer member states have also been able to shape EU level policy-making through the ‘uploading’ of national preferences. The research engages with relevant conceptual issues to develop and utilise a framework which is a synthesis of literature on EU agenda-setting, policy framing, Europeanisation and the social construction of energy ‘crises’ and (in)security. This conceptual frame is then used to explore and evaluate the influence of newer member states on EU energy policy agenda-setting, policy-making and policy implementation. Evaluating the obstacles and opportunities for influence, an empirically rich data set is analysed to test the extent to which five theoretically derived hypotheses account for member state influence. Five mechanisms are identified as potentially key factors in explaining the degree of influence which member states have. The thesis suggests that one is the impact of supply disruptions and price rises on perceptions and constructions of national and EU energy security. This can contribute towards a context that is conducive to the arguments about policy change and projection being made, a policy window, and is a reflection of the social construction of energy insecurity and energy crises. Diplomatic skill and learning to ‘play the EU game’, being active in Council summits and technocratic level(s), and engaging in consensual policy-making that adheres to EU norms and interests is seen as important. Another key factor is the role of Russia as a major and sometimes monopoly gas supplier, in constraining, enabling, and influencing the strength of national interests - the extent of political will and EU energy policy activism. A fourth factor is considered to be the extent to which institutionalised sub-EU regional and strategic alliances exist and are prioritised as an arena to develop coordinated policies and preferences. The final conceptually derived factor is related to the strength of administrative capacity, in terms of well-coordinated institutions at the national and EU level, and sufficient personnel and resources. The thesis also provides a study of the development of EU energy policy since the 1950s in chapter two, and chapters three to five focus on the three country case studies; Poland, Bulgaria and Latvia. These empirical chapters include in each case a history of their energy policy and relations with both the EU and Russia. The thesis concludes with an analysis of the empirical findings using comparative country case manner approach, along with conceptual (and methodological) observations based on the testing of the hypotheses.