This thesis takes part in the discussion of the of citizenship and what it means to be a citizen within the social aspects. In 2002, The British Overseas Act conferred British citizenship to Montserratians and other British Overseas Territories Citizens. The scope of the study is to study formal and substantive citizenship for Montserratians as British citizens. The overarching research question is to what extent citizens of Montserrat enjoy formal and substantive citizenship as part of a British Overseas Territory. This is divided into following research questions: 1)     How do the Montserratians perceive the value of their British substantive citizenship and status as British Overseas Territory?2) What views are there on the partnership between the United Kingdom and Montserrat in relation to the British citizenship?  By using Reiter’s (2013) arguments of citizenship as a relational asset and citizenship as a social role, a case study with field studies and qualitative interviews were conducted in Montserrat to explore the issues of citizenship. Results show distinctions between formal access and perception of access to services such as passport, healthcare and education. The results also point to Montserratian not enjoying substantive British citizenship, with tensions in the political system and lack of representation.

The lobbying of Parliament and the Government in the United Kingdom by wealthy or influential groups and individuals raises concerns about corruption and political equality. Professional lobbying is available mainly to those with significant resources and is often the most effective means of influencing decision-makers. Unchecked, it corrodes public trust in core public institutions. This thesis argues that the problems attending the lobbying of Parliament and Government in the UK need to be identified and understood more clearly so that targeted regulatory solutions can be determined. Currently, lawmakers, organisations and academics have struggled to propose clear pathways for identifying the main issues and understanding them. This is due to a failure to agree on the nature and scope of the central problems associated with lobbying, the relationship between them, and how they are relevant to the model of democratic government in the UK. To overcome this, an analytical framework called ‘institutional diversion’ is developed, tested and evaluated. The framework is developed from institutional corruption literature in the United States and is divided into three parts. Part 1 provides elements which help to identify specific lobbying concerns and provide a rich account of the underlying issues. Part 2 articulates a test to determine whether the identified problem in Part 1 causes a diversion from the purpose of the relevant public institution. It is argued that the critical purpose of decision-makers in Parliament and the Government is to ‘act in the public interest’ and that a diversion from that purpose can be tested using the two criteria of ‘integrity’ and ‘objectivity’. Further, it is not sufficient for a framework to simply identify and help to understand the concerns with lobbying. The logical next step is to identify solutions, and that process must also be rationally guided. Therefore, guidelines are developed from an analysis of an interview with the Registrar of Consultant Lobbyists in the UK conducted specifically for this thesis. The guidelines are intended to help future reform analyses by highlighting the practical and political restrictions within which solutions must be developed otherwise they will be unlikely to succeed.

Background: The recent uprisings in Syria have displaced many individuals within and outside the country. Despite the large number of people affected by the war, little research captures their experiences. The literature in this area is predominantly of a statistical nature. This is problematic in the field of Counselling Psychology, which moves away from diagnosis to focus on individual experiences. Aim: The aim of this study is to understand the subjective experiences of Syrian refugees in the UK, particularly the strategies that have aided them in coping with these experiences. Research has indicated therapeutic benefits for the communication of coping strategies. Methodology: The research utilised a qualitative methodology, adapting principles of Narrative Inquiry. A total of three males participated in the research. Each participant was asked one opening question prior to beginning his story. Prompting questions were developed according to the content of each narrative. Each interview was transcribed and analysed in Arabic, which was the language spoken in the interviews. An inductive thematic analysis was utilised to analyse each transcript independently. Analysis: Each participant's story was presented separately, as the themes from each narrative differed from the rest. Essam's narrative was identified as consisting of five principal themes; 'Situation in Syria', 'Searching for a Better Place to Settle', 'Journey from Jordan to the United Kingdom', 'Support and Coping Strategies' and 'Feelings'. Mustafa's transcript was analysed as containing four principal themes; 'Experiences of the War While in Syria', 'Support and Coping Strategies', 'Impact of the War on Health' and 'Coming to the United Kingdom'. Talal's interview was analysed as covering six principal themes; 'Political Opinion', 'Experience of Being in the Army', 'Working to Help and Guide Others', 'Escaping from Syria', 'Life in the United Kingdom' and 'Support and Coping Strategies'. Conclusion: This research generates further understanding of the subjective experiences of Syrian refugees residing in the United Kingdom, which can inform future psychological interventions with this population. The participants' descriptions of various coping strategies that helped them with their experiences may help guide practitioners to understand potential barriers to treatment. Furthermore, cultural differences were identified which could also aid in understanding why Syrians may not attempt to access psychological support. Recommendations are suggested for working psychologically with Syrian refugees, alongside acknowledging limitations of the research and suggestions for further investigation and practice.

