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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Caption title: ... Statistics of Lake Commerce. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting a report made to the Bureau of Statistics by Mr. George G. Tunell, of Chicago, on Lake Commerce. Published also under the title: Statistics of Lake Commerce, House Doc. 277, 55th Cong., 2d Sess. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Recently, the growth and condition of Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), an important commercial fishery commodity, has declined in some areas of the Great Lakes. As Lake Whitefish are benthic feeders, historically the bulk of their diet was made up of the energy rich Diporeia hoyi, an amphipod whose abundances declined concurrently with reductions in Lake Whitefish growth and condition. Lake Whitefish populations from lakes Michigan, Erie and Superior have been used to determine whether there is a plausible link between the declines in Lake Whitefish condition and Diporeia abundance as indicated by stable isotope analysis, dietary and condition indices for Lake Whitefish. The first study was Lake Michigan specific and tested the hypothesis that condition, in terms of relative weight, percent lipid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), improved as the proportion of high quality prey (e.g., Diporeia) in the diet increased. Samples of spawning whitefish from four regions (northwest, Naubinway, Elk Rapids and southeast) around Lake Michigan had distinct mean carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures. The signatures indicated Lake Whitefish may be using a variety of prey items, especially the Naubinway population where fish occupy the largest isotopic niche space. Relative weight was significantly higher in the southeast and lower for all northern regions. The mean measured lipid from Lake Whitefish dorsal skinless muscle biopsies was highest for northwest region fish. DHA was significantly different among studied regions, with higher mean values in Elk Rapids and the northwest. No linear relationships between stable isotope measures and condition metrics were found. These results suggest that Lake Whitefish are coping with declining Diporeia abundances by feeding on alternate prey. Results do not substantiate the hypothesis of a relationship between condition and prey use, although Lake Whitefish from Elk Rapids and the northwest had high quality prey and good condition. The second study incorporated eight spawning populations around lakes Michigan, Erie and Superior to determine if there were differences in energy available to female Lake Whitefish. The hypotheses tested were three fold: (1) observed differences in growth and reproduction among populations were driven by energy availability, (2) populations with low energy reserves exhibit reproductive trade-offs and (3) high energy reserves are related to Diporeia consumption. Lake Whitefish from lakes Erie and Superior both displayed high growth and no trade-offs between egg size and number. Populations from Lake Michigan all had low investment in growth, significantly lower gonadosomatic index (GSI) and four of these populations displayed significant trade-offs between egg size and number. Growth and GSI tended to increase with mean total lipid stored in muscle and populations displaying reproductive trade-offs had significantly lower muscle lipid, however, these trends were not evident when using DHA as a measure of good nutrition. No relationship was evident between Diporeia consumption and populations with high muscle lipid stores. Overall, my results suggest that while changes in the availability of prey resources has had an effect on Lake Whitefish populations, the impact of declining abundances of Diporeia alone cannot explain the systemic changes in Lake Whitefish condition across the Great Lakes basin.

Thesis (M.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2008. / Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 52 p. : ill., maps. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Caption title: ... Statistics of Lake Commerce. Letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting a report made to the Bureau of Statistics by Mr. George G. Tunell, of Chicago, on Lake Commerce. Published also under the title: Statistics of Lake Commerce, House Doc. 277, 55th Cong., 2d Sess. Includes bibliographical references.

Great Lakes Leviathan is a work for Piano and Large Chamber Orchestra that takes its main source of inspiration from cryptozoological reports of sea creatures; particularly those found within the midwestern region of the United States. This work develops over the course of four movements. In the opening movement and in the thalassic finale, entitled The Rising Deep and Great Lakes Leviathan respectively, the listener will experience sound worlds imitating tumultuous waters, majesty, chaos, and an encounter with the aforementioned Leviathan itself. The second movement, The Fossil Finder, explores themes of excavation, research, and course charting. The third movement, Eventide, reflects upon narratives of exploration, maiden voyage, expanding horizons, and evening twilight.

Why do refugees in Africa's Great Lakes Region refuse to repatriate? This thesis offers a detailed examination of this question through a comparative study of Rwandan and Congolese refugee communities across three countries: Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The policies of international agencies and local governments are assessed against the lived experiences, responses, and perceptions of refugees through first-hand research, undertaken in eighteen sites across the region during extensive fieldwork conducted between 2009 and 2013. The pervasiveness and intensity of reactions amongst refugees against repatriation is forceful and striking. Conversely, it is aggressively promoted and implemented by international actors, home, and host states. The thesis examines the interactions that occur as refugees seek to remain 'in exile', whilst international actors and regional states seek to coerce them to repatriate, and investigates the mechanisms that underpin this stalemate. The principal chapters of this thesis address the themes of (i) acculturation, de facto integration, and de jure segregation; (ii) conceptualisations of rights secured through refugee status; (iii) information concerning homelands and its diffusion in exile; and (iv) experiences of return. It is shown that refugee communities are adept at articulating past and present grievances, and are critically aware of their human rights in the context of their exile. The international protection of exile is perceived as a pseudo-citizenship that secures more rights than those accorded citizens in their states of origin. These communities maintain a wealth of information concerning their homelands, the diffusion of this knowledge being determined by connections between sites of exile, shaping it into accepted and collective communal narratives. This collective consciousness of status selectively reinforces refugees' resolve against repatriation. When repatriation is forced or frustrated, its experience is integrated into communal narratives of persecution, generating further grievance and reifying resistance to return.