L’invasion du Koweït par les troupes irakiennes le 2 août 1990 déclenche une vaste opération militaire menée par Washington ainsi qu’une campagne médiatique intense. Cette étude s’attache à comparer la presse américaine avec la presse britannique pendant la crise et la guerre du Golfe. L’objectif principal est d’examiner le discours journalistique d’opinion tel qu’il est élaboré par les journaux appartenant à la presse dite de qualité et de décomposer la fabrication de ce discours. Il s’agit ainsi de s’interroger sur la nature des positions énonciatives des éditorialistes et des journalistes et en particulier sur la manière dont l’Autre – ennemi et alliés ‒ et Soi ‒ États-Unis et Royaume-Uni ‒ ont été décrits d’une part par les quotidiens américains, le New York Times et le Washington Post, et d’autre part par les quotidiens britanniques, le Times, le Guardian, et les journaux dominicaux, le Sunday Times et l’Observer, pendant la période considérée. La thèse se base sur une lecture comparative des éditoriaux, articles d’opinion et courriers envoyés par les lecteurs des journaux retenus afin de mettre en lumière les thèmes et référents en relation avec l’image de l’Autre et de Soi et de faire apparaître les différences et similitudes dans le traitement des informations entre les deux presses. / The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi troops on 2 August 1990 triggered a large-scale military operation conducted by Washington as well as a huge media campaign. This study seeks to compare the American press with the British press during the crisis and the Gulf war. The main objective is to examine the journalistic discourse of opinion as developed by newspapers belonging to the so-called quality press and deconstruct the ways in which this discourse was developed. This raises questions about the language adopted by editorialists and journalists and in particular about the way in which the Other ‒ enemy and allies ‒ and the “Self” ‒ the USA and the UK ‒ were described by the American daily papers, the New York Times and the Washington Post and the British daily papers, the Times and the Guardian and the Sunday newspapers, the Sunday Times and the Observer during the crisis and the war. The thesis is based on a comparative study of editorials, opinion editorials and letters to the editor published in selected newspapers in order to highlight subjects and themes in connection with the image of the Other and the Self and show the differences and similarities in the processing of information in both the American and the British press.

abstract: This project develops the "socio-technical contract" concept, a notion that signifies the kinds of socio-technological assumptions and arrangements that characterize a particular domain of policy or practice. Socio-technical contracts, unlike their social contract counterparts in political theory, represent active negotiation and renegotiation of social contracts around emerging technologies, as opposed to the tacit social contracts of thinkers such as Locke. I use the socio-technical contract concept to analyze the governance of assisted reproductive technologies in the United Kingdom. For increasing numbers of people, reproduction is happening in a fundamentally different way. Conception outside of the womb became a reality with the 1978 birth of Louise Brown, the first baby born via in-vitro fertilization. Alongside Louise Brown's birth emerged new social and governance configurations around reproductive technologies, including, in the United Kingdom, the establishment of a national regulatory agency, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. The project applies the socio-technical contract concept in order to examine how distributed governance and socio-cultural processes in the British context worked over time to renegotiate fundamental ideas about families and kinship, the boundaries of "ethical" science, rules governing release of information, the "right to an identity," the role of the state in the reproductive choices of individuals, and general approaches to how to think about the roles and relationships of the child, parents, and the state in and around the introduction of these technologies. As these changes have occurred, policies, social understandings, and legal rights have been renegotiated and new governance capacities, what I call "anticipatory capacities," have come into existence to manage and coordinate change across complex social systems. In illuminating anticipatory capacities in each context, I explore the tools deployed by government actors, scientists, stakeholders, and citizens in negotiating evolving socio-technical contracts around reproductive technologies. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Political Science 2014

(english) The thesis deals with the British policy of non-intervention during the civil war in Spain between the years 1936 and 1939. Its main objective is to analyze the strategic and foreign political interests of the United Kingdom that formed this policy, to introduce the issue of non-intervention into the British policy of appeasement and to describe the form of non-intervention policy in Spain and its problems. In an effort to maintain peace in Europe and prevent new world war, the British government, in co- operation with France, has succeeded in enforcing this policy. A Non-intervention agreement was adopted by a total of twenty-seven European countries. They then co- operated in the Non-intervention Committee in London and jointly set up a System of Observation over Spanish borders to ensure compliance with non-intervention. However, foreign intervention in the Spanish conflict was not prevented. Due to the failure of control, disputes within the Non-intervention Committee, and the development of civil war, the policy of non-intervention was terminated in April 1939, though practically ceased to work much earlier.

Le temps constitue un enjeu essentiel pour le Parlement et se trouve généralement étudié dans une perspective très politique. Il serait ainsi au cœur de l’affrontement entre les membres des assemblées parlementaires, dont la motivation serait de prolonger la procédure, et les membres du Gouvernement, qui tenteraient au contraire de l’écourter. Si un tel constat apparait pertinent au regard de la réalité sociopolitique du Parlement, celui-ci relève toutefois essentiellement de l’étude des stratégies partisanes et non de celle des règles parlementaires.Or, le grand nombre de normes consacrées au temps parlementaire, issues des textes constitutionnels et des règlements des assemblées, témoigne de son importance au cours de la procédure législative. En conséquence, la présente recherche se propose de mener une analyse strictement juridique de l’encadrement temporel de la procédure législative dans les parlements allemands, britanniques, espagnols et français.Le recours à la méthode comparative permet de distinguer deux types de normes relatives au temps parlementaire. Des normes impératives qui imposent aux parlementaires et aux ministres d’intervenir dans des délais précisément déterminés et des normes dispositives qui les habilitent à agir sur la durée de la procédure législative. Dès lors, cette classification juridique permet de comprendre que, en dépit des apparences, les règles temporelles sont pour la plupart très précisément déterminées et que même si certaines d’entre elles ne sont pas toujours respectées, il est essentiel de partir de leur analyse pour reconsidérer la pratique parlementaire. / Time is a major element in the Parliament and is usually analyzed from a very political perspective. Time is at the core of the clash between members of parliaments, whose aim would be to prolong the procedure, and members of the Government, who in contrary would attempt to shorten it. While such statement seems to be pertinent talking about the political reality of the Parliament, it can only result from the research of the political parties strategies and not of parliamentary rules.Yet a large number of norms are devoted to parliamentary time, including constitutional texts and rules of procedure of parliaments, which shows its importance for the legislative process. Consequently, this research proposes to conduct a strictly legal analysis of the temporal framework of the legislative procedure in the British, French, German and Spanish parliaments.The use of the comparative method allows to distinguish between two types of legal norms concerning the parliamentary time. Peremptory norms, which impose to parliamentarians and ministers precisely determined deadlines for actions and dispositive norms, that empower them to act throughout the legislative procedure. This legal classification allows to see that temporal rules are mostly very precise though not always respected. Therefore in order to be able to reassess the parliamentary practice, it is essential to start with the analysis of these rules.

El presente plan de negocios tiene como objetivo desarrollar una estrategia de promoción para la granada para así lograr un mayor posicionamiento para la granada peruana. Asimismo determinar la viabilidad económica y financiera. El proyecto será ejecutado por la empresa Pome Perú S.A.C. conformada por Carla Rubio y Alejandro Rubio, ambos accionistas de la empresa. / Trabajo de investigación

The thesis is focusing on commercial diplomacy in the United Kingdom of Great Britain during the coalition government of David Cameron between 2010 - 2015. In globalized world, where the commercial diplomacy is done by not only state actors but also private ones, management of commercial diplomacy as well as priorities and strategies play crucial role. The Thesis analyses structure of the system and includes case study of British commercial diplomacy in the Czech Republic. Based on theoretical acknowledgments we can evaluate the of British Commercial Diplomacy in the reporting period which was affected by economic crisis.

This Master's thesis deals with analysis of chocolate confectionery market in the United Kingdom. The methodology used to bring a complex picture about the main trends is retail scan data analysis accompanied by consumer panel and consumer research. As a result, this work provides a detailed mapping of chocolate confectionery market environment and elaborates a set of recommendations for marketing orientation.