Ground water is a critical element of the ecosystem in the Great Lakes Basin. It is an integral component of a dynamic hydrological system that is the lifeblood for this region's remarkable natural diversity. It is also an important human resource. Unfortunately, intensive ground water withdrawals are resulting in negative consequences that are often hidden from view but which are causing social conflicts and environmental degradation. This thesis considers the failure of courts and governments to implement laws for allocating ground water rights according to hydrological reality and the collective interests of affected communities. Legal mechanisms are rooted in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Despite rapid growth and the considerable pressure now exerted on ground water resources, courts and governments continue to allow, and even encourage unrestricted ground water withdrawals. The underlying ideology of state institutions within the Basin is contributing to the systematic undervaluation of environmental and long term interests of present and future generations. A reinvigorated concept of sustainability, one that is based on the ideals of deliberative democracy, would better represent these interests in decisions concerning the allocation of ground water. Through the process of ground water allocation planning, decision-making can be guided into a preventative and community-oriented approach that more accurately reflects the long term interests of the Basin. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

In 1953 the tangled, skeletal remains of a ship were pulled from the small harbor of Penetanguishene, Ontario. Local historians had hoped to raise the hull of a War of 1812 veteran, but the vessel pulled from the depths did not meet the criteria. Identified as H.M. Schooner Tecumseth, the vessel was built just after the War of 1812 had ended. Historical research of Tecumseth and her sister ship Newash, which remained in Penetanguishene harbor, illuminated the ships? shadowy past. Conceived and built after the war, the vessels sailed for only two years before being rendered obsolete by the terms of the Rush-Bagot disarmament agreement. Nevertheless, the two vessels offer a unique perspective from which to view the post-war period on the Great Lakes. The schooners? hulls were interpreted and analyzed using archaeological evidence. A theoretical rigging reconstruction was created, using contemporary texts and documentary evidence of the ships themselves. Architectural hull analysis was carried out to explore the nature of these vessels. From these varied approaches, a conception of Newash and Tecumseth has emerged, revealing ways in which the hulls were designed to fulfill their specific duties. The hulls were sharp, yet had capacious cargo areas. The rigs combined square-rigged and fore-and-aft sails for maximum flexibility. The designs of the hulls and rigging also reflect predominant attitudes of the period, in which naval vessels on the lakes gave way to merchant craft. Taken as a whole, Tecumseth and Newash illustrate how ships, while fluid in the nature of their work, are also singular entities that truly encapsulate a specific point in time and place.

Environmental conflicts are multi-dimensional. Individual components of environmental and resource-related conflicts are closely interlinked with other structural societal elements, including economic, social, political and cultural developments. Coastal areas are significant for people’s subsistence, as well as industrial development, cultural heritage, and waterways; therefore, they require integrated research approaches and the implementation of comprehensive strategies of resource management, dispute resolution and conflict prevention. This qualitative exploratory study contributes to the development of the field of environmental conflict resolution (ECR) by examining the perceptions and experiences of 52 key stakeholders from the coastal areas of the Great Lakes region of Canada and the United States (US) with regards to environmental and resource conflicts and conflict resolution approaches. The study invited coastal stakeholders such as environmental policymakers, researchers, academics, educators and NGO members to share their perceptions, images, experiences and knowledge about environmental and resource conflicts and conflict resolution practices in the coastal areas of the Great Lakes. The framework of this holistic study integrates public policy, alternative dispute resolution, conflict analysis, project evaluation, dialogue and public participation, education and other creative interventions into an inclusive strategy of integrated environmental and resource management of coastal areas. Analysis of the study participants’ responses revealed several key findings. First, the multi-dimensional character of environmental and resource conflicts and the wide range of coastal stakeholders involved necessitate creating spaces for dialogue and communication among coastal stakeholders, which may facilitate relationship building and encourage collaborative problem solving and constructive conflict resolution. Second, establishing links between science and policymaking within environmental and resource management, as well as introducing conflict resolution education for coastal stakeholders, may significantly enhance the capacity of coastal stakeholders in ECR. Third, coastal stakeholders in the Great Lakes have an extensive and wide-ranging existing local knowledge, experience and expertise in resolving environmental and resource conflicts. Fourth, a conflict resolution system’s design developed in this study may serve as an integrated framework for the analysis and resolution of environmental and resource conflicts. This ECR system design involves such important components as conducting conflict and stakeholder analysis; identifying the root causes of conflict; bringing conflict participants together to discuss resolution options; and building in continuous evaluation of environmental conflict resolution processes.